Buffalo Fire Department Operations Manual - PDF

BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #1 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES 3.0 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES 3.0.1 INTRODUCTION To provide guidance to membe...

BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #1 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES 3.0 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES 3.0.1 INTRODUCTION To provide guidance to members of the Buffalo Fire Department and comply with federal and state mandates as well as nationally accepted standards, the Buffalo Fire Department will be adopting the fireground operating guidelines contained in Unit 3 of the Buffalo Fire Department’s Operations Manual. Firefighting guidelines encompass a wide variety of situations ranging from a single unit response to multi-unit and agency responses. The material contained in this unit will provide a general set of guidelines for handling these incidents, but will not address the tactics needed to control a specific type of incident. These guidelines are based on standard firefighting functions and evolutions that need to be performed to control an incident. While these guidelines will cover most of our fireground operations, the incident commander has the authority to issue specific orders to any crew or individual to control the incident. The following guidelines are based on crews working as a team to accomplish their assigned task. Crew (or team) integrity is the key element to a personnel accountability system and a safer fireground operation. Freelancing will destroy an accountability system and render it useless. Freelancing is an unsafe activity and will not be tolerated in the Buffalo Fire Department. The basic strategy the BFD shall employ at all structure fires will reflect a sound risk management plan: HIGH RISK TO BFD MEMBERS TO PROTECT SAVABLE LIVES LITTLE RISK TO BFD MEMBERS TO PROTECT SAVABLE PROPERTY MINIMAL OR NO RISK TO BFD MEMBERS TO SAVE WHAT IS ALREADY LOST These operational guidelines, first and foremost, are written with the safety of our members as the primary consideration. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #2 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES 3.0.12 Officer Responsibility at Roll Call: It shall be the responsibility of the Company Officer or Acting Officer to check and insure that all crew members at the beginning of each shift have are in compliance with all the rules and regulations governing assigned members, including but not limited to, uniforms, Order #32 dated 12/17/13, and have performed the following: I. Turnout gear is placed at the apparatus. Proper passport is on helmet front. II. Face piece is connected to SCBA harness, SCBA is checked for proper air pressure and that bailout pack is visually inspected to make sure it’s intact. III. Firefighter has proper radio for assigned riding position and radio is in coat pocket of turnout gear. IV. Accountability tags are properly posted as per Operations Manual unit #2 (Accountability) V. It is the Officers responsibility to ensure that the entire crew has full turnout gear on when at an incident. This includes drivers of pumpers. 3.0.13 Riding Positions, Radio Call Signs and Tool Assignments. Officers are to carry the Thermal Imagining Camera I. Engine Co. riding positions: a. Officer b. Attack (behind officer) c. Hook-Up (behind driver) d. Driver II. Truck Co. riding positions: Wood Frame Commercial Structures a. Officer Halligan / TIC Halligan / TIC b. Forcible Entry (behind officer) Maul Maul, Water Can c. Tillerman (behind driver) Pike axe Maul d. Driver 6’ Hook 6’ Hook & Rabbit Tool All members of Truck Companies when deployed as two teams shall work in 2 member units. Upon arrival the Tillerman position member will wait for the driver to donn their scba before reporting to fire scene. If at any time the Truck Company splits up into two teams the first team will consist of the Officer and Forcible Entry member and will carry the Company number as their designation. Ex: “ Ladder 11”. The second team will be the Alpha team “Ladder 11 Alpha” consisting of the Tillerman and Driver. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #3 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES The Rescue Company will follow the same procedures as the Truck Company when splitting up into two teams. However one of the teams will have three members. Radio designations will be “Rescue” consisting of Officer and two members and “Rescue Alpha”, consisting of the driver and one member. Any time a truck company or the Rescue will be working as a full crew they shall wait for the driver to donn their equipment before reporting to the scene. If at any time you are looking for a particular member of a crew you will use the Company number along with that individuals last name. Ex: “ Ladder 6 to Ladder 6 Smith”. 3.0.2 ESTABLISHING A BACKUP TEAM Before any team* can enter into a “hot zone” (interior structural firefighting area or an IDLH area Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health) ** to perform duties, a two person back up team must be in place. This two member “backup” team must be fully equipped (full PPE, SCBA, Radio) and ready to assist the entry team in the event of a problem. The “back up” team must also recognize that this is their assignment. As per the interpretation given by the New York State Public’s Safety and Health Bureau, “Back-Up Team” members cannot also be performing an essential operation at the time they are standing by. This includes essential duties such as pump driver operating hose lines, ladder truck driver operating an aerial. Member’s engaged in these essential duties cannot be a member of the backup team, therefore no entry can be made into the hot zone unless additional personnel are assembled. In some cases there is an exception to this mandatory “back-up rule.” When, in the professional judgment of the firefighters present, immediate action must be taken to save a life or prevent serious injury, interior firefighting (hot zone) may commence or entry into an IDLH zone, before an exterior back-up team has been assembled. This exception may not be used to conduct routine primary searches (unconfirmed victims) or property protection actions. Whenever entry is made prior to the assembly of a back-up team, you must notify incoming crews of your intentions and location. The following are some of the guidelines that have been developed to assist the Incident Commander or individual members in making the entry decision. - Victim in need of immediate rescue is visible, or is heard calling from inside the structure or hazard area. - Individuals on scene advise you that they know or are reasonably certain that an occupant is still in the structure or hazard area and that you have a high degree of confidence in this information. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #4 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES - There is some other evidence that gives you a high degree of certainty that an occupant is still in the structure or hazard area who needs immediate assistance. Remember: Primary Searches for unconfirmed victims or property protection are not adequate justifications for entering the hot zone /IDLH zone prior to assembly of a two man “back-up team”. The Department will investigate any incident or willful act not in compliance. with this operating guideline. * Team – Minimum of two members, radio equipped, operating as a unit **IDLH – Immediately Dangerous To Life and Health Atmosphere (IDLH) i.e. interior structure fire, confined space, toxic, or oxygen deficient environments or with the potential to become IDLH. A structure that is involved in fire beyond the incipient stage is an IDLH atmosphere. 3.0.3 Initial Interior Attack The action of the first arriving company shall comply with procedures as outlined in this Unit. The entry team shall consist of a minimum of two (2) members wearing full protective equipment (PPE), SCBA, and equipped with a radio. A “back-up team” of at least two (2) members also in full protective gear, SCBA, and radio equipped will be established before entry is made. This “back-up team” will be in continual contact with the entry team at all times. A “back-up team” of at least two (2) members will be maintained for the duration of the incident and should be upgraded to a four (4) man team whenever possible. Buffalo Fire Department F.A.S.T. deployment will accomplish this role. The Incident Commander may at any time during the incident assign different members to the “back-up team” as long as they are properly notified and capable of immediate response. Prior to Establishing a Back-up Team: Initial units arriving on the scene of a structure fire that are unable to provide a proper “back-up team” may only initiate exterior actions in preparations for an interior attack.. e.g. laying exterior lines, forcing entry, exposure protection, etc. After Establishing a Back-up Team: Once a “back-up team” of at least two members has been established, the interior attack can be initiated. This team must be maintained throughout the life of the incident as long as any member is still working in a “hot zone”. The personnel of the back up team can be changed as additional crews arrive or with the designation of a company to function as a F.A.S.T. Rev. 1/19  BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #5 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES 3.0.4 Firefighter Assistance And Search Team – F.A.S.T. Purpose: This guideline will give members of the Buffalo Fire Department guidelines on the operation and protocol for Firefighter Assistance and Search Team (F.A.S.T.). Introduction: The potential for firefighters to become trapped injured, or missing during emergency operations is an ever present reality. In order to better protect our members during these incidents, a dedicated “Team” of trained firefighters will be immediately available to aid any member who is in distress. This team will also take the initiative to insure that potentially dangerous conditions are rectified before they can cause injury. Objective: The main objective of the F.A.S.T. is to stand ready to respond to any firefighter emergency. This team can quickly respond to locate and rescue any trapped or missing firefighter. They also can be utilized for rapid intervention to any situation which might place members in harms way. Other F.A.S.T. responsibilities range from setting up escape ladders, securing man traps (weak areas or openings in floors), opening escape routes (bars on windows, etc), securing utilities, assisting in accountability tracking and so forth. These proactive measures are taken to protect members from potential harm. Dispatch: The Alarm Office will automatically dispatch the third due Ladder Company to all “full assignment” responses as the F.A.S.T. This team may also be sent if requested by the Incident Commander for any other situation that may need this standby team. Normally the third due Ladder Company on the assignment will be assigned as F.A.S.T. but the A.O. will have some discretion as to which company(s) is