Grade 10 Moral Studies Paper 1 2035 (Cambridge O Level) PDF

**MORAL STUDIES** **GRADE 10 PAPER 1 (CAMBRIDGE O LEVEL 2035)** **PORTRAYAL OF GOD IN THE BIBLE** Compiled by Daniel Solomon CONTENTS --- --------------------------------- ---- 1 INTRODUCTIONARY UNIT 2 UNIT 1 GOD AS CREATOR 3 UNIT 2 GOD AS COVENANT GIVER 13 4 UNIT 3 GOD AS LIBERATOR 24 5 UNIT 4 GOD AS KING 36 6 UNIT 5 GOD AS PROPHESY GIVER 46 7 UNIT 6 JESUS THE SAVIOUR 58 8 UNIT 7 THE HOLY SPIRIT AS GUIDE 68 --- --------------------------------- ---- NOTE: All Biblical texts are from the NRSV Bible Command words that will be used in questions (Cambridge) Command words and their meanings help candidates know what is expected from them in the exam. The table below includes command words used in the assessment for this syllabus. The use of the command word will relate to the subject context. -------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Command word What it means Assess make an informed judgement Compare identify/comment on similarities and/or differences Contrast identify/comment on differences Describe state the points of a topic / give characteristics and main features Discuss write about issue(s) or topic(s) in depth in a structured way Explain set out purposes or reasons / make the relationships between things clear / say why and/or how and support with relevant evidence Give produce an answer from a given source or recall/memory Identify name/select/recognize Outline set out the main points State express in clear terms Suggest apply knowledge and understanding to situations where there are a range of valid responses in order to make proposals / put forward considerations -------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Phrases such as 'To what extent...?' may also be seen in the assessment for this syllabus. The following command words are used in part (a) or (b) questions assessing AO1 Knowledge and understanding: Contrast Describe Explain Give Identify Outline State Suggest. The following command words and phrases are used in part (c) questions assessing AO2 Evaluation: Assess Compare Discuss To what extent. Questions also take the form of a statement followed by Discuss. **Some Definitions to help one understand the passage** *Atone / atonement* -- to wipe clean. To wipe away sins by offering a sacrifice. (Jesus our atoning sacrifice) *Redeem / ransom* -- to buy back. (Jesus' purpose to enter the world was to redeem those who were captive to sin) 1 Pet 1:18-19 *Substitution* -- Christ died for us. He bore the punishment of my sin \[death\]. I get His righteousness *Sin* -- rebellion, opposition to God. Enters the world by human choice *Transgressions* -- breaking of God's law *Iniquity* -- Wickedness, unrighteousness. The default state +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **As a requirement for internal marks** | | | | **LIST OF TASKS for Term 1 & 2** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TASK 1 \[10 marks\]** | | | | Research the work of one charity that works for environmental causes | | and write two sentences to explain its work, and one sentence to | | explain why Christians might support it. Focus on the quality of | | explanation in assessing: explaining *why* is different to explaining | | *how*. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Task 2 \[10\]** | | | | Analyse and evaluate whether or not God tests his people today. | | | | Was COVID-19 a test from God? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TASK 3 \[10 marks\]** | | | | Analyse and evaluate the extent to which the portrayal of God in | | these texts is compatible with a God of love -- In particular from | | Genesis 26 | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TASK 4 \[10\]** | | | | How does God speak to people today? Give 5 reasons for and against. | | | | Is this undermined by the infrequency of it happening? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TASK 5 \[10\]** | | | | Listen to the track on dreams and visions taken from the gospel | | coalition, African Theology. Answer the questions that follow: | | | | Analyze and evaluate the points made in the track. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TASK 6 \[10\]** | | | | How is God portrayed in the relationship between God and His people? | | How is this portrayal relevant for Christians today? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TASK 7 \[10\]** | | | | Read 1 Samuel 17 and write down the story of David and Goliath. How | | are David, Goliath, Saul and God portrayed in the story? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TASK 8** | | | | Research liberation theology and arguments for and against its | | approach. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TASK 9** | | | | Watch the video | | [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xytnsyke-Kc]](https://w | | ww.youtube.com/watch?v=xytnsyke-Kc) | | | | Another possible resource is | | [[www.caritas.org]](http://www.caritas.org) | | | | How do Christians react to injustice in the world? Do they do enough? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TASK 10 \[10\]** | | | | Explore the idea of Christian Prophets. Use examples form the | | internet to source your ideas. \[NO PLAGERISM\] | | | | Use the handout given to you (article) and watch the video | | | | VIDEO: | | [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=giwsNdHReYY]](https://w | | ww.youtube.com/watch?v=giwsNdHReYY) | | | | Article at the end of this unit | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TASK 11 \[10\]** | | | | Read Acts chapter 1 to chapter 3. How is the birth of the church | | portrayed in the book of Acts? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TASK 12 \[10\]** | | | | Consider 1 Thessalonians 4:13--18 with a commentary. The idea in the | | earliest New Testament text that some believers had died seems like a | | surprise to Paul. | | | | Could this have shaped the theology of the remainder of the New | | Testament? | | | | What are the possible implications for Christian belief? | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TASK 13 \[10\]** | | | | Record the key learnings in a mind map.. | | | | Compare the worship of different Christian denominations and their | | emphasis on the Holy Spirit (e.g. Roman Catholics and Pentecostals) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TASK 14 \[10\]** | | | | Analyze the approach to evangelism found in Acts. Focus on speeches, | | trust in the Spirit, different messages for different people. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **TASK 15 \[10\]** | | | | Look up the background to the book of Galatians | | | | Resource: | | [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle\_to\_the\_Galatians]{.underli | | ne}](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians) | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 1. **INTRODUCTARY UNIT** **CONCEPT OF GOD** Nature of God **Omni benevolent** -- all loving Ps 86:15 *Ps 86:15 But you, O Lord, are a [God merciful and gracious, slow to anger and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness ]*[NRSV] **Omni- potent --** all powerful *Exodus 14:21 Then Moses stretched out his hand over the sea. The Lord drove the sea back with a strong east wind all night and turned the sea into dry land, and the waters were divided.* *Genesis 1:1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.* **Omniscient --** All knowing *Psalm 139:8 If I ascend to heaven, you are there; if I make my bed in Sheol, you are there. If I take the wings of the morning and settle at the farthest limits of the sea, even there your hand shall lead me, and your right hand shall hold me fast. NRSV* **Omnipresent** - everywhere Jeremiah 23:24 *Am I only a God nearby," declares the LORD, "and not a God far away? Who can hide in secret places so that I cannot see them?" declares the LORD. "Do not I fill heaven and earth?" declares the LORD.* **Self-existent** -- Has everything to exist. Not dependent on outside things to exist. 1 Tim 6:*16 [who alone is immortal] and who lives in unapproachable light, whom no one has seen or can see.* **God has life in himself** Ps 36:9 *For in you is the fountain of life: in your light we see light.* **Timeless** -- eternal -- not controlled by time. Outside space-time. Deuteronomy 33:27 *[The eternal God] is your dwelling place, and underneath are the everlasting arms..........* **What does God look like?** **God is invisible -** Colossians 1:15 *He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation* ^ ^John 4:24 *God is a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth* **God is one --** belief in one God is called Monotheism ONE GOD THREE PERSONS One essence/ nature but three distinct persons Mathew 28:18-20 **^ *18*^***And Jesus came and said to them, "All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. **^19 ^**Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the [name of the Father] and [of the Son] and of the [Holy Spirit] **^20 ^**and teaching them to obey everything that I have commanded you. And remember, I am with you always, to the end of the age* Q 1. How would you describe who God is? Q 2. In what ways did the concept of God we have studied challenge your own concept of God? 2. **UNIT 1 GOD AS CEATOR** **TEXT:** Read Genesis chapter 1 -2 Create a chronological chart of events of creation giving chapter and verse. **Summarize the creation events in Genesis 1, and the events in genesis 2**. **Genesis 1** ***1** In the beginning when God created the heavens and the earth, **2 **the earth was a formless void and darkness covered the face of the deep, while a wind from God swept over the face of the waters. **3 **Then God said, "Let there be light"; and there was light. **4 **And God saw that the light was good; and God separated the light from the darkness. **5 **God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, the first day.* ***6 **And God said, "Let there be a dome in the midst of the waters, and let it separate the waters from the waters." **7 **So God made the dome and separated the waters that were under the dome from the waters that were above the dome. And it was so. **8 **God called the dome Sky. And there was evening and there was morning, the second day.* ***9 **And God said, "Let the waters under the sky be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear." And it was so. **10 **God called the dry land Earth, and the waters that were gathered together he called Seas. And God saw that it was good. **11 **Then God said, "Let the earth put forth vegetation: plants yielding seed, and fruit trees of every kind on earth that bear fruit with the seed in it." And it was so. **12 **The earth brought forth vegetation: plants yielding seed of every kind, and trees of every kind bearing fruit with the seed in it. And God saw that it was good. **13 **And there was evening and there was morning, the third day.