Joints BIO 237 Lecture 13 PDF

Joints BIO 237 Lecture 13 Chapter 9  2 bones any point where meet Joints ~ * Joint (articulation): any points where two bones meet whether or not...

Joints BIO 237 Lecture 13 Chapter 9  2 bones any point where meet Joints ~ * Joint (articulation): any points where two bones meet whether or not the bones are mobile at that interface. Arthrology: the science of joint structure, function, - and dysfunction. Kinesiology: the study of musculoskeletal - movement. - of structure Arthrology : Science joint Kinesiology : musculoskeletal movement  - Four types of joints fibers ared allowa rem 1. Bony joints immobile/single bone snort sutures - /gomphoses 2. Fibrous joints Bound by collagen fibers sindesmoses - fibers more 3. Cartilaginous joints Bound by cartilage longer movement - Synchondroses ! Symphyses 4. Synovial joints Chyaline) (fibrous -  b w 2 bones gap ~. I becomes ossifies Bony joints a single bore Bony joints or synostosis is an- immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they - become a single bone. immobile , when gap btwn 2 bones ossities & becomes a Single bone - In infants O Right and left frontal bone Infants frontal & Mandible O - = Right and left mandible - In childhood bones The ilium, ischium and pubis fuse to from a single hip - bone of an adult.* - - - - Epiphyses and diaphysis of the long bones are joined by cartilaginous joint in childhood and adolescence, and they become bony joints in early adulthood.  - Bony joints In old age & rib fuses v/Sternum t The first rib often fuses with the sternum - Sometimes two parietal bones fuse along the - sagittal suture. Sacrum: 16 – 26 years old Coccyx: 20 – 30 years old  - Fibrous joints Aka -synarthrosis. S bound by Collagen Fibers Adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that - emerge from one bone. s Longer Sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses - fibers Shorter In sutures and gomphoses, the fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement. -- In syndesmoses, the fibers are longer, and the attached bones are more mobile.  ~ attachment of a tooth to its socleet I attached bores mobile shorters & Fibers areorter tare > - Fibers more are longer  ~ Fibrous joints: sutures Sutures are immobile or only slightly mobile fibrous - joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other. Skull !! - Only in skull Serrate sutures: coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures that border parietal bones Lap (squamous) sutures: squamous suture where the temporal - bone meets the sphenoid and parietal bones - Plane (butt) sutures: intermaxillary sutures  ~ Fibrous joints: gomphoses ↓ roth to Socket = Gomphosis The attachment of a tooth to its socket is classified - as a joint called a gomphosis. - The tooth is held firmly in place by a fibrous periodontal ligament, which consists of collagen - fibers that extend from the bone matrix of the jaw - into the dental tissue. Collagen Fibers from bore of jaw matrix into dental tissue The periodontal ligament allows the tooth to move or give a little under the stress of chewing.  Long Fibrous joints: syndesmoses - > are i A syndesmosis is a fibrous joint at which two bones bound by relatively long collagenous fibers. The shafts of radius and ulna are joined by a broad - fibrous interosseous membrane. This permits such movements as pronation and - - supination of the forearm. A less mobile syndesmosis is the one that binds the distal ends of the tibia and fibula together. ex desmos Tibia fibula  sutures , fibrous,- - ~ Cartilaginous joints Aka amphiarthrosis. Two bones are linked by cartilage. > - Synchondroses and symphyses ① Q Hyaline Cartilage fibrocartilage  ~ Live Stage  - Cartilaginous joints: synchondroses halieiage : A synchondrosis is a joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage. Temporary joint between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child, formed by the - cartilage of the epiphysial plate. The attachment of the first rib to the sternum by a hyaline costal cartilage. (The other costal cartilage are joined to the sternum by synovial joints.)  fibrocartilage ~ Cartilaginous joints: symphyses In a symphysis, two bones are joined by fibrocartilage. - Pubic symphysis joined by the cartilaginous interpubic disc. Joints between the bodies of two vertebrae, united - by an intervertebral disc. The surface of each vertebral body is covered with - - hyaline cartilage. - Between the vertebrae, this cartilage becomes infiltrated with collagen bundles - to - form fibrocartilage.  ~ 4. Synovial Joints Synovial joints ~ The synovial (sih-NO-vee-ul) joint is the most familiar type of joints, also called a diarthrosis (DY- ar-THRO-sis). Elbow, knee or knuckle etc. Many synovial joints are freely mobile.D - The most structurally complex type of joint. The type most likely to develop uncomfortable and crippling dysfunctions. - - Synovial joints ~ The most important joints for physical and occupational therapists, athletic coaches, nurses and fitness trainers to understand well. Important to the quality of life. The performances of athletes, the decline in flexibility comes with age, the effect of rheumatoid arthritis.  - General anatomy 2 3 m thick Cartilage -. Thyaline - Articular cartilage: a layer of hyaline cartilage up to 2 or 3 mm thick. The facing surfaces of the two facing bones are covered with this. Joint (articular) cavity: a cavity filled with synovial - fluid. - Synovial fluid: a viscous lubricant fluid that is rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid. It nourishes articular- cartilages, removes their wastes and remove - - friction (almost friction-free). - -  ~ General anatomy: joint capsule O Joint (articular) capsule: it encloses the cavity and retain the fluid. () er -Orter Fibrous capsule: outer layer that is continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones. Synovial membrane: made of fibroblast-like cells * that secrete the fluid. Many macrophages - Seti remove debris from the joint cavity. Joint capsule and ligaments are well supplied with lamellar corpuscles and other sensory nerve endings that enable the brain to monitor limb positions and joint movements. &  1 Cavitye of fluid continuous I the ~ periosteum encloses cavity ↳ retains fluid fibroblast like cells that secrete fluid General anatomy: articular disc - Articular disc - The pad of fibrocartilage that crosses the entire joint capsule. In a few synovial joints such as jaw joint (temporomandibular joint), sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, between ulna and carpal bones Fibrocartilage grows inward from the joint capsule and forms a pad between the articulating bones. Meniscus in the knee absorb shock and pressure, guide the bones, improve the fit between the bones, and stabilize the joint.  General anatomy: accessory - structures Al Tendons, ligaments and bursae attached +issue bore tough collagenous Tendon - connective A strip or sheet of tough collagenous - connective tissue (dense connective tissue) - that attaches a muscle to a bone. Tendons are often the most important - structures in stabilizing a joint -  - General anatomy: accessory structures connective Dense connects res a Ligament > tissue - Do T together A dense connective tissue that attaches one bone to another. - - Bursa a A fibrous sac of synovial fluid located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over a - bone, or between bone and skin. - - Bursae cushion muscles, help tendons slide more - easily over the joints. - Bursa : fibrous sac of synovial fluid  - General anatomy: accessory structures Tendon (synovial) sheaths & Elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon, seen especially in the hand and foot. Tendon sheaths enable tendons to move back and forth more freely in such tight spaces as the wrist - - and ankle. - Points for thinking S - 1. Why do athletes do warming-up practice before the intensive exercise? 2. Why is exercise good for the maintenance of the healthy joints? 3. Which kind of exercises are good for making joints healthy?  ~ S When synovial fluid is warmed by exercise, it becomes thinner (less viscous), like warm oil, and more easily absorbed by the articular cartilage. The wor cartilage then swells and provides a more effective cushion against compression. A provides a Cushion more effective  the ~ are These answers E Because cartilage is nonvascular, repetitive compression during exercise is important to its nutrition and waste removal. Each time a cartilage is compressed, fluid and metabolic wastes are squeezed out of it. When weight is taken off the joint, the cartilage absorbs synovial fluid like an expanding sponge, and the fluid carries oxygen and nutrients to the chondrocytes. Without exercise, articular cartilages deteriorate more rapidly from inadequate nutrition, oxygenation, and waste removal. * exercise removes wasted provides autrition  - Weight-bearing exercise builds bone mass and strength the muscles that stabilize many of the joints, thus reducing the risk of joint dislocations. Excessive joint stress, however, can hasten the progression of osteoarthritis by damaging the articular cartilage. Swimming and bicycling are good ways of exercising the joints with minimal damage. A weight-bearing exercise Swimming & bicycling  - 1. Ball-and-socket joints  - Movements of synovial joints Flexion and extension Abduction and adduction Elevation and depression Protraction and retraction Circumduction Rotation Supination and pronation Flexion and Extension ~ -  - Flexion and Extension -- ↑ Abduction and Adduction ↓ - - Elevation and Depression --  - Protraction and Retraction -- Circumduction - ⑧  He will use Rotation these images ! ~ ask what movement it is Supination and Pronation - Supination - Pronation - Special movements of the head and trunk --- Special movements of the mandible - - - Special movements of the hand and digits ~ Special movements of the foot ~