dispatched. In some cases, when ladder companies are in short supply, an engine company may be sent as the F.A.S.T. The I.C. shall retain the authority to reassign any company(s) from F.A.S.T. duties to other operations. The I.C. shall also have the option of assigning or reassigning any company(s) at an incident as the F.A.S.T. This team shall be released from the incident when deemed appropriate by the I.C. Generally the F.A.S.T. unit will not be held to “pick hose”, they should return to service when the I.C. determines they are no longer needed. On large scale interior operations at commercial structures or other large areas activity, a second F.A.S.T. company should be requested. Team: The “team” will consist of member in charge of the unit and a minimum of three firefighters. (4 total). The driver of the apparatus is to be included. Additional members may be assigned to F.A.S.T. as required by incident requirements. Rev. 1/19  BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #6 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES Equipment: F.A.S.T. will report to all incidents, unless otherwise directed, with the following equipment: S.C.B.A.s, portable radios, hand lights, axe, halligan, power saw, R.I.T. bag, EMS bag, Thermal Imaging Camera, Pak Tracker, Rope Bag, Rabbit Tool and maul. If special equipment is required at certain incidents, the I.C. will notify F.A.S.T. Generally, placing this equipment in a stokes basket affords a good carrying apparatus and brings a “basket” close at hand. The crew should also have a hose line available in the event it is needed to assist/protect with the rescue operation. F.A.S.T. unit should also be ready to deploy other types of equipment that may be required for different building styles or rescue situations. e.g. private dwellings, commercial structures, high- rise, industrial. On Arrival: Companies assigned as a F.A.S.T. will notify Dispatch when they arrive on location. Dispatch will notify the I.C. that the team is on scene. “Main Street Command, Ladder 3 is on location as F.A.S.T.” When a company designated as the F.A.S.T. arrives at the scene of an emergency, they will no longer use their company identification for radio communications. This company will simply be identified as “FAST”. If this company is divided at any time they will stay in two person teams. First team made up of the Officer and Forcible Entry team member are designated as “FAST”, Second team is made up of the Tillerman and Driver they will be designated as “FAST ALPHA”. The F.A.S.T. will report with all equipment to the I.C. or the Command Post on their arrival. The “Team” will stand by in a location designated by the I.C. (generally in vicinity of the I.C.’s position) and remain in constant contact with the Incident Commander. The officer of the F.A.S.T. should be briefed by the I.C. or accountability member as to essential information on the incident. (safety issues, crew location, fire conditions, structural aspects, etc.) It is also advised that the officer and a team member do a safety 360 around the structure or area to get a “feel” for the incident. The F.A.S.T. officer should work with the Accountability Officer (F- 20) as a safety team, tracking unit location, scanning radio messages, monitoring fire and structural conditions and recommending proactive safety measures. Duties: F.A.S.T. will not engage in routine firefighting operations. The I.C. may assign members of the F.A.S.T. to safety assignments (exterior ventilation, remove hose kinks, set up escape ladders, open up firefighter escape points, secure utilities, etc.), the team will still be intact and ready to respond when needed. If interior safety duties (cut utilities, etc.) requires members to leave the “designated location”, at least two F.A.S.T. members will be held back in case they are immediately needed in an emergency. Members involved in “safety duties” must continuously monitor the radio. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #7 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES Engine Companies F.A.S.T. On occasion, engine companies may fill in for ladder trucks as F.A.S.T. units. These engine companies shall be limited to those having completed F.A.S.T. company training. Cross training in the use of ladder company tools and equipment is necessary for Engine companies to become proficient in rescue assignments. Specialized equipment required will be taken from an on scene ladder company. Engine co. F.A.S.T. units will operate under the same F.A.S.T. guidelines. Training It is imperative that members keep their rescue skills updated and honed. Regular training sessions should be held at the company level and through the Training Bureau to insure that this will be accomplished. 3.1.0 RESCUE OF DOWN OR LOST FIREFIGHTER 3.1.1 PURPOSE: The following procedure establishes guidelines and provides the members of the Buffalo Fire Department direction in locating a lost/missing firefighter and the rescue of firefighters in distress. 3.1.2 BACKGROUND There are many situations where firefighters might be in need of assistance. Generally, firefighter emergencies fall into several main areas. Structure entrapment, members becoming lost or disoriented, or firefighters just not with their assigned crew are some of the most common emergencies. To complicate this, every incident is unique and no one could be totally prepared for each and every scenario. The situation may be as serious as that of a member who is out of air or trapped in deteriorating conditions and has a very short window of survival, or merely that of a member who wandered away from his/her crew to get a tool or take a break without notifying the crew Officer. To initiate a rescue mission with any hope of success, the I.C must quickly be notified of these situations, gather pertinent information, formulate a game plan, and initiate a rescue mission with all due speed. It is therefore imperative that individual firefighters must not delay the reporting to the I.C. that they or members of their crew are lost, trapped, or in trouble. Any member witnessing an event where any individual has become trapped, injured, etc. should also quickly report this information to Command or Dispatch. In addition Company Officers must continuously track their crew and report missing members to Command as soon as possible. Note: A lost member is one who can communicate/contact with you (via radio or vocal) but does not know his/her whereabouts. Generally a lost firefighter may assist in his/her rescue. Rev. 1/19  BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #8 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES A missing member is one who can not be accounted for. No contact can be made and no definitive location is known. 3.1.3 EMERGENCY RADIO TRANSMISSIONS It is critical that a firefighter who faces or witnesses a life threatening emergency take immediate action to prevent injury or further harm to himself/herself or their partner. One important aspect is an early warning notification in which a potentially threatening situation is immediately identified and reported. I. “MAYDAY” Whenever a member is in trouble the term “MAYDAY” will be used. This radio message may be used to report a firefighter is down, trapped, lost or in need of immediate assistance. This term shall only be used to report a member in distress. Some of the parameters to be used by members as a base to report a “MAYDAY”  you or your partner are injured  you are trapped  you are lost  your SCBA malfunctions or you are running low on air  fire threatens your escape route  you encounter a human threat – i.e. you are threatened with physical violence. Whenever a “mayday” is transmitted, the radio channel being used should have “priority” and be kept open for emergency transmissions. Dispatch will immediately notify the I.C. of any distress report as they continuously monitor radio broadcasts. Any additional information such as location or status of the distressed member should be also reported to the I.C. *L.U.N.A.R. - L – Last known location U – Unit assignment N – Member’s name A – Assignments R – Resources needed II. “URGENT” In the event that a radio message must have priority status over all other transmissions, the term “URGENT” will be used. “Fire Dispatch – High Street Command – Urgent” This phrase can be used for emergency situations where immediate action might be required. Events such as structural issues, deteriorating fire conditions, lost water supply, emergency evacuation notification, are just a few of the circumstances that might dictate an urgent message. When the term “urgent” is used in a radio transmission, all other radio traffic should give priority to this message. Rev. 1/19  BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #9 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES III. RESCUE MISSION Whenever a “mayday” alert has been reported, the I.C. must at always acknowledge that a member is in difficulty. All available information must be quickly gathered so Command can develop an effective rescue plan. If it is determined (verified) that the member is indeed in the building, aspects such as type and size of structure, fire conditions, is member radio equipped, manpower available, just to name a few, must be rapidly acquired, as this will determine rescue tactics that can be used. IV. LOST OR MISSING MEMBERS GUIDELINES: Whenever a member of our Department becomes lost or missing at any incident, instantaneous and decisive action must be taken. Pertinent information must be quickly gathered from anyone who may assist. The initial report of a missing/lost member must be immediately verified so as to not engage members needlessly on a dangerous mission. Decisions must be prompt to determine if the member is actually lost in the structure or just not with his/her crew and actually safe. V. LOCATE: Information such as member’s name, company, eye witness reports, last known position, fireground assignment, and if the member is radio equipped, (LUNAR*) must be quickly obtained and passed to the rescue effort. This information must be immediately obtained by Command (or agent) from eye-witnesses, Officer/crew members, Battalion Chief or anyone that has pertinent facts regarding the situation. The rescue group can utilize this information as a starting point for the operation. It is imperative that members searching for lost or trapped individuals be strictly controlled. Additional firefighters could easily become victims themselves as they frantically search and essentially compound the rescue mission. Who, What, Where  Who you are and company  What the problem is  Where are you or location 1. If a member is missing from his/her assigned company, Dispatch should announce this information over the air so as to alert companies at the scene of the situation. There might be a member who has seen the missing firefighter and can quickly pass that info along to Command. We wouldn’t want to expose any rescuer to unnecessary risks when a member is not actually lost. 2. When the member is located, this information must be directed to the I.C. immediately. The I.C. will order Dispatch to announce this information over the air at once so that rescue activities can be terminated. When physically possible, the missing member shall immediately report to command to verify that he/she is safe. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #10 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES 3. If a member is lost but conscious, he/she shall help assist with the rescue, by doing the Following: 1. stay put near a wall 2. make noise, banging, yelling etc. 3. direct rescue team via radio, hand light, or making noise 4. activate man down button 5. activate PASS alarm Typical call: Dispatch - Emergency tone – “Attention all companies at 123 Broadway, FF. Smith of Engine 1 is not with his crew – anyone seeing Smith, have him report to the Command Post, notify the I.C. immediately.” VI. SEARCH: If after a rapid and thorough exterior search for the missing member, it is verified that the member is indeed in the structure, by order of the I.C., a controlled interior search will be initiated. The rescue effort should begin using the last know location of the missing member as a starting point. If the missing/lost member is radio equipped, an attempt to contact him/her should be initiated. A member shall be assigned to keep in constant radio contact with the lost member as support and to relay pertinent information. VII. RESCUE TRAPPED MEMBER: Stabilization/Rescue of Trapped Firefighters: Firefighters may become trapped for a variety of reasons. Situations where firefighters have fallen through a hole in the floor or roof, become caught under collapse debris or heavy object, exit blocked by debris or becomes entangled in wires, etc. are some of the types of circumstances the F.A.S.T. might face. Naturally each type of entrapment may require specific tools or equipment to facilitate the rescue. It is therefore important to have a variety of tools ready to advance into the rescue area. F.A.S.T. can request specialized equipment and Rescue B.C. will send it in. Any additional manpower needs and technical assistance will be deployed by the Rescue Chief. VIII. PROTECT: Once the victim is found, he/she must be protected from further harm until such time as the member can be safely removed. This might include (pending conditions) fire stream protection, building stabilization (shoring, cribbing), ventilation and EMS. The trapped member must be assessed immediately for a secure air supply and face piece positioning. Prompt support of air supply should be one of the first rescue priorities. In addition the member should be assessed for any life threatening injuries. These measures must be sustained throughout the rescue effort. Rev. 1/19  BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #11 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES IX. REMOVAL: If conditions warrant immediate victim removal, the Team must quickly take any appropriate action required. If the member is not in any grave danger from fire, collapse, etc. he/she should be treated medically, stabilized i.e. collar, backboard, etc. before removal. Under dangerous or deteriorating conditions it may be advisable to move the injured member to an area of refuge before treatment can be initiated. Proper medical staff should be immediately available when the victim is removed to safety. 3.1.4 COMMAND GUIDELINES FOR RESCUE MISSIONS At any time a member is reported trapped/lost/missing, the I.C. must immediately acknowledge this message. Command must also take control of incident scene radio transmissions. Important information about the lost/trapped individual should be quickly collected. Whenever units are sent on a rescue mission, their location and actions must be closely monitored. If necessary, the I.C. will assign a Chief Officer, preferably the first due B.C. to take control of the rescue efforts (Rescue Chief). The I.C. will make a determination whether it’s necessary to keep the rescue on the initial fireground channel and to switch fireground operations to another working channel. The I.C. and this B.C. will immediately assign additional members to assist the F.A.S.T. with the rescue attempt and as back up. The Rescue Chief should also quickly conduct an operational briefing with the rescue team. Such issues as setting rescue objectives and reviewing pertinent information should be discussed (e.g. last known victim location, structural considerations, support needs, entry points, routes to take, team assignments, radio designation, etc.) Aspects such as effective ventilation needs, opening up additional access/egress points are all tactics that must be addressed. This rescue team must also be protected from fire, heat, and smoke as they work. Once the team enters the search area, the Rescue Chief will maintain communication with the Team and relay information to the I.C. Close coordination of all search ventures must be in effect to keep duplication of effort to a minimum and make sure all areas are examined. Strong supervision and control by all officers will most certainly be required as these incidents quickly become chaotic. Control of our own members that are all trying to assist becomes a major management issue. Note: if the Incident Commander decides to utilize the first due B.C. as the Rescue Chief, the I.C. should take complete control of all fire operations that the B.C. had been assign to previous to the emergency. An additional B.C. will be requested and assume the assignment of fire operations upon arrival. A second FAST team shall be dispatched upon activation of the initial Fast team. It is also recommended that additional companies be requested to supplement crews committed to rescue as firefighting activities must still be employed. Rev. 1/19  BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #12 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES 3.2.0 GENERAL FIREFIGHTING - COMMON GUIDELINES ALL UNITS - First at the Fire Scene The first unit (Engine, Truck, or Chief) on the scene at an emergency incident has the same initial responsibilities. Your first actions could determine whether or not the outcome of the emergency is successful. I. INITIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE FIRST ARRIVING UNIT IS: CONDUCT A SIZE UP This is a fact finding mission where the officer gathers as much information concerning the incident. Generally such aspects as building type, size, construction, area, conditions present (smoke, fire – size, amount, etc) are just a few of the things a first arriving officer must recognize. DETERMINE AN ACTION PLAN After gathering incident information, the officer will determine a course of action. Remember the welfare of your members is your first concern while determining your actions. Most fires are handled through the LOCATE - CONFINE – EXTINGUISH standard with life (FF. and civilians) safety of paramount concern. GIVE AN ADEQUATE RADIO REPORT A brief description of what he/she sees while conducting the size up and what the initial action will be. Include any requests for additional resources to assist. Remember to be as accurate as you can be without going overboard with the “details”. (See Lesson #21 BFD Training Manual. ASSUME COMMAND The first unit to arrive at any incident shall take command of the scene. The company officer in his/her initial radio report shall designate an incident I.D. (street / facility name plus the term “Command” on all broadcasts. This officer will continue to use this designation until relieved of command duties or the incident is terminated (see Unit #1 BFD Ops.) “Engine 3 is on location at 123 Oak, nothing showing, - investigating, Engine 3 will be Oak Command” Rev. 1/19  BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #13 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES II. FIRST ENGINE ON LOCATION The responsibility of the first pumper on the scene is to try to contain the fire. Whether it is an aggressive interior attack or a defensive position, the main objective is to try to cut off the fire and then extinguish it. Sometimes your goal might be to keep the fire in the room of origin, cutting the fire off from the upper floors by protecting the stairs as a truck crew searches for victims. At other times laying off A “252” which consists of a 5” feed line and 2 - 2 ½” hand lines for protecting the exposures might be your initial objective. It all depends on the situation. Remember, locate. confine, and extinguish would be the basis of your operation while still maintaining safe operation for your crew. Flexibility and good judgment are key to a successful, safe firefight. Some of the important factors the first Engine Officer must take into account are: A. APPARATUS PLACEMENT Offensive interior Attack  Initial apparatus placement should leave room for incoming truck apparatus  Positioning rig take 3 sided view  Watch for obstructions, (wires, fire out of windows etc.)  Check for hydrants – a nearby hydrant can be utilized if you still can reach all parts of the structure without adding additional hose (direct feed)  One or two lengths of 5” hose will easily take advantage of a close hydrant  Let other companies know that you have a hydrant (via radio). It will be the second in pumpers responsibility to hook you up to the hydrant (direct feed). Defensive exterior Attack:  If conditions dictate a defensive attack, drop a “252”, 1 -5” and 2-2 ½” hose lines and proceed to the nearest hydrant.  Position hand lines to adequately cover exposures (lay in enough hose).  Driver will charge pump panel side line first with booster tank water while hook-up member is hooking up to the hydrant. Once hydrant water is established the second 2 ½” line can be charged. Place the pump panel side line at the most advantageous spot.  