Educational Psychology Lesson 3 PDF

Educational Psychology Lesson 3 Learner Differences and Learning Needs Outline 1. Intelligence 2. Learning and Thinking Styles 3. Students with Learning Challenges 4. Students Who are Gifted and Talented Intelligence Intelligence is: - the capacity to learn - the total kno...

Educational Psychology Lesson 3 Learner Differences and Learning Needs Outline 1. Intelligence 2. Learning and Thinking Styles 3. Students with Learning Challenges 4. Students Who are Gifted and Talented Intelligence Intelligence is: - the capacity to learn - the total knowledge a person has acquired - the ability to adapt successfully to new situations and to the environment in general - the ability to reason deductively or inductively, think abstractly, use analogies, synthesize information, and apply it to new domains Intelligence Disability – an inability to do something specific such as pronounce words or see or walk. Handicap – is a disadvantage in certain situations. Labeling students is a controversial issue because it can become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Intelligence Spearman's General Intelligence (g) - this theory proposed a single, underlying factor that contributes to performance across various cognitive tasks. Spearman's theory of general intelligence, often referred to as "g," is a foundational concept in the study of intelligence. It posits that there exists a single underlying factor, or general intelligence, that influences performance across various cognitive tasks. This theory was developed by British psychologist Charles Spearman in the early 20th century. Intelligence General Intelligence (g) - this is the overarching, single factor that contributes to performance on a wide range of cognitive abilities. It is thought to be a common, underlying mental capacity. Specific Abilities (s) - while g is the primary factor, Spearman also acknowledged the existence of specific abilities that are unique to particular tasks. These abilities, however, are still influenced by g. Intelligence Intelligence Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes that intelligence is not a single, unitary construct but rather a multifaceted set of distinct abilities. He suggests that there are eight different types of intelligence, each with its own unique strengths and weaknesses. Intelligence 1. Linguistic Intelligence: The ability to use words effectively, both orally and in writing. This includes skills such as reading, writing, storytelling, and debating. 2. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence: The ability to reason logically, solve problems, and think critically. This includes skills such as mathematics, science, and problem-solving. Intelligence 3. Spatial Intelligence: The ability to perceive and manipulate visual information. This includes skills such as drawing, painting, sculpting, and architecture. 4. Musical Intelligence: The ability to perceive, produce, and understand music. This includes skills such as playing instruments, singing, and composing music. Intelligence 5. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: The ability to control one's body movements and use them to express oneself or perform tasks. This includes skills such as dancing, athletics, and manual dexterity. 6. Interpersonal Intelligence: The ability to understand and interact effectively with others. This includes skills such as empathy, leadership, and teamwork. Intelligence 7. Intrapersonal Intelligence: The ability to understand oneself, including one's own thoughts, feelings, and motivations. This includes skills such as self-awareness, self-regulation, and introspection. 8. Naturalistic Intelligence: The ability to recognize and understand patterns in the natural world. This includes skills such as identifying plants, animals, and natural phenomena. Intelligence Intelligence Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that intelligence is composed of three distinct components: analytical, creative, and practical. Each component contributes to overall intelligence, and individuals may excel in one or more of these areas. Intelligence Analytical Intelligence Component-based intelligence: This involves the ability to analyze, evaluate, and judge information. Cognitive skills: Includes problem-solving, planning, and decision-making. Academic success: Often associated with traditional academic achievements. Intelligence Creative Intelligence Experiential intelligence: This involves the ability to generate new ideas, solve problems creatively, and adapt to new situations. Innovation: Linked to creativity, innovation, and divergent thinking. Real-world applications: Creative intelligence often manifests in fields such as art, music, and entrepreneurship. Intelligence Practical Intelligence Contextual intelligence: This involves the ability to apply knowledge and skills to real-world situations. Common sense: Often referred to as "street smarts" or "practical intelligence." Adaptability: Linked to the ability to adapt to new environments and challenges. Intelligence Learning and Thinking Styles Learning styles refer to an individual's preferred methods of acquiring and processing information. Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic (VAK): Visual learners prefer to learn through visuals like diagrams, charts, and images. Auditory learners learn best by listening to lectures, discussions, and music. Kinesthetic learners learn through hands-on experiences and physical movement. Learning and Thinking Styles Field-Independent and Field-Dependent: Field- independent learners can isolate specific elements from a complex background, while field-dependent learners are more influenced by the overall context. Reflective and Impulsive: Reflective learners take time to consider options before making a decision, while impulsive learners act quickly without much thought. Learning and Thinking Styles Thinking styles describe how individuals approach problem-solving and decision-making. Convergent and Divergent: Convergent thinking involves finding a single correct answer, while divergent thinking involves generating multiple creative solutions. Learning and Thinking Styles Analytical and Intuitive: Analytical thinkers rely on logic, reason, and data to make decisions, while intuitive thinkers rely on intuition and gut feelings. Systematic and Holistic: Systematic thinkers approach problems in a step-by-step manner, while holistic thinkers consider the big picture and relationships between different elements. Students with Learning Challenges Dyslexia Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that primarily affects reading and spelling. Individuals with dyslexia often struggle with: Word recognition: Identifying and decoding words accurately. Phonological awareness: Understanding the sounds of language and how they relate to letters. Reading fluency: Reading smoothly and expressively. Writing: Spelling, grammar, and sentence structure. Students with Learning Challenges Dysgraphia Dysgraphia is a learning disability that affects handwriting. Individuals with dysgraphia may have difficulty with: Handwriting: Forming letters, maintaining consistent spacing, and writing legibly. Motor skills: Controlling the fine motor movements necessary for handwriting. Cognitive skills: Planning and organizing written expression. Students with Learning Challenges Dyscalculia Dyscalculia is a learning disability that affects math skills. Individuals with dyscalculia may struggle with: Number sense: Understanding the meaning and relationships between numbers. Math facts: Memorizing basic math facts (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division). Problem-solving: Applying mathematical concepts to solve problems. Students with Learning Challenges Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Individuals with ADHD may have difficulty with: Attention: Focusing on tasks and staying organized. Impulsivity: Acting without thinking and interrupting others. Hyperactivity: Restlessness and fidgeting. Students with Learning Challenges Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) ASD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction, communication, and sensory processing. Individuals with ASD may have: Social challenges: Difficulty understanding social cues, making friends, and engaging in conversations. Communication difficulties: Delayed language development, difficulty understanding figurative language, and repetitive speech patterns. Sensory sensitivities: Over- or under-sensitivity to sensory stimuli (sights, sounds, touch, tastes, smells). Students with Learning Challenges Intellectual Disabilities Intellectual disabilities are characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. Individuals with intellectual disabilities may have: Cognitive delays: Difficulty with learning, problem- solving, and abstract thinking. Adaptive behavior challenges: Difficulties with daily living skills, such as self-care, communication, and social interaction. Students Who are Gifted and Talented Characteristics of Gifted and Talented Students Advanced cognitive abilities: High intelligence, problem-solving skills, and critical thinking. Creativity: Ability to generate new ideas, think outside the box, and find unique solutions. Passion and motivation: Strong interest and enthusiasm for learning. Independence: Ability to work independently and take initiative. High achievement: Excels in academic subjects or extracurricular activities. Students Who are Gifted and Talented Challenges Gifted and Talented Students May Face Underachievement: Gifted and talented students may become bored or disengaged if their needs are not met. Perfectionism: High expectations can lead to perfectionism and anxiety. Social isolation: Gifted and talented students may feel different or misunderstood by their peers. Underestimation: Gifted and talented students may be underestimated by teachers or peers who do not recognize their abilities.