* ***14 **And God said, "Let there be lights in the dome of the sky to separate the day from the night; and let them be for signs and for seasons and for days and years, **15 **and let them be lights in the dome of the sky to give light upon the earth." And it was so. **16 **God made the two great lights---the greater light to rule the day and the lesser light to rule the night---and the stars. **17 **God set them in the dome of the sky to give light upon the earth, **18 **to rule over the day and over the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. And God saw that it was good. **19 **And there was evening and there was morning, the fourth day.* ***20 **And God said, "Let the waters bring forth swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the dome of the sky." **21 **So God created the great sea monsters and every living creature that moves, of every kind, with which the waters swarm, and every winged bird of every kind. And God saw that it was good. **22 **God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful and multiply and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth." **23 **And there was evening and there was morning, the fifth day.* ***24 **And God said, "Let the earth bring forth living creatures of every kind: cattle and creeping things and wild animals of the earth of every kind." And it was so. **25 **God made the wild animals of the earth of every kind, and the cattle of every kind, and everything that creeps upon the ground of every kind. And God saw that it was good.* ***26 **Then God said, "Let us make humankind in our image, according to our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the wild animals of the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth." **27** So God created humankind in his image,* *in the image of God, he created them,* *male and female he created them.* ***28 **God blessed them, and God said to them, "Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it; and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the air and over every living thing that moves upon the earth." **29 **God said, "See, I have given you every plant yielding seed that is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree with seed in its fruit; you shall have them for food. **30 **And to every beast of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to everything that creeps on the earth, everything that has the breath of life, I have given every green plant for food." And it was so. **31 **God saw everything that he had made, and indeed, it was very good. And there was evening and there was morning, the sixth day.* **Genesis 2** ***2** Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all their multitude. **2 **And on the seventh day God finished the work that he had done, and he rested on the seventh day from all the work that he had done. **3 **So God blessed the seventh day and hallowed it, because on it God rested from all the work that he had done in creation.* ***4 **These are the generations of the heavens and the earth when they were created.* *In the day that the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God made the earth and the heavens, **5 **when no plant of the field was yet in the earth and no herb of the field had yet sprung up---for the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was no one to till the ground; **6 **but a stream would rise from the earth, and water the whole face of the ground--- **7 **then the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God formed man from the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and the man became a living being. **8 **And the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God planted a garden in Eden, in the east; and there he put the man whom he had formed. **9 **Out of the ground the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God made to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good for food, the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.* ***10 **A river flows out of Eden to water the garden, and from there it divides and becomes four branches. **11 **The name of the first is Pishon; it is the one that flows around the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold; **12 **and the gold of that land is good; bdellium and onyx stone are there. **13 **The name of the second river is Gihon; it is the one that flows around the whole land of Cush. **14 **The name of the third river is Tigris, which flows east of Assyria. And the fourth river is the Euphrates.* ***15 **The [Lord]{.smallcaps} God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to till it and keep it. **16 **And the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God commanded the man, "You may freely eat of every tree of the garden; **17 **but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall die."* ***18 **Then the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God said, "It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper as his partner." **19 **So out of the ground the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God formed every animal of the field and every bird of the air, and brought them to the man to see what he would call them; and whatever the man called every living creature, that was its name. **20 **The man gave names to all cattle, and to the birds of the air, and to every animal of the field; but for the man there was not found a helper as his partner. **21 **So the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he slept; then he took one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh. **22 **And the rib that the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her to the man. **23 **Then the man said,* *"This at last is bone of my bones* *and flesh of my flesh;* *this one shall be called Woman,* *for out of Man this one was taken."* ***24 **Therefore a man leaves his father and his mother and clings to his wife, and they become one flesh. **25 **And the man and his wife were both naked, and were not ashamed.* The Creation narratives in Genesis 1-2 tells us that God created the heavens and the earth, all living creatures and human beings in a period of six consecutive days. On the seventh day God rested from creating. He pronounced His creation to be good and Man and Woman to be very good. However, there are different interpretations of the Genesis text about the origin of the universe and the creation of Man. God is the Supreme Being who needs nothing and so cannot be self-interested, and yet he created the universe with us in it. Therefore, creation is the result of God's love. Creation comes into existence out of God's infinite love. Science gives its explanations on the origin of the universe and human beings, basing it on different scientific discoveries. **The Big Bang Theory** The Big Bang is the idea that about 13,700 million years ago, all the matter in the universe was concentrated at a single point. A huge explosion -- a Big Bang -- sent this spiraling outwards, eventually creating the universe as we know it today. Scientists believe they have found evidence for the Big Bang, including the fact that the universe is still expanding due to the force of the explosion and that the energy from the explosion can still be detected. **Creation of life** Geologically the earth is said to be 4.6 Billion years old. Paleontology estimates the first living organism *Cyanobacteria* found to be around 3.8 billion years old. Fossil evidence for a global flood which brought the *Cambrian explosion* is estimated to be 540 -530 million years old. Molecular biology through DNA evidence shows the same genetic building material signifying that species are related. Evolution studies trace human species back to *Genus Australopithecus* who lived around 4 million years ago. Evolution holds the process happened in different ways: Through natural selection -- organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on their genes that aided their success. This was done: - Through survival of the fittest -- In dangerous circumstances, only those individuals most adapted to their environment survive. - Through random mutations -- By making copies of individuals with few random changes. This is independent from natural selection. - Through adaptation -- Species can evolve as they adapt to their environment. These explanations about evolution rely heavily on the element of chance. Here nothing is in; there is only chance. **Christian interpretations** Christians interpret the Genesis 1-2 creation story in three main ways or categories. As **literalist**, **conservative** and **liberal**. **Literalists \[also known as fundamentalists\]** - They believe the Bible is the actual word of God. They also believe that Genesis 1 and 2 are true and accurate descriptions of how the world was created and should be taken literally. Literalists reject scientific theories such as the Big Bang and evolution. This view believes: Genesis 1-11 is historical as it really happened. Genesis 1-11 is not poetry, symbolic, a parable, a prophecy, or myth. They take Genesis 1-11 literally and are faithful to the text. A 24-hour day, six days of creation. The days being consecutive. Believes the earth is 10,000 years old. Interprets the data given by science in terms of inspired scripture (the Bible) Will not compromise God's teaching about the date and divine methods of creation with naturalistic scientific theories. They hold that God created everything fully formed as adults. It tells us when death and sin entered the world. Noah's flood a historical global flood. The difficulty of such a view is -- the sun and moon were created on day four, while there was evening and morning on the first three days. **Conservatives -** They do not think the Bible was actually written by God -- instead, they believe that the writers of the Bible were inspired by God's actions. They interpret Genesis 1 as fact but believe each day was actually an era that lasted millions or billions of years. They might see Genesis 2 and 3 as a poetic explanation of how evil came into the world. Under this banner there are several interpretations: *Historic creationism* Genesis 1:1 took place in the beginning, at some time that may have lasted for a very long time. Genesis does not give us any time frame as to when things happened. The universe could have been created a very long time ago OR it could have been created very slowly over time. *Old Earth OR progressive creationism theories* Day and age theory Takes the Hebrew word *Yom* to mean a period of time which is not defined. Creation took place progressively -- this means there were long gaps of time between the creation days. Example day 1 then a long gap of time, then day two. They use Psalm 90:4 which says a day is like a thousand years and a thousand years like a day in God's sight. *Criticism* How could there be day and night, evening and morning which Genesis 1 talks about. That the seventh day God rested could mean that