Geological Timescale PDF

ELS REVIEWER GEOLOGIC TIMESCALE Mississippian Period (358.9 MYA) Devonian Period (419.2 MYA) EON Silurian Period (443.8 MYA) the longest geologic subdivision...

ELS REVIEWER GEOLOGIC TIMESCALE Mississippian Period (358.9 MYA) Devonian Period (419.2 MYA) EON Silurian Period (443.8 MYA) the longest geologic subdivision Ordovician Period (485.4 MYA) ERA Cambrian Period (541.0 MYA) "periods" that are compacted together according to their Animals in Paleozoic Era characteristics > Cockroaches EPOCH > Jawed Fish subdivision of periods > Trilobites PERIOD > Jawless Fish a basic unit of geological time during > Diadectes which a specific kind of rock system > Ichthyostega is produced PHANEROZOIC EON PRECAMBRIAN EON More than 85% of earth's history Paleozoic Era (544 Million Years Ago) falls under this supereon, from 4.6 The explosion of diverse marine life billion years ago to 540 million years and the largest mass extinction of ago. marine organisms Hadean Eon (4.6 Billion Years ago) Mesozoic Era (245 Million Years Ago) The solidification of the earth's This era marks the beginning of continental and oceanic crust dinosaurs, mammals, birds, and plants due to mass extinction. Archean Eon (4 Billion Years ago) Cretaceous Period (145.0 MYA) The evolution of earth's first life Jurassic Period (201.3 MYA) forms Triassic Period (251.9 MYA) Proterozoic Eon (2.5 Billion Years ago) Cenozoic Era (65 Million Years ago - Now The appearance of multi-celled This is the most recent among the animals and the gathering of land eras of the Phanerozoic Era; this era masses to form continents marks the age of mammals and the first human evolution. PHANEROZOIC EON Holocene Period (0.01 MYA) Paleozoic Era (544 Million Years Pliocene Period (5.3 MYA) Ago) Miocene Period (23.0 MYA) > The explosion of diverse marine Oligocene Period (33.9 MYA) life and the largest mass Eocene Period (56.0 MYA) extinction of marine organisms Paleocene Period (66.0 MYA) PALEOZOIC ERA Permian Period (298.9 MYA) Pennsylvanian Period (323.2 MYA)  ELS REVIEWER THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CH⁴, H2O, CO2, NH3 THE CONCEPT OF LIFE Amino acid - Nucleotides - Life THEORIES ABOUT THE HISTORICAL GEOLOGIC STRESS: FOLDING AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIFE FAULTING OF ROCKS THEORY OF SPECIAL CREATION Stress - It is a force per unit area in > HINDU CHRISTIAN ISLAM a rock. > HINDUISM - “Lord Brahma” created the Strain - Deformation (change in shape) living world in one stroke in a rock > CHRISTIAN AND ISLAM Faulting -.a kind of strain where rocks God created this universe in 6 break days. > Earth, Space, Time & Light THREE MAIN TYPES OF FAULTS > Atmosphere Normal fault (← ⁠→) ⬆️⬇️ > Dry Land and Plants Reverse Fault ( → ←) > Sun, Moon, and Stars Strike-slip Fault ( ) > Sea and Flying Creatures > Land, Animals, and Man FOLDING a kind of strain where rocks THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS bend, curve and crumple GENERATION It is also called abiogenesis or TYPES OF FOLDING biopoesis. Monocline - slide Living things came from Non-Living Anticline - fold at the center ( ︵ ) things Syncline - fold at the center ( ‿ ) Proposed by Aristotle Overtuned - zigzag upwards Francisco Redi opposed the idea Recumbent - zigzag sideways and made an experiment that proved the theory is wrong. “Maggots came TYPES OF ROCK STRESS from flies, not from the meat” Compression - squeezes rocks together, causing rocks to fold or THEORY OF PANSPERMIA fracture(break). It is a common life exists throughout the Universe stress at convergent plate life is distributed by space dust, boundaries. (→←) meteoroids, asteroids, comets, and Tension - Rocks that are pulled planetoids apart which lengthen or break. It is common at divergent plate THEORY OF BIOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION boundaries. (← →) Primordial Soup Shear - When forces are parallel but Oparin and Haldane “ organic moving in opposite direction. It is ⬆️⬇️ molecules form through chemical common at transform plate reactions “ boundaries. ( ) of inorganic molecules”  ELS REVIEWER ROCK RESPONSES TO STRESS > Surface Faulting (ground