The 5” line will be used to feed either a pumper or aerial. This is at the Chiefs discretion. Note 1 – The advantage of using 2 – 2½” lines vs 1 – 1¾”. The 1¾” line may be more versatile then a 2½” but the flow rate is almost half. If you are deciding to go defensive upon arrival dropping a “252” will put you at a better advantage of controlling the fire and keeping it out of the exposures. Remember confining the fire first is the main objective before extinguishment. The only delay putting the “252” into operation compared to a 1¾” is the travel time to the hydrant. The big advantage is you will have almost four times the amount of water and a continual water source. Flow rates (minimum suggested flow rates) 1¾” lines 150 – 185 gpm. 2½” lines 250 -325 gpm. Rev. 1/19  BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #14 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES Note 2 - It is a poor practice to stay at the scene and work a 2½” line off your Booster tank to cover exposures, you will shortly run out of water and cause a delay in establishing a continuous water supply to the fire. Occasionally a deck gun could be employed to knock down a fire but only when a Feed pumper is ready and in position to supply a feed and the I.C. authorizes the Action. B. HOSE LINE SELECTION *No breaking of 1 ¾” pre-connected hand lines ** Pre-connected hand lines shall be loaded on the pumpers as follows: 1st Crosslay – four (4) Lengths of 1 ¾” 2nd Crosslay – five (5) Lengths of 1 ¾” Rear pre-connect – must have six (6) pre-connected 1 ¾’ lengths. No Exceptions. - For pumpers with Three (3) crosslays, the third crosslay will have six (6) 1 ¾” lengths. - Proper amount of hose to reach your goal Four lengths for the first floor Five lengths for the second floor Six lengths for the attic - Interior hose use - 4 lengths minimum - Exterior 2½” hose - must reach around the building * * Fires in high-rise, commercial structures, etc. – utilize 2½” hose C. Line Placement - If rescue is in need, take the first line to protect members conducting the search / cover victims escape route. - Make a direct attack on the seat of the fire and extinguish it. - Front door/side door entry point, which route would most advantageous action plan. - Use the first line to protect most endangered exposures from an exterior defensive position. - Fan out line to open up kinks - Take only enough line into the structure to adequately reach the fire, leave the remaining hose outside fanned and ready to advance. Rev. 1/19  BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #15 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES D. Crew Responsibility 1. (Interior Line) - Try to locate the staircase that runs from the Basement to the Attic and deploy from there. “Gain control of the staircase, gain control of the building.” - Officer determines which length line to stretch and entry point. Assists attack member with stretch. Backs up attack member. -Attack member takes nozzle, three folds, proceeds to point of entry. - Hook-up removes remaining hose from bed and fans out. Constantly advancing hose line,checking for kinks and pinch points. - Driver verifies all hose is out of bed before charging, charges hose, checks hose for kinks. The sole responsibility of this crew is to stretch, charge and maintain the first in line until the second in pumper establishes the feed. 2. “252” Exposure lines w/ feed line - Officer determines which exposure to protect with first water, this will be the drivers side 2 ½”. Pulls off enough 2 ½” to reach the rear of the structure. Generally two lengths. -Attack pulls off the other 2 ½” to cover the 2nd exposure, taking enough off to reach the rear of the structure. - Hook-up member pulls off 5” line and returns to cab. - Attack member will secure 5” line as Officer instructs driver to proceed to the hydrant. - After hydrant is spotted the Driver will break the driver side 2 ½” and charge it with tank water. Once the Hook-up member has established the hydrant the Driver will charge the Second 2 ½” line. The 5” line will then be hooked up but not charged until ordered by a Chief Officer. Hook-up member will then return to the scene and report to their Officer. E. Booster Tank - When operating off the booster tank on interior attack, remember you only have a limited supply of water, so do not charge multiple lines until a feed is established. - Don’t use just booster tank water when covering exposures with a 2½” line unless a hydrant is about to be hooked up, your water will be quickly exhausted and cause a serious delay in exposure protection - When you use your booster tank, make sure you refill it as you’re getting a feed just in case of an emergency with the supply line. III. SECOND ENGINE ON LOCATION Unless you are notified otherwise, your primary responsibility is to provide a continuous water supply to the scene. ( i.e. supply 1st pumper). The following are general supply tactics that may be employed to achieve adequate water to the scene. A. The standard supply requirements should be 1 – 2 ½” hose + 1 – 5” hose (“52 lay”). -Officer will stretch 2 ½” line to the driver’s side of the attack pumper, remove nozzle and attach to pump panel side intake. -Attack member stretches the 5” feed line to the Attack pumpers 5” Intake and connects it. Rev. 1/19  BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #16 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES Once these tasks are complete the Feed Pumper Officer will have a face to face with the Attack Pumper driver to inform them that the feed lines are hooked-up and the gates are closed. -The hook-up member will proceed to the hydrant, assist the driver in spotting the hydrant, Flush hydrant and connect suction hose. Open hydrant when driver is ready for water. -Driver after putting pumper in pump will hook-up the 2 ½” feed line to a discharge and give tank water to the attack pumper without radio communications. Immediately charge the 5” Supply line as soon as the Hydrant has been established. Advise the attack pumper they now have hydrant water. There is no need for radio communications when supplying a feed. The feed pumper does not need to ask if the attack pumper is ready for water, it only needs to advise them when they are on hydrant water. **A Chief Officer is the only one that can hold up the 5” feed. ** B. A 100’ length of 5” supply line may be directly attached from the attack pumper to the hydrant, if feasible. It is the 2nd in pumpers responsibility to handle this duty. The 2nd in pumper will back into position if needed for additional water supply. Driver and Hook-up member will report to the attack pumper. They will establish the hydrant for the attack pumper. The Officer and Attack member of the 2nd in pumper will start stretching a backup line. Once hydrant water is established the Hook-up member will Join up with the Officer and Attack member and assist them in stretching the backup line. Driver of the 2nd in pumper will report back to their apparatus and await further orders. SECOND IN ENGINE GUIDELINES: 1. Unless you are certain that you can drive by the scene to the hydrant, you should back down to the scene. While backing down members of the crew shall guide the driver, watching for obstructions, hydrant locations, etc. Note: To insure that you can quickly get back to the hydrant, you may have to wait for other apparatus (Chief’s rig, Truck Co.) to get down the street before you back down. 2. Initial 2 ½”feed line (first line with water sent to attack pumper) is placed pump panel to pump panel. This procedure insures uniformity throughout the city. Once completed report for orders from the I.C. (generally second 1¾” hose line is stretched by this crew) 3. The feed pumper will initially send the attack pumper booster tank water as the hydrant is being connected. If at any time the hydrant is inoperable or the feed pumper can not supply the incident with water, the driver of the feed pumper must immediately notify the I.C. with this information and await further orders. Do not move off the hydrant without first contacting the I.C. 4. Do not block intersections with the pumper, this can usually be accomplished using the side suction. If you lay 5” hose across busy intersections, you must put cones down to try to protect hose from civilian cars driving over charged lines. (Notify Dispatch for Police) Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #17 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES IV. THIRD ENGINE ON LOCATION The role of the third Engine arriving to the incident is flexible. If you were not given specific orders enroute, monitor the radio and consider the following: A. Position your apparatus so it is ready to establish a secondary water source with a minimal amount of delay. Do not take the 2nd Engine’s hydrant. B. Consider responding from around the block if possible. You may have to be utilized for a second source of water and you will be well situated. When possible try to take a hydrant on a different main, preferably on the largest main. C. Report to I.C. for orders. V. UNIVERSAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENGINES 1. If at all possible, pull past the fire building. This not only gives you a three side view of the incident, but it keeps the front of the building open for the placement of aerial equipment and keeps the area clear for unrestricted fire operations. 2. When hooking up to the hydrant, spot apparatus as close to the curb as possible. Do not block the street or intersection when using front suction. To maximize water availability front or side suction must have no restrictions (kinks). 3. Front suction vs. side suction: Remember that while the front suction may be a little faster and easier, side suction will deliver more water. First water to the incident (i.e. attack lines, initial supply line) should be the quickest possible. While secondary sources of water (i.e. master streams should come from maximum water supply (no kinks, side suction) when ever possible. 4. If you have a choice of hydrants, hook up to the largest capacity. Basic preplanning of your districts and current hydrant maps will indicate which are the best water source. - White top hydrant Larger then 12” main - Blue top hydrant 10” – 12” main - Red top hydrant Less then 10” main 5. Try not to connect the hydrant on the same water main, this is especially found on side streets. Same main hook ups steal water from other units using the main. Best choice is to head out to a main street or use an alternate main. 6. If you are responding to a multiple alarm or as extra equipment, remain uncommitted. Report to the I.C. with your crew (Engine driver always stays with rig – except as F.A.S.T.) When your apparatus is ordered to “stage,” stay with the rig until directed. Rev. 1/19  BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #18 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES 7. Pump Pressures: - Preset is 160 psi. This is for charging hand lines not for feeding other pumpers or aerials. - An attack pumper and an aerial with a pump should try and maintain 50 psi incoming Pressure. - Minimum Intake pressure is 10 psi, 20 psi if in a relay situation. - Aerials without a pump should get 160 psi at the base (intake) of the aerial. If you do not have enough incoming pressure check with the feed pumper to see if they can boost the pressure. If the feed pumper is unable to boost the pressure the Chief Officer will be notified of the low water pressure situation immediately. 8. Anytime an apparatus has received a feed whether at a fire or during training the Intake Suction screen should be inspected for any debris. 9. If in a relay situation, up to 2100’ of 5” hose can be fed between pumpers. Each pumper is to carry 700’ of 5” hose on its back bed. A Pumper will have 100’, 50’, and 25’ rolls of spare 5” hose in a compartment. 10. Officer of every engine will report to the scene with TIC VI. FIRST LADDER COMPANY ON LOCATION A. Spotting Apparatus: - position apparatus to allow for close proximity of tool, ground ladders, etc - spot rig advantageous to permit utilizing its aerial for access to roof, upper stories (i.e. rescue work, ladder pipe use, so forth). B. Tool Assignment - Tool assignment will reflect duties assigned - Tool assignment should also be specialized for type of structure – i.e. frame vs. masonry - All truck officers will insure thermal imaging camera (T.I.C.) is deployed to all structure fire. Truck Co. Tool Assignments: Wood Frame Commercial Structures a. Officer Halligan / TIC Halligan / TIC b. Forcible Entry (behind officer) Maul Maul, Water Can c. Tillerman (behind driver) Pike axe Maul d. Driver 6’ Hook 6’ Hook & Rabbit Tool GUIDELINES: Crew Assignment: - frame building assignments (1.5 & 2.5 frame) and some smaller apartment fires, the first in Truck company may split into two teams (both radio equipped). One team “inside” consisting of the Officer and Forcible Entry, the other “outside” team made up of the Driver and Tillerman. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #19 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES Inside Team: - Carries unit designation, Ex: “Ladder 11” - Assignment as directed by the I.C. - Assist Engine Co. with forcible entry - Assist in stretching hose line when necessary - In all cases conduct primary search for victims and fire extension in the most active area, expanding as needed. - Conduct basic recon – search for fire extension in walls, ceilings, etc. - Secure route to fire area for handling - Establish interior communication with the I.C. – relay info on conditions found, resources required, structural status, etc. - Interior ventilation as needed - General overhaul/ salvage duties - Officer to continuously check with outside crew - Check floor below obvious fire location (i.e. basement) for fire (maybe origin) - General firefighting duties as prescribed by the I.C. Outside Team: - Carries unit’s Alpha designation, Ex: “Ladder11 Alpha” - Assignment as directed by the I.C. - Assist with forcible entry (secondary access points) open board-ups - Conduct outside check for victims (jumpers) - Place ground ladder to the front of the building - Conduct horizontal ventilation that is most appropriate for fire attack* * must be coordinated with Engine Co. (charged hose line in place) - Report exterior safety issues: wires down, exposure problems, structural aspects, etc to I.C. - Keep in communication with company officer – i.e. your location and status (tasks) - Re-group with inside crew when appropriate - General firefighting duties as prescribed by the I.C. *Commercial Structures, high–rise, large apartment fires, etc. dictate that the crew stay together. Although many of the tactics may be the same, the assignments become more difficult and complicated i.e. difficult forcible entry tasks, more risky searches (large areas, complicated search areas filled with stock. etc.) VII. SECOND LADDER COMPANY ON LOCATION - Position apparatus in a non committed area if possible - don’t block hydrants or access for pumpers laying off hose. - Report to the I.C. as one team (face to face) - Report with proper tool selection for the assignment Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #20 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES Crew Assignment - If roof ventilation is necessary, it’s this crews #1 priority. - Additional forcible entry requirements, incl. more formidable access points (steel doors) ring nailed board-ups, etc. - Supplement ventilation needs: * expanding horizontal ventilation when appropriate * vertical ventilation of roof (primary ventilation assignment when required - Check exposures for extension - Check for hidden fire – in walls, ceiling - General overhaul / salvage duties when required - Check utilities VIII. UNIVERSAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR LADDER COMPANIES  Report to the I.C. for orders  Apparatus placement for aerial work must be initially considered  Flat roof operations especially on apartments building (opening bulk head doors)  Should be an essential part of truck co. size -up  If aerial is to be used a member must be at turntable, pump panel (if pumps used)  Thermal imaging camera will be deployed at all structure fires.  Use locator phrase to track position in structure.  Report to I.C. / Accountability any change in floor level within a structure.  Report in/out of structure through Command Post / Accountability Officer.  Keep crew intact, Officer is to know where each member of crew is at all times.  Additional incoming truck companies (extra, multiple alarms) shall stage and wait for orders.  General tool selection must reflect assignment and type of structure especially in non- frame buildings, i.e. rabbit tool, mauls, halligan. Master Streams – will not be charged without the approval of the I.C. Apparatus set up and feed lines can be put in place but in the interest of safety, final orders to charge the Ladder Pipe must come from the I.C. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #21 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES IX. Rescue Company The duties of the Rescue Co. must be flexible, due to the driving distance and arrival time at scene, assignments may vary. Crew might take initial / second truck duties if they arrive at the scene before assigned companies. Apparatus should be positioned so as to not get blocked in. If a call comes in, they may respond if released by the I.C.  Report to the I.C. for orders  Assist as required with:  Forcible entry (heavier duties  Saws, hydraulic, etc)  Ventilation needs  Search & rescue activities (generally above the fire area)  Overhaul, salvage as needed  Recon any areas of fire building or exposures  Crew may split into two crews when needed, when splitting into two crews they X. Command Officers Command Officers have a responsibility to control the emergency scene so as to protect the members of the Department engaged at the incident. Firefighter safety will always be the number one priority. - First chief on scene (usually Battalion Chief - B.C.) conduct 360 size up to gather info - De-brief with current I.C. (Company Officer) face to face or via radio (or B.C. / D.C.) - Initiate / assume the “Command” position until relieved or incident is terminated - Formulate action plan and the tactical assignments to accomplish overall goals - Request additional resources required – release un-needed units - Correct, redirect, initiate, re-evaluate, any activity on the scene which will accomplish - Command and control fireground activities - Give appropriate radio reports and updates - Insure that incident safety issues are addressed - i.e. accountability, scene safety, etc. - Assign additional Command positions to fill incident management needs i.e. divisions, groups etc - Assume/pass Command to other individuals when required (Division, Deputies, C-1) changes in Command should be announced by Dispatch - Continue in the Command position until relieved, passed down, or incident is terminated. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #22 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES 3.2.1 THERMAL IMAGING CAMERA (TIC) 3.2.2 PURPOSE: The purpose of this guideline is to identify the tactical deployment of Thermal Imaging Cameras in the Buffalo Fire Department (aka TIC’s). 3.2.3 BACKGROUND: All Buffalo Fire Companies have been assigned a Thermal Imaging Camera. This piece of equipment identifies, translates, and communicates what it sees into an image we would not normally be able to “see” due to obstructions such as smoke or extreme darkness. It can be used for any number of situations, from gathering valuable information during size-up, to searching for victims that are trapped within a burning structure. The TIC is now in reach of every crew in the BFD and has the potential to enhance our Department's ability to better protect our members and better serve the Citizens of Buffalo. 3.2.4 PRIMARY APPLICATION: The principal use of the Thermal Imaging Camera in the Buffalo Fire Department will be for firefighting duties. The use of a camera during a search and rescue mission could prove to be valuable as it could reduce the exposure time a firefighter faces when using conventional search techniques. The TIC will also be used for fire recon undertakings and tracking fire extension and hot spots. By rapidly locating the fire, crews will be able to enhance firefighter safety by better determining tactical priorities (i.e. line placement, overhaul requirements) of fire control and the protection of our members. The thermal imaging camera may also be used to locate man-traps or determine structural concerns within the building crews are working in. Crews will be able to locate holes in floors, missing stairs, and other structural conditions that could prove to be safety issues during firefighting operations. 3.2.5 SECONDARY APPLICATIONS The TIC can be used to find sources of heat while tracking odors of smoke and electrical problems. There is a potential use for a TIC on virtually every call.  Can be used in Tower Ladder bucket to see through heavy smoke.  Hazardous Material incidents to determine liquid levels in drums and tanks as well as identifying the presence of a spill on top of a body of water.  Thermal Imaging Cameras may also be utilized for assisting in exterior victim searches.  Locating downed wires at structure fires and motor vehicle accidents.  Locating a person on the surface of water in extreme darkness.  The TIC can be used during MVA response to check for heat signatures left in a vehicle by victims that either left the scene (walking wounded) or were ejected. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #23 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES V. DEPLOYMENT LADDER COMPANIES All Ladder Company Officers shall deploy or assign a member to deploy the TIC at all structure fires for recon, search and rescue efforts, structural reference or any other application deemed necessary by the I.C. The Crew member assigned to the TIC must be radio equipped so that any vital information can be relayed to the Company Officer or the I.C. ROOF OPERATIONS: Although deployment of the TIC will not be required during roof ops, there may be times when a TIC can be used to an advantage on a roof for fire location or to find existing holes or venting locations on a flat roof under heavy smoke conditions. ENGINE COMPANIES All Engine Company Officers shall deploy the TIC as a regular part of their firefighting arsenal. It should be used whenever possible to determine where the fire is or is not, extent of fire travel or any structural issues that may otherwise go unnoticed.  Exterior view- prior to entry into the structure, the Officer can possibly pinpoint fire location as well as extent of travel and involvement of exposures.  Interior view- the TIC can be used as an aid to “SEE” a quick route to the fire’s point of origin. The Engine Officer can also track deteriorating conditions as the camera will detect rapid increases in temperature, thermal movements, and secondary fires to name just a few. F.A.S.T. COMPANIES All F.A.S.T. company officers shall deploy, or assign a F.A.S.T. member to deploy, the TIC upon arrival to the incident scene. This deployment may provide the Incident Commander with valuable information and assist in determining an action plan and related strategies. The use of a TIC from the exterior may give advance indication of the location of the fire especially in large, complex or multi-story structures. The assigned F.A.S.T. member, if possible, should complete a (360 degree) “walk around” of the involved building and relay any pertinent information to the I.C. At this time the F.A.S.T. member should also make note of any unusual conditions, points of ingress/egress, dangerous conditions and possible ground ladder locations for firefighter escape should a F.A.S.T. activation become necessary. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #24 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES 3.2.6 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS SAFETY: The use of the TIC shall never override the standard search techniques applied in diminishing or zero visibility conditions. Right and left hand searches, keeping in contact with walls, used in conjunction with a search rope in commercial or large area searches, locating means of egress and maintaining crew integrity are critical to firefighter safety. *As beneficial as the TIC can be, it can also create an extremely dangerous situation for the user if the camera suddenly fails and proper search techniques have not been followed. Members must always be aware that the unit may malfunction or run out of power (battery dies) and must be used prudently. Fire crews must always work within Department safety procedures, training and standard operational protocol. AS ALWAYS, WE OPERATE WITH FIREIGHTER SAFETY AS OUR FIRST PRIORITY. VII. THERMAL IMAGER MAINTENANCE ALL COMPANY OFFICERS, on their respective shifts, shall be responsible to see to it that TIC is kept clean and in proper working order with batteries charged. TIC operation shall be checked and batteries changed each first day of the Tour. If a problem is detected with a TIC Unit, Tool Control as well as B-41 Safety shall be notified. TIC shall be turned in with a properly filled out Form 4 for repair. A replacement unit will be issued ASAP until original is repaired and returned. 3.3.0 VEHICLE FIRES 3.3.1 Purpose: The following guidelines will give the members of the Buffalo Fire Department direction in handling vehicle fires. 3.3.2 Background: The Buffalo Fire Department responds to numerous types of vehicle fires annually, from general passengers vehicles, new hybrids autos, cargo, truck tractor trailers and so forth. These fires are found on side street, busy expressways, the NYS Thruway or in driveways. Companies also have to deal with derelict autos, haz mat cargos, vehicles with exposure problems just to name a few. It is very important that we follow safe and effective firefighting practices to handle these Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #25 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES A. Response 1. Dispatch will send (1) Engine Co. and (1) Ladder Co. to all reported vehicle fires* * Both companies will remain at the scene until the operation is terminated 2. Dispatch will upgrade the assignment to a P.S. to all reports of a vehicle fire within 10’ of a structure. 3. Dispatch will send a full assignment to all reports of vehicle fires within structures B. Size Up Conduct initial size up on your approach – assess conditions as to determine plan of action: 1. Position of burning vehicle in relation to traffic, access, geography, structures, Other vehicles, etc. 2. Condition / extent of burning vehicle, fire intensity, smoke conditions, what’s burning & where – i.e. engine compartment, cargo area, passenger section, etc. 3. Vehicle type and cargo – passenger vehicle, delivery truck, tractor trailer, propane carrier, Hybrid auto, etc. 4. Haz Mat identifiers – placard, body shape and styles, types of trucks fuel sources – propane, natural gas labels) 5. Identify possible / potential victims, in and around the vehicle - i.e. passengers, Spectators (Size up is continued throughout the life of the incident) C. Plan a course of action based on size-up 1. Position the Apparatus - Stop short / pull past vehicle – whatever is the best protection for the operating crew - Try to block traffic with either or both apparatus - Use angle parking maneuvers to protect pump driver (a panel) - Lay out cones - Direct traffic from a safe position 2. Stay out of questionable areas - Park uphill, upwind - Stay out of spills, from under wires, out of smoke - For haz mat cargos – use D.O.T. guidelines for suggested zones (exclusion) Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #26 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES D. Notify Dispatch - Situation found, actions being taken - Addition resources needed (extra companies, kitty litter, etc) - Notifications i.e. police, State troopers, power company utility poles down, EMS. - Establish Command with Incident I.D. “Engine 1 on location at Broadway and Oak with an auto fully involved, laying in an 1 ¾”, Engine 1 will be Oak Command” E. Fire Attack 1. Hose Stretch - Minimum of 100’ of 1¾” hose (fully surround vehicle) - Stretch additional lines if needed (back-up) depending on vehicle size, type, amount of involvement, potential spread to exposures. 2. Stream Use – Depending on conditions stream should initially be operated from an extended range (stream range) and slowly worked in. - Sweep stream at 30 degrees fog under the vehicle (fire – gasoline) - Move into main fire area 3. Forcible Entry / Overhaul – May be needed to open doors, trunk, cargo area. -Overhaul area as needed. 4. Alternative extinguishing agents can be used. Such as dry chem., Co2 FireAde 2000 (1% - fire attack,.05% - overhaul) F. Termination 1. Collect and record all pertinent information: vehicle I.D., owner etc. 2. Secure area - try to remove all hazards – use of kitty litter, pads, wash down, etc. 3. Terminate Command 4. Return to quarters, Truck Officer to do paper work Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #27 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES G. General Safety Issues 1. Establish a safety zone - area around the incident - civilians and non committed BFD members - reroute traffic – use cones, rigs, direct traffic, etc. 2. Protective gear – use of full PPE and S.C.B.A. use in smoke areas 3. Potential Dangers – watch for: - Traffic – getting off & on rigs, working in smoke, going to get tools. drivers aren’t watching you; traffic tends to be heavy and moving fast. - Fuel tanks – gasoline is difficult to put out with water, plastic fuel tank can. quickly rupture adding contents to the fire problem. - Alternate fuels – i.e. propane, natural gas are all now common. - Exploding of bumpers, struts, shocks, batteries, tires could pose problems particularly if heated – Stay Clear! 4. Hazardous Cargo – a range of products that are dangerous in themselves or may react with heat or water. Call Haz Mat if any question Vehicle fires and their locations tend to be more dangerous than sometimes perceived, keep your personal safety and that of your crew in mind at all times. 3.4.0 MASTER STREAMS 3.4.1 INTRODUCTION The use of Master Streams presents unique challenges and dangers to Fire Ground personnel each and every time they are used. Master Streams include Ladder Pipes, Blitzfire Monitors and fixed Turrets on Engines. These Master Stream appliances are used in circumstances where smaller hand lines are not sufficient to safely and effectively reach and extinguish fires. They are the weapon of choice in defensive operations to mount an effective fire attack as well as protect exposures from the effects of fire and heat. NO MASTER STREAM SHALL BE INTRODUCED INTO A STRUCTURE WHERE INTERIOR FIREFIGHTING OPERATIONS ARE BEING PERFORMED! 3.4.2 PURPOSE This Unit is written to make BFD personnel aware of the benefits and inherent dangers of the use of Master Streams and give direction as to the correct and safe use of this equipment. It is with the safety of Buffalo Fire Department members that this unit is written. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #28 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES 3.4.3 MASTER STREAM DEFINED Master Streams will be defined in this guideline as a heavy caliber hose streams that use fixed or portable appliances rated at 400 – 1000 + GPM. Master Streams utilize ladder pipes or fixed portable turrets to deliver large volumes of water with greater reach and striking power than hand held hose streams. These Master Streams are generally deployed when copious amounts of water are required to confine and control structure fires, protect exposures, large area fires (i.e. lumber yards, etc.) cool tanks exposed to radiant heat and disperse toxic and or flammable vapors, just to name a few uses. With the addition of pumps on our aerial apparatus, powerful master streams now can be deployed, effectively elevating fire attack and performing “hydraulic” overhaul allowing for a safer, effective method of firefighting. Although master stream are a valuable tool, there are some down sides to their use. Due to their powerful force, master streams can do tremendous damage and members must be ever diligent in monitoring the direction of these streams. Master Streams are capable of knocking down walls, chimneys, launching structural materials and turning glass and bricks into dangerous projectiles. It is extremely important therefore not to underestimate the potential harm from a misdirected stream. Large caliber streams may also push fire, heat, and smoke to uninvolved areas within a structure and pump thousands of pounds of water weight into an already stressed structure. These streams are capable of delivering anywhere from three (3) to four (4) tons of water per minute when delivered through a straight tip nozzle. 3.4.4 GENERAL MASTER STREAM CONSIDERATIONS I. ADEQUATE MASTER STREAM Regardless whether your master stream utilizes a ladder pipe or a turret, the stream must be of sufficient volume and reach get to the seat of the fire or sufficiently cover what needs to be protected. The sheer volume of water delivered by a master stream has much greater heat absorption properties and power to reach fuel sources. An adequate Master Stream: 1. Does not break up before hitting the fire 2. Is strong enough to reach height and distance needed 3. Is strong enough to resists strong updraft thermal currents 4. Has enough “punch” to tear apart burning material and eliminate fuel. II. HORIZONTAL REACH: Master Streams at times are used because of their capability of reaching great distances and keeping firefighters out of harms way at a safe distance. In extreme cases these master appliances can be left unattended. These occurrences include: 1. Fires producing extreme heat and thermal updrafts 2. Defensive operations due to questionable structural conditions 3. Danger of explosion i.e. Tanker fires, chemical fires, etc.) 4. Large area fires – i.e. lumber yard, junk yards, etc. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #29 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES III. VERTICAL REACH Vertical reach can benefit in the following ways: Streams can be directed into upper floors of Multi-storied buildings. Penetration into floor areas when used at the proper angle. IV. FACTORS AFFECTING MASTER STREAMS There are factors that need to be considered when first setting up a master stream. Each of these factors can be used to increase the effectiveness of the stream. 1. Gravity – creates a natural arc or curve to the fire stream and can be used to increase the reach of the stream. 2. Tail Wind – Increases horizontal range or distance. 3. Head Wind – Increases vertical reach. 