How Organisms Obtain and Utilize Energy PDF

How Organisms Obtain and Utilize Energy Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that converts nutrients into ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Overall Equation: Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP!  Overall Eq...

How Organisms Obtain and Utilize Energy Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that converts nutrients into ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Overall Equation: Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP!  Overall Equation is: Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP! Why do this process? To make ATP! There are two ways to break down food: Anaerobic cellular respiration also called: fermentation Aerobic cellular respiration commonly just called cellular respiration. First process for either method: GLYCOLYSIS  GLYCOLYSIS Occurs in the cytoplasm of cell. Anaerobic process Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid. NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) + Hydrogen (H))is produced and carries the high energy electrons to the ETC (last step). Section 9-1 GLYCOLYSIS Glucose Animation 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain  AEROBIC RESPIRATION Location: Mitochondria Process cells use to get the most energy out of food molecules. Aerobic process – requires oxygen Balanced Equation: 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP 2 processes: Krebs cycle and ETC Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle, also called citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a process where the pyruvates are oxidized to produce ATP and CO2. Krebs cycle Krebs Cycle  KREBS CYCLE Location: matrix of mitochondria. First, pyruvic acid is broken down into Acetyl Co- enzyme A. CO2 is produced (What happens to this?) Electron carriers produced: FADH2 and NADH. Net of 2 ATP are formed. (1 from each pyruvic acid from glycolysis) KREBS CYCLE Section 9-2 NADH and FADH2 carry high energy electrons. Those electrons will generate ATP in the next step: ETC!  ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Location: cristae (inner membranes) of the mitochondria. The electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) release their high energy electrons to carrier membrane proteins. H+ ions move through ATP Synthase channel to generate the ATP. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the chain and combines with the H+ ions = H2O.  Section 9-2 ETC Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Mitochondrion Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION: AN OVERVIEW Electrons carried in NADH Pyruvic Electrons acid carried in NADH and FADH2 Electron Glucose Krebs Glycolysis Transport Cycle Chain Cytoplasm Mitochondrion How many ATP’s were made at each step?  AEROBIC Pathway Glucose Glycolysis Krebs Electron cycle transport Fermentation Alcohol or (without oxygen) lactic acid ANAEROBIC Pathway  ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Occurs in just the cytoplasm of cell. ANAEROBIC process. Starts off with Glycolysis (same as Aerobic) After glycolysis: 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation – pyruvic acid is turned into lactic acid. Bacteria produce dairy products with lactic acid. 2. Alcoholic Fermentation – Yeast cells produce CO2 and ethanol. Total ATP produced is: 2 (from glycolysis, not fermentation) Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic respiration usually occurs in organisms that do not breathe in oxygen. One type of anaerobic respiration is fermentation. Fermentation is a pathway that does not use the electron transport chain. Anaerobic Respiration: Alcoholic Respiration In alcoholic fermentation, glucose is converted to alcohol. It usually occurs in bacteria and yeast. Alcoholic fermentation Anaerobic Respiration: Lactic Acid Fermentation In lactic acid fermentation, NADH formed during glycolysis transfers its hydrogen atoms to pyruvate, producing lactate or lactic acid. It usually occurs in some bacteria and fungi. Lactic acid fermentation Humans Why do photosynthesis and cell respiration need each other?