He is still resting. It does not explain how sin and death entered. *Gap Theory* That the universe existed before the six days of creation. There are gaps between the creation of the plant and animal kingdoms. There is a Gap between Genesis 1:1 and Genesis 1:2. Between this God's perfect creation became chaos because of something. God started to create once again in Genesis 1:3. *Punctuated 24-hour theory* God created on the first day, then waited and created on the second day and waited then created again. Similar elements as the Gap theory *Progressive Creationism* God creates major animal and plant types. He watches over them for a lengthy six-day period. Then creates Humankind. Has similar elements to the Gap theory. *Apparent -- age theory* God created the universe to look Old. Also known as Old Earth Theory. Adam and Eve were created fully grown *Evolution Creation* Universe is a creation that is absolutely dependent for its every instant of existence on the will and grace of the Creator. Evolution is the method that God used to create the world. **Liberals** - interpret the Bible metaphorically. They accept that the Bible will have contradictions within it, as it was written by humans and so is imperfect. These Christians will accept scientific theories about the origins of the universe, such as the Big Bang theory. What is important for these Christians, is the message of the Genesis account of creation, which is that God created the world, and gave humans a special role, status and purpose in it. *Symbolic Creation* Held by liberal Christians. Believe God created the world to show that Humans were given a special role, status and purpose. They accept scientific theories on creation, evidence found in fossils, paleontology, evolution and geology. Ignores the six-day creation, the entry of sin and death and the judgement of God. *Intelligent design* Is not based on the bible. It is based on scientific evidence that living organisms were created in more or less their present forms by an "intelligent designer." They see design in DNA **The seemingly contradictory creation story in Genesis 2.** Some think that Genesis 2 gives more detail about the creation of humans now seen as two individuals Adam and Eve. One creation story in Genesis 1 \[panoramic view\] with more detail given in Genesis 2. The Key point of both the stories is that God is the creator of all things. Differences are in the order of when animals and humans were created. See table 1.1. 1. Chronology of creation \[table 1.1\] +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | | Chronology Genesis 1 | Chronology Genesis 2 | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | In the beginning | God starts creation | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | First day | Light created | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Second day | Sky created | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Third day | Dry land, seas, | | | | plants and trees | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Fourth day | Sun, moon and stars | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Fifth day | All sea creatures and | | | | creatures that fly | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Sixth day | animals that live on | Humans created before | | | land, humans made in | animals | | | the image of God | | | | | This is a summary | | | | statement and does | | | | not give chronology | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Seventh day | God rested | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **TEXT: Read the text and summarize in 200 words.** **Genesis 3** ***3 **Now the serpent was more crafty than any other wild animal that the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God had made. He said to the woman, "Did God say, 'You shall not eat from any tree in the garden'?" **^2 ^**The woman said to the serpent, "We may eat of the fruit of the trees in the garden, **^3 ^**but God said, 'You shall not eat of the fruit of the tree that is in the middle of the garden, nor shall you touch it, or you shall die.' " **^4 ^**But the serpent said to the woman, "You will not die, **^5 ^**for God knows that when you eat of it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God,^\[[[a]](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%203&version=NRSVUE#fen-NRSVUE-61a)\]^ knowing good and evil." **^6 ^**So when the woman saw that the tree was good for food and that it was a delight to the eyes and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit and ate, and she also gave some to her husband, who was with her, and he ate. **^7 ^**Then the eyes of both were opened, and they knew that they were naked, and they sewed fig leaves together and made loincloths for themselves.* ***^8 ^**They heard the sound of the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God walking in the garden at the time of the evening breeze, and the man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God among the trees of the garden. **^9 ^**But the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God called to the man and said to him, "Where are you?" **^10 ^**He said, "I heard the sound of you in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked, and I hid myself." **^11 ^**He said, "Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree of which I commanded you not to eat?" **^12 ^**The man said, "The woman whom you gave to be with me, she gave me fruit from the tree, and I ate." **^13 ^**Then the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God said to the woman, "What is this that you have done?" The woman said, "The serpent tricked me, and I ate." **^14 ^**The [Lord]{.smallcaps} God said to the serpent,* *"Because you have done this,*\ * cursed are you among all animals*\ * and among all wild creatures;*\ *upon your belly you shall go,*\ * and dust you shall eat*\ * all the days of your life.*\ ***^15 ^**I will put enmity between you and the woman*\ * and between your offspring and hers;*\ *he will strike your head,*\ * and you will strike his heel."* ***^16 ^**To the woman he said,* *"I will make your pangs in childbirth exceedingly great;*\ * in pain you shall bring forth children,*\ *yet your desire shall be for your husband,*\ * and he shall rule over you."* ***^17 ^**And to the man he said,* *"Because you have listened to the voice of your wife*\ * and have eaten of the tree*\ *about which I commanded you,*\ * 'You shall not eat of it,'*\ *cursed is the ground because of you;*\ * in toil you shall eat of it all the days of your life;*\ ***^18 ^**thorns and thistles it shall bring forth for you;*\ * and you shall eat the plants of the field.*\ ***^19 ^**By the sweat of your face*\ * you shall eat bread*\ *until you return to the ground,*\ * for out of it you were taken;*\ *you are dust,*\ * and to dust you shall return."* ***^20 ^**The man named his wife Eve^\[[[c]](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%203&version=NRSVUE#fen-NRSVUE-76c)\]^ because she was the mother of all living. **^21 ^**And the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God made garments of skins for the man and for his wife and clothed them.* ***^22 ^**Then the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God said, "See, the humans have become like one of us, knowing good and evil, and now they might reach out their hands and take also from the tree of life and eat and live forever"---* ***^23 ^**therefore the [Lord]{.smallcaps} God sent them forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from which they were taken. **^24 ^**He drove out the humans, and at the east of the garden of Eden he placed the cherubim and a sword flaming and turning to guard the way to the tree of life.* **The creation of humans** God created man by forming dust into a figure into the nostrils of which He breathed life. The dust figure came to life, a living being, made in the image of God. God is seen as the creator of human beings who have been specially 'handmade' by Him. Though God is transcendent He is involved with creating, He is personally involved in creating human beings out of the dust of the earth. When we say **the image of God** we mean - Not in the shape of God \[God is a Spirit and has no shape\] - Rather, image in function \[to function as a full grown man and woman, to populate the earth\], - Having a role to play \[to name the animals, rule and dominate the earth\], - With cognitive capabilities \[mental abilities like thinking, reasoning, remembering, problems solving, decision making, aesthetic sense\] and - A free will. God creates Man first and he is called Adam. God is not pleased to see Adam alone and decides to create a helper for Adam. He creates Eve the woman by taking a bone from the side of Adam. She is then given life. Seeing them both, God is very pleased. They both now have similar roles and functions. This takes place in a Garden called Eden. **The fall of Man / Human kind** God commands Adam and Eve not to eat from the tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. Genesis 2:17. They were free to eat from any tree in the garden except this tree. The narration goes on to tell us that the Serpent \[Satan took the form of a serpent\] comes and asks Eve if God really did say not to eat, that she would not die, rather her eyes would be opened and she would become like God knowing good and evil. This was a false promise of getting more than God had already given them. By the end of the conversation Eve takes and eats the fruit from the tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. She gives some to Adam who also eats. They lost their innocence and they hid from God, feeling ashamed and afraid. In doing so they disobeyed God's only instruction. This act of disobeying God's rule is called sin. They used their free will to disobey God and do wrong. Their eyes are opened and they realize that they are naked and made loin cloths from leaves to cover themselves. This whole event is called the **fall of Man.