4. Proper Pressures at the tip: - Solid Stream = 80 psi - Fog Nozzle = 100 psi. - Blitzfire Monitor = 100 psi High Pressure 50 psi Low Pressure V. STREAM PATTERNS SOLID OR STRAIGHT STREAMS: Straight streams deliver more water with greater “punch” power and results in better knock down. They also have the ability to tear apart a building and perform “Hydraulic Overhaul” keeping firefighters from having to work in or around unsafe structures in danger of collapse. NOTE: The aforementioned “Punch” also carries the capability to do serious damage to almost anything in its path including exposure buildings and their components, roofing materials, glass, chimneys and siding. These materials can become projectiles that can injure or even kill firefighters and civilians alike. It is the responsibility of all members on the fire ground to exercise extreme care when master streams are in use. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #30 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES FOG STREAMS: The most beneficial characteristic of the fog stream is its ability to create a water curtain that can protect exposures with less of a risk of collateral damage. They can be used to protect buildings in danger of fire or a Storage Tank that either needs to be cooled from a distance or protected from an exposure fire. The Fog stream is a tool that can be used effectively but also has some limitations that should be noted. Fog patterns are greatly affected by high wind conditions and can be compromised easily by thermal columns created by high heat conditions. VI. WATER SUPPLY Master Stream operations are extremely dependent on a sufficient, reliable water source. Over taxing a water system or depending on an inadequate water source can have extremely negative effects on firefighting operations. Water Supply Considerations:  Members should have a good knowledge of the capabilities of the water grids in their districts.  Large Diameter Hose should be utilized during Master Stream operations because of its excellent supply capability and low friction loss.  For multiple master streams do not rely on a single source of water and try to work off of several water grids if possible. VII. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS Due to the immense power and destructive capabilities of all the Master Stream Appliances referred to in this unit, certain safety precautions must be observed during Master Stream operations. Failure to do so may result in Firefighter and civilian injury, as well as needless destruction of property. The following must be considered during Master Stream operations:  NO MASTER STREAM SHALL BE INTRODUCED INTO A STRUCTURE WHERE INTERIOR FIREFIGHTING OPERATIONS ARE BEING PERFORMED!  Collapse zones shall be established and observed by all.  Proper PPE must be worn at all times to protect members from flying debris.  Once Master Stream operations on a structure have ceased, the building must be re- evaluated prior to any interior firefighting operation shall begin. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #31 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES 3.5.0 ELEVATOR RESCUE and FIRE SERVICE OPERATIONS 3.5.1 PURPOSE: The purpose of this guideline is to establish standard procedures for safe and efficient elevator rescue or removal operations as well as identify the necessary steps involved in Firefighter Service Phase I and Phase II operations. 3.5.2 INTRODUCTION There are more than 2500 passenger and freight elevators existing in the City of Buffalo. Buffalo has approximately 50-60 New or Modernized Elevator Installations Per-Year The Buffalo Fire Department is dispatched on a regular basis for incidents involving malfunctioning Elevators as well as reports of people trapped. Elevator calls are one of the most dangerous operations to which our department responds and it is with the safety of BFD members in mind that these Operating Procedures have been written. 3.5.3 GENERAL GUIDELINES Unless information from dispatch indicates that an elevator occupant is suffering from a medical emergency, calls for stuck elevators shall be handled non-emergency. The first arriving unit shall establish scene control and coordinate the rescue or removal effort. Elevator rescue or removal operations shall be conducted in such a way as to ensure that no additional risk is placed on occupants or firefighters. If unable to perform elevator evacuation without undue risk, wait for the elevator Maintenance Company to arrive while maintaining constant communication with the occupant(s). If mechanical entrapment is found, request additional resources. *DE-ENERGIZING THE ELEVATOR: THERE IS NOTHING MORE IMPORTANT DURING ELEVATOR OPERATIONS THAN THE DE-ENERGIZING OF THE ELEVATOR ITSELF. THEREFORE, IT IS FORBIDDEN TO OPERATE ON AN ELEVATOR UNTIL ITS POWER HAS BEEN DISABLED AND A BFD MEMBER IS PLACED AT THE POWER PANEL OR SWITCH TO INSURE THAT THE POWER REMAINS OFF DURING THE ENTIRE OPERATION. FAILURE TO FOLLOW THIS PRIMARY SAFETY PROCEDURE MAY RESULT IN DISCIPLINARY ACTION. First Arriving Unit The first arriving unit shall confirm that an elevator is stuck, the floor it is located on, the number of occupants, and whether there are medical emergencies involved. If it is determined an elevator is stuck, the first thing the fire unit should do is have a member posted at the power panel to cycle the elevator power “off” and then back “on” in conjunction with another member recalling the stuck car by depressing the elevator call button. Many times this is all that is needed to reset the disabled car. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #32 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES In the event that cycling the power to the disabled car does not reset the elevator and the location of the stuck elevator is not known, it may be necessary to open the elevator shaft door and make a visual inspection. If the building is equipped with fireman’s service, attempt to recall the elevator(s). In addition, attempt to obtain keys for the elevator mechanical room. Give a situation report to incoming units. This report should include assistance required and response priority. Assign personnel to identify floors where elevator doors have keyholes. Buildings with multiple-shaft elevators usually have at least two floors where key access is available. Key access will be located either at the top and bottom floors or at the bottom two floors-not necessarily the lobby level. Once the elevator is reached, establish contact with the occupants and advise them of the situation. The need for additional resources should be reassessed at this time. Consider contacting the elevator Maintenance Company and get an ETA. Assign personnel to the elevator control room to shut down power. Completion of this task shall be reported by radio. After confirming that the elevator power is shut down, access the elevator car by keyway. Personnel operating in the vicinity of an open hoist-way shall be secured by a tag line. Use a ladder to assist an occupant’s exit from the elevator whenever the car floor is not even with the exit platform. Notify a building representative to have the elevator serviced. 3.5.4 ELEVATOR EVACUATION OF PASSENGERS FROM STALLED ELEVATORS ALWAYS DE-ENERGIZE AN ELEVATOR BEFORE INITIATING EXTRICATION PROCEDURES!! Remember: Prior to any hoist way entry, make certain that the main-line disconnect is in the off position. Never enter the hoist way with the elevator under full power. The first choice of evacuation should always be to move the car to a landing and allow passengers a means of egress. Rescue Team Organization, Training and Preplanning 1. Local authorities {Police & Fire} should coordinate and train personnel in accordance with ANSI A17.4 requirements regarding proper evacuation procedure of passengers from stalled elevators. 2. Drills should be planned in buildings within their jurisdiction to simulate emergency conditions. 3. Written instructions on the steps to be taken should be furnished to all rescue personnel. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #33 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES Equipment Used For a Safe Rescue 1. Portable radios 2. Phase I & II fire service keys 3. Hoist way door unlocking device 4. Short extension ladder 5. Collapsible or folding ladder( Attic ladder) 6. Safety belts 7. Lifelines 8. Forcible entry tools 9. Flashlights Elevator Evacuation Procedures Communication: 1. Rescue personnel should determine if trapped occupants are safe. 2. How many persons are trapped? 3. Are any individuals in the elevator ill or injured? 4. Are the lights on in the elevator car? 5. Let them know that steps are being taken to evacuate them from the stalled elevator. 6. Tell them that they should stand clear of doors, since they may be opened. 7. They should refrain from smoking. Assess the Conditions: 1. Is the main-line disconnect switch in the ON position 2. If so and if the elevator is equipped with Phase I fire fighter service, try activating the Phase I lobby switch to recall the elevator to the main floor. 3. Otherwise DO NOT try to move the car unless under the direct supervision of experienced elevator personnel. 3.5.5 FIREFIGHTER PHASE I AND PHASE II OPERATIONS Safety Considerations Elevators should have F.D. members assigned to their control (with radio). Members should take steps to assure that they do actually have control of the service (make several stops before desired floor – insure control, look up elevator shaft for signs of smoke, etc.) Remember a firefighter equipped elevator is not a “safe” elevator. The elevator can be affected by heat, smoke, etc. Firefighters ascending by elevators shall report to a minimum of two floors below the reported fire floor or alarm location. NEVER USE ELEVATORS TO GO BELOW GRADE! Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #34 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES 3.5.6 PHASE I FIRE FIGHTER SERVICE All elevators installed after 1973, regardless of travel, are equipped with Phase I & II fire fighter service operation. Phase I operation can be activated by a smoke sensor in the elevator lobby, machine room or hoist way going off or by manual operation of the three-position key switch, located in the main lobby of the elevator. {Fire service keys can only be removed in the “ON” position or the “OFF” position} The three-position key switch when turned to the “ON” position will place the elevator into Phase I and return to the car to the main floor. The switch can be turned to the “BYPASS” position, which will then return the elevator to normal service. Both the “ON” & “OFF” position switch shall return the elevator to the main lobby No device other than the elevator lobby, machine room or hoist way sensor, or the PHASE I switch can initiate PHASE I recall. If an additional two-position switch is provided at a remote location, it can not override the smoke sensors, nor can it override the three-position switch. 