Endo-Exogenic - ELSEE Notes PDF

Endo-Exogenic Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ftfmcq 1. Alfred Wegener - A German scientist who proposed the theory of continental drift in the 1900s (PANGAEA) 2. Continental Drift Theory - Theor...

Endo-Exogenic Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ftfmcq 1. Alfred Wegener - A German scientist who proposed the theory of continental drift in the 1900s (PANGAEA) 2. Continental Drift Theory - Theory that continents were once part of a single landmass that broke apart and have moved to their present locations. - Can drift apart from one another and have done so in the past 3. Pangaea - The single landmass that was present 200 million years ago 4. 1. Continents "fit together Wegener's Evidences like a puzzle piece" 2. Fossil Evidence 3. Mountain ranges match 4. Climatic evidence (glaci- ers) close to the equator 5. Satellites (Laser Geodynam- - They are used to measure the movements ics Satellite) LAGEOS of continents 6. Plates - Large pieces of earths crust and upper mantle (Lithosphere) that move on top due to convection currents - Broken into sections 7. Theory of Plate Tectonics The theory that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle. 8. True Plates move slowly in different directions and cause different geologic events 9. Convection Currents They are in the mantle that move the plates as the core heats the slowly-flowing asthenos- phere 10. Asthenosphere The elastic/plastic-like part of the mantle 1/8  Endo-Exogenic Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ftfmcq 11. Plate Boundaries The edges of Earth's tectonic plates 12. Fault A break in the Earth's crust where rocks have slipped past each other 13. Divergent, Convergent, and 3 Types of Plate Boundaries Transform Boundaries 14. Divergent Boundaries A plate boundary where two plates move AWAY from each other Key words: Rifting causes Seafloor Spread- ing, Rift Valleys on Continents 15. Divergent Boundaries: Rock gets THIN in the middle as it is PULLED Tension apart. This stress is called ____ 16. Normal Fault - It happens when the rock snaps from the stress of tension - Rock drops down as it breaks 17. Mid-ocean ridges Features of Divergent Boundaries Rift Valleys Fissure Volcanoes 18. Convergent Boundaries - A plate boundary where two plates move toward each other - Places where plates crash(crunch) together or subduct (one sinks under) Keywords: Connecting, rock goes up (crunch- es) to make folded mountains Rock goes down "under" subduction zones 19. Convergent Boundaries: - Boundaries between two plates that are col- Compression liding. This stress is called ___________ 20. Subduction Zone - The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into 2/8  Endo-Exogenic Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ftfmcq the mantle at a convergent plate boundary - Volcanoes occur 21. Type 1: Oceanic-Continental Ocean plate colliding with a less dense conti- nental plate 22. Type 1: Oceanic-Continental There are 3 types of Convergent Boundaries: Type 2: Oceanic-Oceanic Type 3: Continental-Conti- nental 23. Type 2: Oceanic-Oceanic Ocean plate colliding with another ocean plate 24. Trench The more dense plate slides under the more Ex: Aleutian Islands, Alaska less plate creating a subduction zone 25. Type 3: Continental-Conti- - A continental plate colliding with another nental continental plate Ex: Himalayas or the Rockies Have Collision Zones: _ A place where folded and thrust faulted mountains form 26. Reverse Fault - What happens when the rock is squeezed from the Stress of Compression? - Rock is forced UPWARD as it is squeezed 27. Transform Boundaries - A plate boundary where two plates move past each other in opposite direction - May cause Earthquakes when the rock snaps from the pressure Keywords: They shake the ground, Scis- sors/Sheers 28. Shearing (or "cut") - How is the rock broken at Transform Bound- aries? - Rock is PUSHED in two OPPOSITE DIREC- TIONS (or sideways but no rock is lost) -- This stress is called 3/8  Endo-Exogenic Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ftfmcq 29. San Andreas Fault in Califor- Famous fault at a Transform Boundary nia 30. A strike-slip fault What happens when the rock is sheared from the stress of shearing? - Rocks on each side of the fault SLIP PAST EACH OTHER as they break 31. Gradation Processes Weather, Mass Wasting, Erosion, Transporta- tion and Deposition 32. Geomorphic Processes Physical processes which create