breaks open due to an earthquake) 1, ELASTIC STRAIN/ DEFORMATION > It is reversible. The rock returns to its Volcanic Eruption original shape when the stress is removed. ° HAZARD CAUSED BY VOLCANIC ERUPTION 2. DUCTILE STRAIN/ PLASTIC > Pyroclastic Phenomena (mixture of DEFORMATION rock fragments, gas, and ash that travels > It is irreversible. The rock does not rapidly) return to its original shape when the stress > Lava is removed. > Lahar (volcanic mudflow) 3. FRACTURE PACIFIC RING OF FIRE > It also called rupture. The rock breaks A tectonic belt of earthquakes active into distinct pieces. volcano. HAZARD HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PROCESS It is something that may cause It refers to atmospheric, harm (death or injury, loss of hydrological, or oceanographic property or environment phenomena that may cause various destruction), and can be found impacts. anywhere. HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD RISK The chance that somebody could 1, TROPICAL CYCLONE be harmed by the hazard. A low pressure system (violent whirlwind) that forms over the Pacific DIFFERENT EARTH PROCESSES Ocean or China Sea with wind and Geologic thunderstorm activity. Hydrometeorological l TYPES Coastal and Marine > Tropical Depression - wind pressure is lower than 62kph GEOLOGIC PROCESSES > Tropical Storm - wind pressure is These are naturally occurring events 63kph to 117kph on the Earth’s crust. Wind Pressure is Above 118KPH EARTHQUAKE H.A.T.P.I.C. ° HAZARDS CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKE > Hurricane - Atlantic Ocean > Tsunami > Typhoon - Pacific Ocean > Liquefaction (soil softening, from solid, > Cyclone - Indian Ocean and gas to liquid) > Landslide PAGASA - PHILIPPINE ATMOSPHERIC, > Ground Shaking GEOPHYSICAL AND  ELS REVIEWER ASTRONOMICAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION MARINE AND COASTAL PROCESSES 2, MONSOON COAST- the land next to or A seasonal shift in wind direction close to the sea and pressure distribution that causes a change in precipitation. MARINE- the sea or ocean > NORTHEAST MONSOON (AMIHAN) MARINE AND COASTAL PROCESSES Cool and dry air that occurs during Activities that happen in marine the months of November to February ecosystem as influenced by weather, each year. climate and landscape. > SOUTHWEST MONSOON TIDES causes extensive cloud development These are caused by gravitational and rainfall which occurs during the pull between the moon and earth. months of June to October each year There are 7,641 Islands in the Philippines 3, FLOOD WAVES A body of water that covers land that They are formed by the wind and can affect millions of people around storm in the ocean. the world. It destroys houses and buildings, SEA LEVEL RISES and farming land. This is caused by melting of It can also contaminate drinking glaciers and iceberg. water and lead to diseases. Flood is caused by overflowing CRUSTAL MOVEMENT rivers, lakes and seas. It refers to the motion of the outermost shell of the earth. 4, TORNADO Known as ipo-ipo, are rapidly STORM SURGE rotating columns of air that extend This is the rising of seawater due to from the base of a thunderstorm and atmospheric conditions. make contact with the ground. Before reaching the surface, they HAZARDS CAUSED BY MARINE AND are called funnel clouds. The violent COASTAL PROCESSES swirling air column usually carries debris and other objects that it can COASTAL EROSION pick up from the ground. It is the loss of land along coastline due to waves, current, tides, wind, At least 20 typhoons visits Philippines and storm. every year.  ELS REVIEWER SALT WATER INTRUSION Induced flow of seawater into freshwater aquifiers caused by ground water development near the coast. SUBMERSION Movement of sediments from visible part of the beach to the submerged region of the coast. WAYS AND STEP TO SAFETY DISASTER PREPAREDNESS It refers to the set of measures and practices done to mitigate the effects of disasters. 1. Creating and Rehearsing Emergency Plan(studying the possible safe route) 2. Preparing Emergency Kit 3. Conducting Trainings DISASTER RESPONSE Actions taken directly before, during or immediately after a disaster.