3.5.7 PHASE II FIRE FIGHTER SERVICE Phase II operation is key activated by placing the fire service key into the fire service switch in or adjacent to the car operating panel The “ON” position is to place it under the direct control of the firefighter in the car This switch when turned on gives the firefighter control of the car but does not move it The “OFF” position is the normal operating position while the “HOLD” switch allows the user to control the use of the elevator To remove the car from Phase II operation, you must return the car to the recall floor and then be sure the Phase II key is in the “OFF” position. **NEVER USE AN ELEVATOR TO GO BELOW GRADE!!** 3.6.0 EMERGENCY INCIDENT REHABILITATION 3.6.1 PURPOSE To establish guidelines for the establishment of Emergency Incident Rehabilitation (from here on in referred to as “Rehab”) at all incidents as the need arises and to the degree that is required by the circumstances involved. This unit shall outline when it is necessary to establish rehab operations at an incident or training activity. It shall also identify how this is to be accomplished. Rehab shall operate under the umbrella of the Incident command System (ICS) structure being used at the scene of the incident or training activity. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #35 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES 3.6.2 BACKGROUND Although there are no set rules or regulations as to establishing rehab at an incident or training activity, rehab remains vitally important in preventing the consequences of overexertion and exposure to harsh environments during the course of emergency operations and extended periods of physical/practical training activities. It is the responsibility of every member of the BFD to recognize these possible dangers and take positive steps to prevent tragedies that may be the result of inaction. Factors affecting Firefighters susceptibility to heat /cold stress injury and illness: 1. Physical condition- The effects of heat on Firefighters in poor physical condition will be magnified by as much as 9 times that of a properly conditioned firefighter. 2. Proper hydration and nutrition- Firefighters that are already at some level of dehydration prior to an incident or long term training event stand an increased chance of falling victim to heat stress. 3. Minor Illnesses-Persons with an ongoing illness as simple as a cold with fever are at increased risk due to an already compromised autoimmune system. 4. Prior Heat Injury- Heat stress and injuries are additive and take a long time to fully recover from. Future exposures to high heat may expedite heat injury or illness. 5. Age- Research has shown that people over the age of 40 are at greater risk for heat related illness. 6. Highly Motivated People-People with a high level of commitment to completing a given task at all costs may overlook the effects of heat illness and injury increasing their chance of overextending themselves. It is without question that firefighters in highly charged emergency scene operations are likely to fall victim to this. 7. Body size and fat- Long lean body types lose heat faster than short stock body types. 8. Gender-U.S. Army records show that females have a periphery cold injury rate that is twice if males. 9. Fitness and Training-Level of fitness has little impact on an individual’s response to cold stress. The only advantage is that of greater endurance giving one the ability to keep moving for longer periods in order to stay warm. 10. Fatigue-Physical fatigue increases a person’s risk of hypothermia. 11. Age-Research shows that people over the age of 45 are more susceptible to the effects of cold stress. 12. Dehydration-increases susceptibility to cold injury by decreasing the body’s ability to sustain physical activity. 13. Sustained Operations-exertion, sleep deprivation and poor nutrition are common stressors faced during long term operations and will impair the body’s ability to maintain thermal balance (stay warm). 14. Nicotine-Smoking and or Chewing tobacco decreases blood flow increasing the firefighter’s susceptibility to frostbite in peripherals, such as the hands. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #36 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES I. CRITERIA FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FORMAL REHAB Although the decision when to establish “FORMAL REHAB” is incident driven and ultimately the decision of the Incident Commander, the Buffalo Fire Department will use a set of benchmarks to determine the establishment of rehab. Rehab will be instituted anytime these conditions exist unless otherwise determined by the IC. The establishment of rehab should be a routine proactive measure taken to prevent personnel from reaching the point of injury or illness due to the conditions at an incident. Rehab shall be established anytime these benchmarks are reached and are as follows: 1. Any fire the incident commander deems necessary. 2. All Hazardous Material incidents requiring the donning of chemical protective equipment. 3. High Rise Structure Fires. 4. USAR and Technical Rescue Incidents. 5. Whenever extremely warm and humid conditions exist. 6. Whenever extremely cold, windy and or wet conditions exist. 7. During Training activities of long duration and or during harsh climatic II. MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR FORMAL INCIDENT REHAB 1. Medical Evaluation and Treatment 2. Food and Fluid replacement 3. Relief from Climatic conditions 4. Rest and Recovery 5. Member Accountability 3.6.3 RESPONSIBILITIES Incident Commander: It shall be the responsibility of the Incident Commander to proactively identify the need for rehab and to act accordingly before the effects of incident conditions have a chance to negatively impact personnel. Safety Chief: It shall be the responsibility of the Safety Chief to insure that personnel are adequately rehabbed and assist the IC with the facilitation and set up of a formal rehab sector. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #37 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES Company Officer: It shall be the responsibility of the company officer or acting officer to insure that members of his/her unit are adequately rehabbed and are fit to return to duty before resuming firefighting operations. F 20 Accountability Officers: It shall be the responsibility of the Accountability Officer to insure that all crews in and out of rehab are accounted for and properly evaluated. I. UNITS & EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE TO IC FOR REHAB- These units and equipment are currently available to the IC and should be considered for use in rehab. All units can be requested through dispatch. 1. Rehab 1 2. ALS Ambulance 3. F 76 Salvation Army Canteen 4. Cooling Chairs 5. Misting Fans 6. Haz-Mat De Con Tent, if needed for shade. 7. NFTA Busses as thawing or warming units. 8. F7, F8 or F9 with a supply of water II. SELF REHAB and FORMAL REHAB- 1) SELF REHAB -It shall be the responsibility of each Company officer and crew to “Self rehab” (rest with hydration) when needed. It is suggested that firefighters should rest for 10 minutes after: The depletion of one 30 minute SCBA cylinder or 20 minutes of intense work, without an SCBA. 2) FORMAL REHAB- It is further suggested that the Company Officer and crew should enter “Formal Rehab”, request medical evaluation, if needed, and rest with hydration for a period of 20 minutes after: 1. The depletion of two 30 minute SCBA cylinders; 2. The depletion of one 60 minute SCBA cylinder; 3. Whenever encapsulating chemical protective clothing (CPC) is worn; and 4. Following 40 minutes of intense work without SCBA Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #38 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES III. PHYSICAL LOCATION OF REHAB The location of the Rehab sector should be carefully thought out so as not to expose personnel to the adverse effects of incident conditions. The location should be as close as possible to the incident yet located out of harms way (up wind, up hill) and not likely to have to be moved during the incident due to changing incident conditions. The location needs to be accessible to vehicles to allow ambulance, apparatus and bus traffic as well as a canteen locale and the shuttling of personnel. FIXED FACILITIES- During long term or incidents performed under extremely harsh climactic conditions a fixed facility i.e. school, warehouse, office building or other large fixed structure may be the best choice if available. This is of course dependant on proximity to the event and the ability to transport personnel to and from the rehab sector. The advantage to these facilities are the availability of large sheltered areas as well as bathrooms and sometimes even kitchen facilities. NOTE: The need for rehab is incident driven and may come at different times for different individuals. The Incident Commander, Company Officer and each individual Firefighter must be aware of their own physical condition and the factors affecting their health and that of their fellow firefighters. All members must take a proactive approach to rehab and act accordingly to prevent injury and illness due to exposure to incident and climatic conditions. 3.7 BASEMENT FIRE OPERATIONS 3.7.0 PURPOSE This document is a guideline to the members of the Buffalo Fire Department when faced with fires in a Basement or Cellar area. This text also lists recommendations when operating at structures where the fire is below the level fire crews are working on. 3.7.1 DEFINITIONS Basement or Cellar: The level of a structure which is partially or totally below grade or ground level. A Cellar is generally considered to be 50% or more below grade or ground level while a Basement is generally considered to less than 50% below grade. FOR THE PURPOSE OF THIS GUIDELINE THE TERM “BASEMENT” WILL BE USED FOR BOTH AREAS 3.7.2 INTRODUCTION Basement fires have proven to be complex and inherently dangerous incidents. Firefighting forces may face punishing conditions with limited ingress and minimal opportunity for ventilation. Due to these limits, firefighters will face extreme heat and smoke conditions as they enter basement areas via the stairs or any other location above grade. These points of ingress become chimneys as the products of heat and combustion vent. Rev. 1/19 BUFFALO FIRE DEPARTMENT UNIT #3 OPERATIONS MANUAL PAGE #39 COMMON FIREGROUND GUIDELINES I. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS In both residential and commercial occupancies, building components such as unprotected light weight floor trusses or beams supported by metal hangers can fail rather quickly under fire conditions. Even in protected basement ceiling structures using webbed floor trusses, a fire in the truss void space containing mechanicals and wiring systems, will spread horizontally causing a catastrophic failure of the floor/ceiling system. Depending on size and location of the basement fire, floor failure, directly above the basement, could be substantial especially if the floor load above is significant. Delays in discovery and difficulty in forcing entry will cause the following problems: A. Greater fire conditions due to delays in discovery. B. Possible burn through of upper floor Construction factors: Trusses, openings for mechanicals (knock outs), modified support systems and lack of interior walls. C. Greater possibility of fire spread due to open areas, stor