** It marks the entry of sin into the world. Sin is rebellion against God and breaking the law of God. This sin is known as original sin. **The consequence of sin and disobedience** The consequence of this act was a banishment from the garden, a separation from God and a broken relationship. God cursed Adam and Eve resulting in suffering and death entering the world, the world becoming damaged \[curse on the ground\] and it could not function as God intended. Humans were unable to make themselves perfect and obedient enough to get into heaven when they died. **Original sin** There are mainly two views on original sin: In the first view - Evil already existed. Adam and Eve disobey God and bring sin to humanity. - By giving into temptation they became disposed to committing wrong. - It permanently breaks the relationship between man and God. Jesus died on the cross to forgive sin and restore the relationship between humankind and God. In the second view - Adam and Eve were created in the image of God with a potential to be perfect. - This perfection could be fulfilled through their relationship with God. - Adam and Eve failed to fulfill their potential. Instead they opted to go alone and estrange/ alienate themselves from God. - Sin created a huge gap in the relationship between God and man. Jesus, the second Adam, reestablishes the relationship showing how humankind can become perfect humans. Jesus puts humankind back into a right relationship with his creator and God's creation. **Transmission of Original sin** The universality of original sin raises the question of how it is transmitted / passed on. There are two main views on this: In the first view - The whole human race was somehow contained in Adam when he fell they fell to sin. - This makes all humans guilty of original sin. - Thus all humans are born with the urge /disposition to sin and disobey God. In the second view Held by the church father Augustine original sin is transmitted through sexual intercourse. Modern views: - Many modern Christians object to traditional ideas about original sin as they believe it would be unfair for God to punish all humanity for an act committed by one man. - Many Christians take a non-literal interpretation of the Bible and don't believe the events of the Fall actually happened. Even if they did happen as stated in the Bible, it's hard to explain biologically how original sin actually passed from one generation to the next. - Many modern Christians now understand original sin to be a useful way of understanding that humans are prone / inclined to doing bad things and acting in a way that's against God's law. **Christian teachings on the Environment** Text Genesis :1: 26 to 31 The term *dominion* means to rule over nature. In this idea: - Humans are in charge of the world on behalf of God. - Some Christians who have a literal interpretation of the Bible believe that this gives humans the right to use the world\'s natural resources for their own benefit. - By giving humans dominion over the land and animals, God is giving humanity the right to control and have power over all other living beings. - The understanding here is that God gave the earth to human beings as their own property to do as they wish with it. The term *stewardship* means to look after the world for God. In this idea: - God has created a world in which humans have a special role as stewards of creation. - This means they should look after the interests of the planet and all life on it. This belief is more about living in harmony with nature. - When God gave humans dominion over the land, he gave them responsibility too. - Humans were created to be stewards of the land, that is: to use it, to look after it, to protect it. God is the owner of the earth and all creatures that live on the planet. One possible answer that combines dominion with stewardships is 'People have '**dominion**' or power over the earth but this must be exercised through **stewardship** on God's behalf'. Key Definition: Dominion means humanity's right to control and have power over the land and all other living creatures and all other living beings. Stewardship refers to the responsibilities to the land that come with the right to power. **QUESTIONS** Q 3. To what extent are natural selection, survival of the fittest and random adaptation compatible with the Genesis 1-2 creation story? Q 4. Compare and contrast Young earth creationism with symbolic creationism. Q 5. Analyze and evaluate the creation story in Genesis 1 with the creation story in Genesis 2. Q 6. Compare the similarities and differences of each creation story in terms of: What they tell us about God? What they tell us about humanity? What they tell us about the relationship between humans and the Planet? What they tell us about the relationship between God and humanity? Q 7. Explain the difficulties the Old Earth / day age theory has with Aligning / supporting itself with the Biblical text? What difficulties does the Old Earth theory have in getting support from the Genesis creation stories? Q 8. Discuss whether the story of the fall is compatible with evolution. Q 9. Discuss whether it is possible to believe in original sin if you do not believe in the literal truth of Genesis chapters 1 to 2. Q 10. Without using your notes create a timeline of God and humanity through Genesis chapter 1 to 3 to show the changes in these first three chapters of the Bible. Q 11. Discuss what the key issues in the environment are. If creation is God's gift to humans what should human attitude be towards the environment? Q 12. Compare and contrast the concept of stewardship with the traditional concept of dominion. Explain which is more relevant today, and why? Make direct references to the text. Q 13. Describe what happened in the account in Genesis when the Lord could not find a helper for the man. Q 14. Explain why this passage might not be taken literally by some Christians? Q 15. Assess the view that Genesis has nothing to teach Christians about the creation of humanity. **Debate** Whether or not the environment is the most important moral issue for Christians today. Does the fall change Christian attitudes to environmental issues? **Supplementary notes** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Evolution The fall Life in the world is steadily changing, becoming more diverse. Biblical creation is a myth Explains God created a perfect world For scientists there is no moral good and evil. Life on earth is moving closer to perfection Humanity by disobedience damaged themselves and the perfect world God created Humanity should concentrate on becoming more ethical beings and thus bringing about a better world It tells us how evil came into the world, original sin -- the misbehavior of Adam and Eve and inheriting guilt or punishment for that behavior. Freedom from Sin comes only through believing in the work of Christ on the cross. His death and resurrection ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **UNIT 2 GOD AS COVENANT GIVER** **TEXT Genesis 12: 1 to 9** **Summarize the passage in 100 words** *Now the [Lord]{.smallcaps} said to Abram, "Go from your country and your kindred and your father's house to the land that I will show you. **^2 ^**I will make of you a great nation, and I will bless you and make your name great, so that you will be a blessing. **^3 ^**I will bless those who bless you, and the one who curses you I will curse, and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed."^\[[[a]](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2012&version=NRSVUE#fen-NRSVUE-302a)\]^* ***^4 ^**So Abram went, as the [Lord]{.smallcaps} had told him, and Lot went with him. Abram was seventy-five years old when he departed from Haran. **^5 ^**Abram took his wife Sarai and his brother's son Lot and all the possessions that they had gathered and the persons whom they had acquired in Haran, and they set forth to go to the land of Canaan. When they had come to the land of Canaan, **^6 ^**Abram passed through the land to the place at Shechem, to the oak^\[[[b]](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2012&version=NRSVUE#fen-NRSVUE-305b)\]^ of Moreh. At that time the Canaanites were in the land. **^7 ^**Then the [Lord]{.smallcaps} appeared to Abram and said, "To your offspring I will give this land." So he built there an altar to the [Lord]{.smallcaps}, who had appeared to him. **^8 ^**From there he moved on to the hill country on the east of Bethel and pitched his tent, with Bethel on the west and Ai on the east, and there he built an altar to the [Lord]{.smallcaps} and invoked the name of the [Lord]{.smallcaps}. **^9 ^**And Abram journeyed on by stages toward the Negeb.* **Abraham's background** For Jews, *Abraham* is known as the founder or first *patriarch* of Judaism which means that Jewish people try to follow his example. He is vital to Jewish history as the first point of contact between God and the Jews. It was through Abraham that the idea of the *Promised Land*, or a homeland for Jewish people, was created. Abraham was the recipient of the first *covenant* with God. Abraham was born in the city of Ur (located in the country now called Iraq) at a time when worshipping *idols* was common. His father, Terah was a maker of Idols. The people of Ur including Abram's family were polytheists. God instructed Abraham to leave his home and travel to Canaan, the Promised Land. Canaan was an ancient country close to modern-day Israel. In contrast with Abraham\'s home, Canaan was an arid wasteland. God asked Abraham to follow the rules he had set and be a good example to others. C:\\Users\\Admin\\Downloads\\bsba030202100l.jpg The Jewish people are descendants of Abraham who by ethnicity was an Armenian. Thus, Abraham is the father of all Jews. They also call themselves the 'Sons of Abraham'. Abraham's obedience to God was a turn from his polytheistic beliefs to a monotheistic belief in one God. It is from this belief that Jews, Muslims and Christians find roots to their monotheistic belief systems. Therefore, one cannot become a Jew. One is born a Jew. As God specifically chose Abram to partner with Him in His plans for humanity the Jews believe they too are the chosen people. The ones whom God promised He would bless. **The Call of Abraham and the promise to him** God calls Abram to leave his father's house in Ur and go to a land which God would show him**.** God promises to bless Abram, make his name great. God would make his descendants into a great nation. He would make Abram a blessing to others. God would bless those Abram blesses and curse those who he curses. In Abram, God would bless all the families in the earth. The call of God to Abraham was from polytheism to monotheism. Abraham was told to leave his home and in a way leave his belief behind, to start fresh with faith and belief in the one true God. The passage reveals the kind of God Abraham obeyed and followed. He is the, the one who chooses and calls people to partner with Him. A transcendent God who also relates personally on a one to one basis with people. He is, one who is able to shape human history according to His plan \[I will make you a great nation, I will give you land, I will bless the nations through you.