Orthopedic Surgery - Learning Objectives & Introduction PDF

UNIT 1 ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, you should be able to: 1. Define orthopedics; 2. Discuss the musculoskeletal and functions; 3. State the orthopedic surgeries; 4. Discuss common preparations of pre, intra and post operative...

UNIT 1 ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this topic, you should be able to: 1. Define orthopedics; 2. Discuss the musculoskeletal and functions; 3. State the orthopedic surgeries; 4. Discuss common preparations of pre, intra and post operative MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  INTRODUCTION  Orthopedics, also known as orthopedic surgery, that focuses on the care of the skeletal system and its interconnecting parts.  These parts include the following:  bones  muscles  joints  tendons  ligaments  nerves 3 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL  How many bones are in the human body? MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  LET'S RECALL AND TEST YOUR MEMORY POWER…… MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P MUSCULO- SKELETAL  BONES The human skeleton has 206 separate bones. Human body divided into the  Axial skeleton - 80 bones - Skull, vertebrae and ribcage  Appendicular skeleton - 126 bones - Make up the upper and lower limbs MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  CARTILAGE Cartilage, a smooth, firm, compressible connective tissue and cushions most articular surfaces at the ends of the bones. Cartilage derives its nutrition from synovial fluid and maintains a high water content.  JOINTS Bones give stability but the body must bend and flex for locomotion. The ends of bones come together at joints. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  LIGAMENTS Ligaments are bands of flexible, tough fibrous tissue that join the articular surfaces of bones and cartilage. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  MUSCLES The human body has hundreds of muscles. Muscles have a rich arterial supply because they require oxygen to perform many functions. Muscles have a range of functions from pumping blood and supporting movement to lifting heavy weights or giving birth. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  TENDONS Tendons are bands of extremely strong, flexible fibrous tissue that attach muscle bundles to the periosteum of bones. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  COMMON DISORDERS Orthopedists treat a wide variety of musculoskeletal conditions. These conditions may be present from:  Birth  Injury or  Age-related condition MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  COMMON CONDITIONS  The most common conditions that an orthopedist may treat:  Joint pain  Back pain  Neck pain  Shoulder pain MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  COMMON CONDITIONS (CON’T)  Bone fracture Bone fractures identification….. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  COMMON CONDITIONS (CON’T)  Carpal tunnel syndrome ► Compressed nerve  Soft tissue injuries ►Affect muscles, tendons, and ligaments MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  COMMON CONDITIONS (CON’T)  Sports injuries ►including sprains, meniscus tears, and (ACL/PCL) tears MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  COMMON CONDITIONS (CON’T)  Congenital conditions, such as clubfoot and scoliosis MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  COMMON CONDITIONS (CON’T)  Bone cancer MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  SYMPTOMS  Constant or occasional pain that lasts more than 3 months  Severe pain  Change in posture  Changes in balance (way a person walks)  Changes in muscle strength MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  SYMPTOMS (CON’T)  Limited range of motion  Symptoms that affect your daily function  Difficulty standing or moving around  Any redness or swelling MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  CAUSES/ RISK FACTOR  A number of factors can cause bone disease.  Causes include:  Genetics – may have a high risk of developing a type of bone disease or history of bone disease in their family  Aging – as people age, the mineral content of their bones begins to decrease resulting in the bones becoming less dense and more fragile. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  CAUSES/ RISK FACTOR (CON’T)  Autoimmune condition - occurs when the immune system attacks the body’s own cells, tissue, bones and organs. ►Bone disease can develop secondary to some autoimmune diseases. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  CAUSES (CON’T)  Nutrition - some people need to consume sufficient levels of calcium and vitamin D  Medications- certain medications can increase the risk of bone disease development MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  CAUSES (CON’T)  Hormonal changes – imbalances of certain hormones may increase the risk of developing osteoporosis  Lifestyles factors- low physical activity, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  DIAGNOSIS  The process of diagnosis will also involve the orthopedist:  X-ray – The most common used  MRI scan – this test uses a magnet images to provides detailed images of bones and other tissues including cartilage and ligaments MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  DIAGNOSIS (CON’T)  Blood test – to confirm a bone cancer diagnosis and provide information on the stage of cancer  Biopsy – a small amount of bone tissue from the affected area to examine it under microscope for an accurate diagnosis. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  PRE-OPERATIVE PREPARATION & PATIENT CARE  TRANSPORT  TRANSFERRING OF PATIENT  PREOPERATIVE CHECKLIST  SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS TRANSPORTATION  PRE-OPERATIVE PREPARATION & PATIENT CARE  TRANSPORT  TRANSFERRING OF PATIENT  PREOPERATIVE CHECKLIST  SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS TRANSFER MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P SKIN TRACTION MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P TRACTION SPLINTS MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  PRE-OPERATIVE PREPARATION & PATIENT CARE  TRANSPORT  TRANSFERRING OF PATIENT  PREOPERATIVE CHECKLIST  SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P  PRE-OPERATIVE PREPARATION & PATIENT CARE  TRANSPORT  TRANSFERRING OF PATIENT  PREOPERATIVE CHECKLIST  SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS 1. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P 2. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P 3. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P 4. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P 5. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P 6. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P 7. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P 8. MS DEVIKA KALIPAN, KPJIC P 9. 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