and modify landforms on the surface of the Earth 33. Endogenous Processes - Large-scale landforms building and trans- forming processes - They create relief 34. a. Volcanism Igneous Processes b. Plutonism 35. Volcanism Volcanic eruptions --> Volcanoes 36. Plutonism Igneous intrusions 37. a. Folding Tectonic Processes (also called Diatrophism) b. Faulting c. Lateral Faulting 38. Folding Anticlines, Synclines, Mountains 39. Faulting Rift Valleys, Graben, Escarpments 40. Lateral Faulting Strike-Slip faults 41. Earthquakes Evidence of present-day tectonic activity 42. Exogenous Processes 4/8  Endo-Exogenic Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ftfmcq - Also called Gradational Processes, they comprise degradation and aggradation - they modify relief 43. Weathering --> Mass Wasting Gradational Processes: --> Erosion --> Transporta- - A continuum of Processes tion --> Deposition 44. 1. Gravity, Flowing Wa- Geomorphic Agents ter(from rivers), 2. Moving Ice (Glaciers), 3. Waves and Tides (Oceans and Lakes), 4. Wind, 5. Plants, 6. Organisms, 7. Animals, 8. and Humans 45. Degradation Processes - Also called Denudation Processes a. Weathering b. Mass Wasting c. Erosion and Transporta- tion 46. a. Deposition Aggradation Processes 47. Weathering - Is disintegration and decomposition of rocks. - If No transportation involved --> produces REGOLITH - involves mechanical or physical disintegra- tion and/or chemical decomposition - processes begin in microscopic spaces 48. 1.) Physical or Mechanical Types of Weathering Weathering 2.) Chemical Weathering 3.) Biological Weathering 49. 5/8  Endo-Exogenic Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ftfmcq Physical or Mechanical - via weather elements (high temp, extreme Weathering cold) - disintegration and decay of rocks and freeze-thaw cycles - no change in chemical compositions of rocks 50. Exfoliation Due to thermal expansion/contraction and/or release of pressure when buried rocks are uplifted and exposed 51. Frost Wedging Cycles of freezing and thawing causes frost weathering 52. Salt Wedging - Salts in rocks expand due to thermal action, hydration and crystallization - Salts like (Ca, Na, Mg, K and Ba) have a tendency to expand 53. Chemical Weathering - Decomposes rocks through a chemical change in its minerals 54. Oxidation Important in iron-rich rocks -reddish col- oration like RUST 55. Hydrolysis Igneous rocks have much silica which readily combines with water 56. Carbonation and Solution Carbon dioxide dissolves in rainwater to form weak carbonic acid, this reacts with calcium carbonate, leading to the formation of soluble calcium bicarbonate 57. Biological Weathering - Plants and animals contribute to weathering 58. Roots Physically break or wedge rock 59. Lichens - Algae and Fungi living as single unit - Remove minerals and weaken rocks by re- 6/8  Endo-Exogenic Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ftfmcq leasing acids - Burrowing animals can increase weathering 60. Erosion and Transportation Various Geomorphic Agents, associated Processes, and resulting Erosional Features 61. Erosional: Erosional: Fluvial Morphology Flowing Water 62. Perennial streams and en- Humid Regions trenched channel, rapids, waterfalls, plunge, pools, potholes, meandering, streams, bank erosion, oxbow lakes, etc. 63. Erosional: Erosional: - Eolian Landscapes Wind - Deflation hollows, ven- tifacts, yardang, etc. 64. Erosional: Erosional: - Coastal Morphology Tides and Waves - Sea cliffs, sea caves, sea arches, sea stacks, wave-cut beaches, etc. 65. Erosional: Erosional: - Glacial Morphology Moving Ice - Glacial Troughs (U-shaped valleys), Hanging Valleys, Glacial Lakes 66. Deposition Various geomorphic agents, associated processes and resulting Depositional Fea- tures 67. Deposition: Deposition: Fluvial Humid Regions and Arid Regions 7/8  Endo-Exogenic Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ftfmcq 68. Alluvial fans, Baja, Das Pied- Arid Regions mont Alluvial Plains, Playas, Playa Lakes, Salinas (Salt Flats) 69. Deposition: Deposition: Eolian Sand dunes (Barchans, Parabolic, Trans- verse, Star) and Sand Sheets 70. Deposition: Deposition: Coastal Sea beaches and coral reefs 71. Deposition: Deposition: Glacial Alpine and Continental 72. Deposition: Deposition: Alpine Glacial Drifts, Tills, Moraines (Lateral, Medial, End, Terminal, Recessional, and Ground) 73. Deposition: Deposition: Continental Till plains, outwash plains, drumlins, eskers, kames, erratic 8/8