\] He is a promise - keeping God who is faithful. He is omniscient as He calls Abram by name. He is a protector who protects and rewards those who have faith in Him. \[I will be with you\] He is all Benevolent and wants to bless all of His creation. **Going from Judaism to Christianity** The promise that God would bless the whole world through one of Abraham's descendants. God's plan was to bless not only Abraham and his descendants but all the families in the world. In the Old Testament \[Torah\] there were many prophesies about the coming of a Messiah, one from the line of King David whose throne and kingdom would last forever. A servant of God who would pay the price for humanity's sin. This was the hope in the hearts of the Jews who kept looking for the coming Messiah. After the last Old Testament prophet died there was a gap of 400 years where God did not speak to His people. Then Jesus came with the good news of the Kingdom of God. Through His death and resurrection, the sins of those who believe have been paid for. He is the one who has restored the relationship between God and humankind. Once again God is able to bless His people, but this time with a relationship and everlasting life. **TEXT Genesis 15: 1 to 7** **Summarize in 75 words** *After these things the word of the [Lord]{.smallcaps} came to Abram in a vision, "Do not be afraid, Abram, I am your shield; your reward shall be very great." **^2 ^**But Abram said, "O Lord [God]{.smallcaps}, what will you give me, for I continue childless, and the heir of my house is Eliezer of Damascus?" **^3 ^**And Abram said, "You have given me no offspring, so a slave born in my house is to be my heir." **^4 ^**But the word of the [Lord]{.smallcaps} came to him, "This man shall not be your heir; no one but your very own issue shall be your heir." **^5 ^**He brought him outside and said, "Look toward heaven and count the stars, if you are able to count them." Then he said to him, "So shall your descendants be."* ***^6 ^**And he believed the [Lord]{.smallcaps}, and the [Lord]{.smallcaps} reckoned it to him as righteousness.* ***^7 ^**Then he said to him, "I am the [Lord]{.smallcaps} who brought you from Ur of the Chaldeans, to give you this land to possess."* **TEXT Genesis 17** **Summarize in 150 words** *When Abram was ninety-nine years old, the [Lord]{.smallcaps} appeared to Abram and said to him, "I am God Almighty;^\[[[a]](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+17&version=NRSVUE#fen-NRSVUE-399a)\]^ walk before me, and be blameless. **^2 ^**And I will make my covenant between me and you and will make you exceedingly numerous." **^3 ^**Then Abram fell on his face, and God said to him, **^4 ^**"As for me, this is my covenant with you: You shall be the ancestor of a multitude of nations. **^5 ^**No longer shall your name be Abram,^\[[[b]](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+17&version=NRSVUE#fen-NRSVUE-403b)\]^ but your name shall be Abraham,^\[[[c]](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+17&version=NRSVUE#fen-NRSVUE-403c)\]^ for I have made you the ancestor of a multitude of nations. **^6 ^**I will make you exceedingly fruitful, and I will make nations of you, and kings shall come from you. **^7 ^**I will establish my covenant between me and you and your offspring after you throughout their generations, for an everlasting covenant, to be God to you and to your offspring after you. **^8 ^**And I will give to you and to your offspring after you the land where you are now an alien, all the land of Canaan, for a perpetual holding, and I will be their God."* ***^9 ^**God said to Abraham, "As for you, you shall keep my covenant, you and your offspring after you throughout their generations. **^10 ^**This is my covenant, which you shall keep, between me and you and your offspring after you: Every male among you shall be circumcised. **^11 ^**You shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskins, and it shall be a sign of the covenant between me and you. **^12 ^**Throughout your generations every male among you shall be circumcised when he is eight days old, including the slave born in your house and the one bought with your money from any foreigner who is not of your offspring. **^13 ^**Both the slave born in your house and the one bought with your money must be circumcised. So shall my covenant be in your flesh an everlasting covenant. **^14 ^**Any uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin shall be cut off from his people; he has broken my covenant."* ***^15 ^**God said to Abraham, "As for Sarai your wife, you shall not call her Sarai, but Sarah shall be her name. **^16 ^**I will bless her and also give you a son by her. I will bless her, and she shall give rise to nations; kings of peoples shall come from her." **^17 ^**Then Abraham fell on his face and laughed and said to himself, "Can a child be born to a man who is a hundred years old? Can Sarah, who is ninety years old, bear a child?" **^18 ^**And Abraham said to God, "O that Ishmael might live in your sight!" **^19 ^**God said, "No, but your wife Sarah shall bear you a son, and you shall name him Isaac.^\[[[d]](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+17&version=NRSVUE#fen-NRSVUE-417d)\]^ I will establish my covenant with him as an everlasting covenant for his offspring after him. **^20 ^**As for Ishmael, I have heard you; I will bless him and make him fruitful and exceedingly numerous; he shall be the father of twelve princes, and I will make him a great nation. **^21 ^**But my covenant I will establish with Isaac, whom Sarah shall bear to you at this season next year." **^22 ^**And when he had finished talking with him, God went up from Abraham.* ***^23 ^**Then Abraham took his son Ishmael and all the slaves born in his house or bought with his money, every male among the men of Abraham's house, and he circumcised the flesh of their foreskins that very day, as God had said to him. **^24 ^**Abraham was ninety-nine years old when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin. **^25 ^**And his son Ishmael was thirteen years old when he was circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin. **^26 ^**That very day Abraham and his son Ishmael were circumcised, **^27 ^**and all the men of his house, slaves born in the house and those bought with money from a foreigner, were circumcised with him.* **Covenant and its formation** **Definition** A covenant is the coming together of two people in a pledge, agreement or promise. The two partners bind themselves in a covenant work together to reach a common goal. The taking of oaths, signs and ceremonies are usually part of a biblical covenant. The Bible also has the idea of the sealing of the covenant with blood. **The formation of the covenant with Abraham** The agreement that God makes with Abraham accompanies His call to him. God calls Abram to leave his father's house in Ur and go to a land which God would show him**.** God then outlines His promises to Abraham. God offers Abraham an unconditional covenant to partner with Him. The goal of this partnership was to eventually bless al the families of the earth. The following are the components of the covenant: God promises Abraham that He would be His Shield (Protect Abraham) and Great reward. God promises to bless Abram, make his name great. God would make his descendants into a great nation. God would make Abram a blessing to others. God would bless those Abram blesses and curse those who he curses. In Abram, God would bless all the families in the earth. As an act of acceptance, Abraham would leave Ur to follow God and would also circumcise himself and all the males in his household. Abraham would also have to walk before God and be blameless. Both parties God and Abraham agree to this and the covenant comes into effect. The table 1.2 gives God's and human's responsibility within the covenant. ------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------- **God's responsibility** **Human responsibility** God would be his shield and great reward Acknowledge God (monotheistic) God would bless him and make him into a great nation Walk blameless before God In him all families would be blessed Circumcised himself and all males in his household Many nations and kings would come from him Passes on the faith and belief in God to the next generation Gives him the land of Canaan in perpetuity Changed his name from Abram to Abraham ------------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------- **The place of the covenant in God's plan for humanity** After the fall of humankind in the Garden of Eden God we first get a glimpse of the intentions of God. In Genesis 3 verse 15 *he will strike your head,\ and you will strike his heel* The reference here is that someone born of a woman would crush the serpent. Sin would be dealt with. God would be able bless humankind once again. In the covenant with Abraham, there is a reference to God's plan in blessing all the families on the earth. A descendant of Abraham would fulfill this promise. God chose to partner with human beings to bring his plans to completion. We see both these aspects coming together in Jesus Christ who in His death and resurrection dealt with Satan, sin and death and by doing so made it possible for human beings to restore their relationship once again with God the creator. Thereby God could once again bless his people. This covenant therefore finds its fulfilment in Jesus Christ and His Final New Covenant. **The covenant in Jewish thought** The term covenant refers to a promise or agreement which is made between two people or groups of people. Judaism teaches that covenants were made between God and Noah, Abraham and Moses. Many Jews see their relationship with God as a covenant, or an agreement. The belief is that God asks them to do certain things, and in return He will take special care of them. They believe the covenant with God is immune to history. It commands a way of life given in the Torah. It is immutable and unchanging and is realized in history. Circumcision for Jews is the sign of their covenant with God. Circumcision also give the Jews their identity as the chosen people of God. **Jesus the Bringer of the New covenant compared to the idea of covenant in Jewish thought** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Covenant in Jewish thought** **New Covenant** God is the initiator of the covenant Jesus is the initiator of the New Covenant The covenant is a partnership between God and one person or God with a group of people The New Covenant is a partnership between Jesus and a person who Believes. They then enjoys fellowship with those who believe and are part of the New Covenant The covenant is a relationship between Jews and God The New Covenant is a restored relationship between Jesus and the person who believes. The believer then becomes a part of the body of Christ; all those who believe. \[the church\] The covenant is a partnership with God to bless the nations The New Covenant is partnering with Christ to spread the good news of the Gospel. The covenant make the Jews God's chosen people \[identity\] The New Covenant makes the Believer a son / daughter or a child of God. \[identity\] The covenant promises a new Promised land to the Jews The New Covenant Promises forgiveness of sin, a new eternal life and living with God forever on a new earth The **sign of the covenant** is the outward circumcision. There is inner circumcision of the heart, and Baptism as **an outward sign** of this covenant. The covenant is sealed with blood. Animals are used as a witness. The New Covenant is sealed with the blood of Christ. God the Father and the Holy Spirit are witnesses. God promises to be their shield and protector. His presence goes with them. The Holy Spirit lives within the believer. The Holy Spirit protects the believer from the accusations of Satan. The covenant is unconditional The New Covenant is unconditional \[unconditionally saved\] but administered with conditions. It is immutable and realized in history. It is immutable and eternal. Is fully fulfilled at the second coming of Christ. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Covenants in modern day Christianity** Christians often use the concept of covenants to describe the way God enters into fellowship with people. Reformed churches advocate two covenants: the covenant of works made in the garden of Eden with Adam and Eve and the covenant of grace is believed to have been immediately following Adam' and Eve's sin where God graciously offers salvation from death on the condition of faith in God. In today's world covenants / agreements / partnerships are understood in two ways: a. **Covenant between God and man** b. **Covenant between man and man** **The New Covenant** Jews celebrated the Passover Meal to remember the night the ancient Israelites, led by Moses, escaped from slavery in Egypt. It was and continues to be a very symbolic meal for Jewish people. As Jews, Jesus and the disciples would have considered this to be a very important religious event and careful preparations were made. Jesus knew that this would be his meal which adds to the significance of the event. Mathew 26: 26 to 29 *While they were eating, Jesus took a loaf of bread, and after blessing it he broke it, gave it to the disciples, and said, "Take, eat; this is my body." **^27 ^**Then he took a cup, and after giving thanks he gave it to them, saying, "Drink from it, all of you, **^28 ^**for this is my blood of the^\[[[e]](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%2026&version=NRSVUE#fen-NRSVUE-24080e)\]^ covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins. **^29 ^**I tell you, I will never again drink of this fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father's kingdom* Jesus' words indicate that his body and blood will be given as a sacrifice for the sake of humanity. His death is understood as atonement or compensation for human sin. At Passover the Jews could sacrifice a lamb to atone for their sins. Christians no longer need to do this but instead remember Jesus' sacrifice as the 'Lamb of God' who takes away the sins of the world. Jesus' death forms a new covenant or agreement between God and humanity allowing all people to receive God's forgiveness. The New Covenant is for all people who wish to believe. It promises eternal life and the believer comes into a partnership with Christ to fulfil God's plans on earth. **The Testing of Abraham** **TEXT: Genesis 22: 1 to 19** **Summarize in 100 words** *** **After these things God tested Abraham. He said to him, "Abraham!" And he said, "Here I am." **^2 ^**He said, "Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land of Moriah and offer him there as a burnt offering on one of the mountains that I shall show you." **^3 ^**So Abraham rose early in the morning, saddled his donkey, and took two of his young men with him and his son Isaac; he cut the wood for the burnt offering and set out and went to the place in the distance that God had shown him. **^4 ^**On the third day Abraham looked up and saw the place far away. **^5 ^**Then Abraham said to his young men, "Stay here with the donkey; the boy and I will go over there; we will worship, and then we will come back to you." **^6 ^**Abraham took the wood of the burnt offering and laid it on his son Isaac, and he himself carried the fire and the knife. And the two of them walked on together. **^7 ^**Isaac said to his father Abraham, "Father!" And he said, "Here I am, my son." He said, "The fire and the wood are here, but where is the lamb for a burnt offering?" **^8 ^**Abraham said, "God himself will provide the lamb for a burnt offering, my son." And the two of them walked on together.* ***^9 ^**When they came to the place that God had shown him, Abraham built an altar there and laid the wood in order. He bound his son Isaac and laid him on the altar on top of the wood. **^10 ^**Then Abraham reached out his hand and took the knife to kill^\[[[a]](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2022&version=NRSVUE#fen-NRSVUE-558a)\]^ his son. **^11 ^**But the angel of the [Lord]{.smallcaps} called to him from heaven and said, "Abraham, Abraham!" And he said, "Here I am." **^12 ^**He said, "Do not lay your hand on the boy or do anything to him, for now I know that you fear God, since you have not withheld your son, your only son, from me." **^13 ^**And Abraham looked up and saw a ram, caught in a thicket by its horns. Abraham went and took the ram and offered it up as a burnt offering instead of his son. **^14 ^**So Abraham called that place "The [Lord]{.smallcaps} will provide,"^\[[[b]](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2022&version=NRSVUE#fen-NRSVUE-562b)\]^ as it is said to this day, "On the mount of the [Lord]{.smallcaps} it shall be provided."^\[[[c]](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2022&version=NRSVUE#fen-NRSVUE-562c)\]^* ***^15 ^**The angel of the [Lord]{.smallcaps} called to Abraham a second time from heaven **^16 ^**and said, "By myself I have sworn, says the [Lord]{.smallcaps}: Because you have done this, and have not withheld your son, your only son, **^17 ^**I will indeed bless you, and I will make your offspring as numerous as the stars of heaven and as the sand that is on the seashore. And your offspring shall possess the gate of their enemies, **^18 ^**and by your offspring shall all the nations of the earth gain blessing for themselves, because you have obeyed my voice." **^19 ^**So Abraham returned to his young men, and they arose and went together to Beer-sheba, and Abraham lived at Beer-sheba.* **The Testing of Abraham** **Background** God promises Abraham and Sarah they will have a son. God's promise is fulfilled Gen 21:6-7 Isaac is born. God asks Abraham to sacrifice Isaac Gen 22:2 This episode occupies an important place in the religious teaching of Genesis. It is a. The highest test applied to the faith of the patriarch Abraham, and b. The ultimate example of the difference between the God who revealed Himself to the patriarchs, and the gods of the nature-religions of those times. It has, however, raised difficulties in the minds of many readers, who have been unable to reconcile the command to offer Isaac for a burnt-offering with their conception of a good God. The narrative raises many questions and is difficult to reconcile. Why did God so nearly take away what He had given? Why did He put these two aged parents -- Abraham and Sarah -- through so appalling a test? Why did Abraham, who had earlier challenged God on the fate of Sodom, saying, "*Shall the Judge of all the earth not do justly?*" not protest against this cruel act against an innocent child? Why does the Omniscient God need to test anyone? Some common answers to helps us answer such questions: *Type one answers* Abraham demonstrates his total love for God --willingness to sacrifice the most precious thing in his life. God wanted to see if Abraham would remain faithful *Type two answers* Having faith in the absurd /strange/illogical. The love of God may lead us to do things that would otherwise be considered morally wrong. God tells man to withdraw from whatever man desires the most. God wanted to see if Abraham would remain faithful. *Type three answers from Jewish understanding also used by some Christians* Rabbi Lord Sacks gives a fuller explanation: Basis/ premise: God owns the land of Israel. God owns the children of Israel since He saved them from slavery in Israel. God is the ultimate owner of everything that exists. a. The tying of Isaac is contrary to the principle that all the non-Jews believe in: that is children are the property of their parents. \[Patria potestas\] b. God created **a legal space \[**parent and child are responsible and answerable for their own actions under the law\] between parent and child, because only when this space exists do children have the room to grow. c. The Bible seeks to abolish all relationships of dominance and submission. d. Therefore, God did prove Abraham in the presence of the people of the land who practiced this custom which often resulted in child sacrifice. e. The stopping of Abraham from sacrificing his son powerfully contrasts between the God of Abraham and the gods of the nations. **Evaluating if God test His people today?** There are two broad views about God testing His people View 1 God the tester view Believe that God tests His people. They believe God send trials that test our spiritual strength, and if we endure, we prove our resolve and end up with patience. Trials test our spiritual strength, and if we overcome by our faith and win, we end up stronger. Many believe this because of the simple reason that trials expose our spiritual weaknesses. \[James 1:1 to 3\] View 2 God does not test Believe that God does not test \[James 1:13\]. He is not testing people. He is not testing us to get discouraged, depressed, angry, or testing people's patience nor tempting people to turn away from Him through trails and tests. God does not use tests or temptations to discipline us, provoke us, build our faith, or improve our character. Rather God teaches His children with His word and His Spirit rather than with evil things. Therefore, we conclude that when a certain thing challenges some particular faith deficiency, it must be God who is saying to us to trust Him not to worry for He will take care of it. **Does God speak today? If yes, how?** The principle that God cannot change, lies at the heart of the question. God does not change in the way he relates to His creation and humankind. God spoke in the past to His people and continues to do so. One characteristic of God is He is a communicator. Some believe God speaks today to people in two distinct ways: a. Indirectly: Through His creation that speaks / witnesses to God being a good God who created the universe. He is omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenevolent. b. Directly also called special revelation He also speaks directly through people \[prophets\]. Through His word \[the bible\]. He speaks directly through visions, dreams and in some cases in an audible voice. It may seem the frequency of God communicating has diminished today. One reason for this is because God has communicated everything for salvation of human beings through His Son Jesus Christ. **Questions** Q 16. Is it loving to test anyone? Comment on the sentence 'the covenant is the ultimate sign of love'. Refer to 1 Cor: 13 for an explanation of what love is. Q 17. What is meant by the New Covenant? Q 18. Compare and contrast the New Covenant with the Covenant with Abraham. Q 19. How do findings from these texts portray the nature of God, the relationship between God and his people based on the texts and the relevance of these texts for Christian belief and practice today Genesis chapters 1-3 Genesis 12:1-7 Genesis 15:1-9 Genesis 17 Genesis 22: 1-19 Q 20. Explain why Jesus' life and death on Earth is so significant for Christians. Aim to include the following terms in your answer: The Fall, sin, atone (atonement), repair, broken relationship. Questions Q 21. How does God reveal Himself through nature? The Bible? And through direct dreams and visions? Q 22. To what extent do modern revelations of God match with Moses's experience? **Extension activity:** Consider what love really means using 1 Corinthians 13 and discuss how this changes the discussion. This could be considered further by looking at the notion of *agape* as found in Situation Ethics. **TASK 2 \[10 marks\]** Analyze and evaluate whether or not God tests his people today. Was COVID-19 a test from God? **TASK 3 \[10 marks\]** Analyze and evaluate the extent to which the portrayal of God in these texts is compatible with a God of love -- Genesis 26 **TASK 4 \[10 marks\]** How does God might speak to people today? Give 5 reasons for and against. Is this undermined by the infrequency of it happening? **TASK 5 \[10\]** Listen to the track on dreams and visions taken from the gospel coalition, African Theology. Answer the questions that follow: Analyze and evaluate the points made in the track. **UNIT 3 GOD AS LIBERATOR** **TEXT** **Exodus 3** Summarize in 200 words. Exodus 3 *3 Moses was keeping the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, the priest of Midian; he led his flock beyond the wilderness, and came to Horeb, the mountain of God. ^2 ^There the angel of the [Lord]{.smallcaps} appeared to him in a flame of fire out of a bush; he looked, and the bush was blazing, yet it was not consumed. ^3 ^Then Moses said, "I must turn aside and look at this great sight, and see why the bush is not burned up." ^4 ^When the [Lord]{.smallcaps} saw that he had turned aside to see, God called to him out of the bush, "Moses, Moses!" And he said, "Here I am." ^5 ^Then he said, "Come no closer! Remove the sandals from your feet, for the place on which you are standing is holy ground." ^6 ^He said further, "I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob." And Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look at God.* *^7 ^Then the [Lord]{.smallcaps} said, "I have observed the misery of my people who are in Egypt; I have heard their cry on account of their taskmasters. Indeed, I know their sufferings, ^8 ^and I have come down to deliver them from the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of that land to a good and broad land, a land flowing with milk and honey, to the country of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites. ^9 ^The cry of the Israelites has now come to me; I have also seen how the Egyptians oppress them. ^10 ^So come, I will send you to Pharaoh to bring my people, the Israelites, out of Egypt." ^11 ^But Moses said to God, "Who am I that I should go to Pharaoh, and bring the Israelites out of Egypt?" ^12 ^He said, "I will be with you; and this shall be the sign for you that it is I who sent you: when you have brought the people out of Egypt, you shall worship God on this mountain."* *^13 ^But Moses said to God, "If I come to the Israelites and say to them, 'The God of your ancestors has sent me to you,' and they ask me, 'What is his name?' what shall I say to them?" ^14 ^God said to Moses, "[I Am Who I Am]{.smallcaps}." He said further, "Thus you shall say to the Israelites, '[I Am]{.smallcaps} has sent me to you.' " ^15 ^God also said to Moses, "Thus you shall say to the Israelites, 'The [Lord]{.smallcaps} the God of your ancestors, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has sent me to you':* *This is my name forever,* *and this my title for all generations.* *^16 ^Go and assemble the elders of Israel, and say to them, 'The [Lord]{.smallcaps}, the God of your ancestors, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob, has appeared to me, saying: I have given heed to you and to what has been done to you in Egypt. ^17 ^I declare that I will bring you up out of the misery of Egypt, to the land of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the Jebusites, a land flowing with milk and honey.' ^18 ^They will listen to your voice; and you and the elders of Israel shall go to the king of Egypt and say to him, 'The [Lord]{.smallcaps}, the God of the Hebrews, has met with us; let us now go a three days' journey into the wilderness, so that we may sacrifice to the [Lord]{.smallcaps} our God.' ^19 ^I know, however, that the king of Egypt will not let you go unless compelled by a mighty hand. ^20 ^So I will stretch out my hand and strike Egypt with all my wonders that I will perform in it; after that he will let you go. ^21 ^I will bring this people into such favor with the Egyptians that, when you go, you will not go empty-handed; ^22 ^each woman shall ask her neighbor and any woman living in the neighbor's house for jewelry of silver and of gold, and clothing, and you shall put them on your sons and on your daughters; and so you shall plunder the Egyptians." \[743 words\]* **The revelation of God to Moses** God's revelation to Moses is a self-revelation. God reveals Himself in a burning bush. The bush and the surrounding ground become holy because of the presence of God. God reveals Himself as the *"I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob".* God reminds Moses of the fact that he is a son of Abraham and by default in covenant with God. The following character of God is seen in this divine encounter. a. He is the covenant God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. b. He had not forgotten His people, and is omniscient for He is aware of the plight of His people in Egypt and how they were being treated. c. As their shield and defender He the transcendent one had come down to liberate them from bondage and slavery to the Egyptians. He was bound by His covenant. d. He would be their liberator. e. He is the same God who asked Abraham to partner with Him and now is asking Moses to do the same. The unchanging God. f. He wanted to lead His people out of Egypt to the land He had promised to give Abraham according to His plan. He would also be their guide on this journey. This is a divine moment because of three reasons: - The miraculous burning bush - The space around the bush becomes Holy, sacred. - God declares His eternal name to Moses 'I AM'. **Moses' Mission** Moses is given the mission to be God's mouthpiece to Pharaoh. Aaron would assist him. As God's messenger he was to deliver this message to Pharaoh '*Let my people go that they might worship me*'. He was also tasked to lead the Hebrews out of Egypt, taking them to the land which God would guide them to. **Revelation** Is when something that is hidden becomes known. Revelation always comes from God and reveals something about God. There are two types of revelation with one final revelation: a. *General revelation or indirect revelation* -- it is available to everyone. This is used to describe the way God is revealed through the natural world. This revelation can come through: - Conscience, an inner voice or sense which communicates what is right or wrong - People - Awareness of morality - Scripture - Reason b. *Special revelation (or direct revelation)-* This is called 'direct' because it is revelation given directly to an individual or group. God meets directly with people. It is often used to describe the way God is revealed through: - A dream - A vision - A miracle (something that breaks the laws of science and which Christians assume to be caused by God) - An experience - Prophecy (a prediction of what will happen in the future) c. *Through His Son Jesus Christ:* He is he final and complete revelation of God to all humankind. Jesus says '*If you have seen me you have seen the Father*'. John 14:9 **Modern examples of God revealing Himself** - Through His word, the Bible from which He speaks and guides His followers. - Through prayer, worship, where His followers feel the presence of the Holy Spirit - Experiencing God through Christian leaders like Desmond Tutu who worked against injustice and discrimination in South Africa. **TEXT The Passover** **EXODUS 12: 1 to 30 Summarize in 200 words** ***12 **The [Lord]{.smallcaps} said to Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt: **^2 ^**This month shall mark for you the beginning of months; it shall be the first month of the year for you. **^3 ^**Tell the whole congregation of Israel that on the tenth of this month they are to take a lamb for each family, a lamb for each household. **^4 ^**If a household is too small for a whole lamb, it shall join its closest neighbor in obtaining one; the lamb shall be divided in proportion to the number of people who eat of it. **^5 ^**Your lamb shall be without blemish, a year-old male; you may take it from the sheep or from the goats. **^6 ^**You shall keep it until the fourteenth day of this month; then the whole assembled congregation of Israel shall slaughter it at twilight. **^7 ^**They shall take some of the blood and put it on the two doorposts and the lintel of the houses in which they eat it. **^8 ^**They shall eat the lamb that same night; they shall eat it roasted over the fire with unleavened bread and bitter herbs. **^9 ^**Do not eat any of it raw or boiled in water, but roasted over the fire, with its head, legs, and inner organs. **^10 ^**You shall let none of it remain until the morning; anything that remains until the morning you shall burn. **^11 ^**This is how you shall eat it: your loins girded, your sandals on your feet, and your staff in your hand; and you shall eat it hurriedly. It is the Passover of the [Lord]{.smallcaps}. **^12 ^**For I will pass through the land of Egypt that night, and I will strike down every firstborn in the land of Egypt, both human beings and animals; on all the gods of Egypt I will execute judgments: I am the [Lord]{.smallcaps}. **^13 ^**The blood shall be a sign for you on the houses where you live: when I see the blood, I will pass over you, and no plague shall destroy you when I strike the land of Egypt.* ***^14 ^**This day shall be a day of remembrance for you. You shall celebrate it as a festival to the [Lord]{.smallcaps}; throughout your generations you shall observe it as a perpetual ordinance. **^15 ^**Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread; on the first day you shall remove leaven from your houses, for whoever eats leavened bread from the first day until the seventh day shall be cut off from Israel. **^16 ^**On the first day you shall hold a solemn assembly, and on the seventh day a solemn assembly; no work shall be done on those days; only what everyone must eat, that alone may be prepared by you. **^17 ^**You shall observe the festival of unleavened bread, for on this very day I brought your companies out of the land of Egypt: you shall observe this day throughout your generations as a perpetual ordinance. **^18 ^**In the first month, from the evening of the fourteenth day until the evening of the twenty-first day, you shall eat unleavened bread. **^19 ^**For seven days no leaven shall be found in your houses; for whoever eats what is leavened shall be cut off from the congregation of Israel, whether an alien or a native of the land. **^20 ^**You shall eat nothing leavened; in all your settlements you shall eat unleavened bread.* ***^21 ^**Then Moses called all the elders of Israel and said to them, "Go, select lambs for your families, and slaughter the Passover lamb. **^22 ^**Take a bunch of hyssop, dip it in the blood that is in the basin, and touch the lintel and the two doorposts with the blood in the basin. None of you shall go outside the door of your house until morning. **^23 ^**For the [Lord]{.smallcaps} will pass through to strike down the Egyptians; when he sees the blood on the lintel and on the two doorposts, the [Lord]{.smallcaps} will pass over that door and will not allow the destroyer to enter your houses to strike you down. **^24 ^**You shall observe this rite as a perpetual ordinance for you and your children. **^25 ^**When you come to the land that the [Lord]{.smallcaps} will give you, as he has promised, you shall keep this observance. **^26 ^**And when your children ask you, 'What do you mean by this observance?' **^27 ^**you shall say, 'It is the Passover sacrifice to the [Lord]{.smallcaps}, for he passed over the houses of the Israelites in Egypt, when he struck down the Egyptians but spared our houses.'" And the people bowed down and worshiped.* ***^28 ^**The Israelites went and did just as the [Lord]{.smallcaps} had commanded Moses and Aaron.* ***^29 ^**At midnight the [Lord]{.smallcaps} struck down all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who sat on his throne to the firstborn of the prisoner who was in the dungeon, and all the firstborn of the livestock. **^30 ^**Pharaoh arose in the night, he and all his officials and all the Egyptians; and there was a loud cry in Egypt, for there was not a house without someone dead. \[874 words\]* **Exploring the Passage** *What we understand about God from the passage* - We learn that God is morally good and to be so He has to punish disobedience. - He is just as He executes judgement. - He is good because He provides a way to escape from His own judgement by giving people a chance to obey His commands. - He delivers those who obey Him so that they might worship Him and become His people who He then blesses. - God also provides a way for the Israelites to escape God's Judgement -- through the blood of the Passover lamb. **In what way is this a good revelation of God? Would you want new Christians to know God in this way?** The revelation tells us that God is a holy God. He is also a judge and will brings judgement on all people for disobedience and sin. He is morally right in doing this. Before God executes His Judgement He gives us a chance / a choice. Either to listen and obey exactly what He tells us to do or perish. By not listening people bring judgement upon themselves. Therefore, God remains morally righteous in punishing disobedience. God also provides a way for the Israelites to escape God's Judgement -- through the blood of the Passover lamb. The portrayal of God in the passage would help new Christians understand the New Testament better. They would also be able to see the unfolding plan of God to save human beings from slavery to sin and death. **The Passover** The Passover is an iconic event in Jewish history. An event where the direct intervention of God on behalf of His people liberates them from bondage to the slavery and Egypt. This intervention is seen by Jews as part of the covenant of God with the Jews the descendants of Abraham. Pharaoh and Egypt are judged by God who is about to send judgement on them. To save his people from His own judgement, God instructs them to slaughter a lamb \[called the paschal lamb\], take its blood and put it on the door posts of their homes. The idea was a life for a life; the life of the lamb for the life of the Israelite family. This kept them safe as the wrath and judgement of God swept through Egypt. **The role of the Passover in salvation history** As a Jew, Jesus celebrated the Passover feast. But gave it a new meaning when he proclaimed the New Covenant to His disciples. Thus the Passover is a foreshadow of how God planned to save humanity from sin and death, through the death and resurrection of His Son Jesus Christ. It is a display of God being a liberator, one who does break into history to carry out His plans to save humanity. He is able to liberate people from slavery (physical and spiritual). Jesus became the paschal lamb; the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world. His blood cleanses us from sin and protects us from the coming wrath and judgement of God which will happen when Jesus returns on the last day. Jesus gave his life instead of us, saving us from slavery to sin and the punishment of death. **The Symbolism of the Passover** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | The elements of the | Jewish symbolism | Christian symbolism | | Passover | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | The Passover | Speaks of God's | Speaks of God's | | | coming wrath and | coming wrath and | | | Judgement | Judgement | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Israelite bondage and | Celebrated yearly to | Human bondage and | | slavery in Egypt | remember how God has | slavery to sin | | | dealt with them | | | | faithfully and | | | | preserved them | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | The Passover and | Is an iconic | The Eucharist is an | | exodus | (representative | iconic symbol of | | | symbolic) act of God | God's | | | to deliver the | self-sacrificing act | | | Israelites from | to free humanity from | | | Slavery and bondage | slavery and bondage | | | in Egypt. | to sin. | | | | | | | Is central to | Is central to the | | | Israelite identity | Christian's identity | | | and Israel's covenant | and their New | | | with God | Covenant with God | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | The Paschal | The blood that | Jesus is understood | | (Passover) lamb | covered and protected | to be the Passover | | | the Israelites from | lamb who was | | | God's Judgement. | slaughtered to take | | | | away the sins of the | | | The shank bone | world (1 Corinthians | | | symbolizes God's | 5:7). John the | | | "outstretched arm" by | Baptist affirmed this | | | which He delivered | when he saw Jesus and | | | them from Egypt | said of him, "Behold, | | | | the Lamb of God, who | | | | takes away the sin of | | | | the world!" (John | | | | 1:29). | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | The Blood of the Lamb | The blood marked the | Christians are saved | | | Israelites as God's | from God's wrath by | | | people. | God Himself. Let us | | | | never forget the | | | It symbolized a way | righteous character | | | of escape for the | of our Creator, who, | | | Israelites from the | despite our sin, | | | judgement of God | mercifully chooses to | | | because they were as | redeem His people. | | | sinful as the | | | | Egyptians. | | | | | | | | This looked forward | | | | to the time when God | | | | would eternally save | | | | His people. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | The Unleavened Bread | Recalls the haste | Jesus equates the | | | with which the | matzah with his body | | | Israelites fled | at the Last Supper | | | Egypt. This haste did | with his disciples | | | not allow Israel to | (Luke 22:19). He | | | wait for their bread | broke the bread and | | | to rise. | distributed it to his | | | | disciples saying, | | | Further, just as | "This is my body, | | | leaven causes bread | which is \[broken\] | | | to rise, sin puffs us | for you" (1 | | | up. At Passover, we | Corinthians 11:24). | | | remove all leaven | Today, matzah is | | | from our homes, not | often used as a | | | only in memory of the | communion element to | | | haste with which we | remember Jesus' | | | departed Egypt, but | sacrifice. The matzah | | | also as a symbol of | is meant to remind us | | | | that Yeshiva's body | | | removing sin from our | was broken. | | | lives | | | | | The apostle Paul | | | | charges us to: | | | | "Cleanse out the old | | | | leaven that you may | | | | be a new lump, as you | | | | really are | | | | unleavened. For | | | | Christ, our Passover | | | | lamb, has been | | | | sacrificed" (1 | | | | Corinthians 5:7). | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **The Christian understanding of the Eucharist** \[the breaking of bread/ holy communion\] The Eucharist as an adapted Passover feast: the unleavened bread and wine echoing God saving the Israelites from Egypt. The Eucharist is also known as the Holy Communion, Mass, the Lord's supper and the breaking of bread. It is instituted by Jesus on the night before His crucifixion. At this meal Jesus gave a new meaning for the Bread and wine served at the meal. The Eucharist marks the iconic Christ Event as an act of God to deliver / liberate those who believe, from the slavery and bondage to sin. It is central to Christian identity and the believers' New Covenant with God. **TEXT Exodus 14** **Summarize in 200 words** *Then the [Lord]{.smallcaps} said to Moses, **^2 ^**"Tell the Israelites to turn back and camp in front of Pi-hahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, in front of Baal-zephon; you shall camp opposite it, by the sea. **^3 ^**Pharaoh will say of the Israelites, 'They are wandering aimlessly in the land; the wilderness has closed in on them.' **^4 ^**I will harden Pharaoh's heart, and he will pursue them, so that I will gain glory for myself over Pharaoh and all his army, and the Egyptians shall know that I am the [Lord]{.smallcaps}." And they did so.* ***^5 ^**When the king of Egypt was told that the people had fled, the minds of Pharaoh and his officials were changed toward the people, and they said, "What have we done, letting Israel leave our service?" **^6 ^**So he had his chariot made ready and took his army with him; **^7 ^**he took six hundred elite chariots and all the other chariots of Egypt with officers over all of them. **^8 ^**The [Lord]{.smallcaps} hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and he pursued the Israelites, who were going out boldly. **^9 ^**The Egyptians pursued them, all Pharaoh's horses and chariots, his chariot drivers and his army; they overtook them camped by the sea, by Pi-hahiroth, in front of Baal-zephon.* ***^10 ^**As Pharaoh drew near, the Israelites looked back, and t

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