EBP Unit One Notes PDF

1/9/25 Chapter 1: Introduction to EBP History of Medicine -​ Dr. Archie Cochrane: wrote Effectiveness and Efficiency and developed Cochrane Library History of Nursing -​ Nightingale: mid 1850s -​ 1800s-1900s nursing was in its infancy and research was focused on nursing education Resea...

1/9/25 Chapter 1: Introduction to EBP History of Medicine -​ Dr. Archie Cochrane: wrote Effectiveness and Efficiency and developed Cochrane Library History of Nursing -​ Nightingale: mid 1850s -​ 1800s-1900s nursing was in its infancy and research was focused on nursing education Research Utilization vs EBP -​ Research utilization: using an aspect of a study in a manner unrelated to the intent of the original research to make a change in practice -​ EBP: explores advantages of reviewing and analyzing all evidence on a given topic before making a change in practice -​ Research critique: analyzes flaws, bias, or any variables that may have affected results Research helps us to -​ Think critically -​ Ask the right questions -​ Synthesize multiple sources -​ Adapt and explore Tools that help with EBP -​ Integrative reviews: scholarly papers -​ Systematic reviews: review/summary of studies that have been done on a particular topic https://www.cochrane.org/ https://jbi.global/ -​ Meta Analysis: combination of the results of systematic reviews; makes statistical comparisons -​ CPGs: clinical practice guidelines, help guide clinical practice by providing patient pathways Steps of a Research Project 1.​ Ask/identify the important clinical question 2.​ Collect the best and most pertinent evidence 3.​ Critically analyze and rate the evidence 4.​ Integrate the evidence 5.​ Implement your practice change 6.​ Evaluate how the practice change has influenced or affected your area of practice 7.​ Disseminate and share evidence with peers and colleagues Controversies around EBP -​ “Cookbook approach to care”: overrides individualized care -​ No evidence: research on a particular topic may be limited -​ Randomly controlled trials (RCTs): not all research lends itself to RCTs Limitations of EBP -​ Lack of knowledge or nurse refusal to follow EBP guidelines -​ EBP not available/lack of leadership support 1/9/25 Introduction to Integrative Review Integrative review: evaluate data from diverse sources to answer research questions, generate new theories, and provide a comprehensive review about a particular topic All types of reviews: systematic, scoping, literature review, integrative, etc -​ Unique to IR is the inclusion of literature from diverse sources (ex: qualitative and quantitative, published and unpublished/grey, etc) Components of scientific paper -​ Abstract → intro → background → theoretical framework → methodology → results → discussion → conclusion Steps of an IR -​ Select your concept → determine your aims → literature search → organize data → synthesise analyses → discuss conclusions → disseminate findings 1/16/25 Team Contract: Establishing Goals, Roles, Responsibilities Write and answer the PICOT question Team activity plan: make a table with due dates Meet with critical faculty once a month: 2/3, 3/3, 3/31 1/16/25 Ch 4: Basic Understanding of Research History of Nursing Research Nightingale: introduced scientific inquiry (asking questions) during Crimean War -​ Analyzed morbidity and mortality of soldiers; improved sanitary conditions 2 Types of Research Quantitative Research -​ Data is numerical -​ Tight control over research situation, in a controlled environment -​ Large number of participants Qualitative Research -​ Data is subjective (narrative, descriptive, diaries, etc)  -​ Interactions occur in participants’ natural environment -​ Fewer number of participants Steps in the Research Process (9) 1.​ Identify the problem -​ Includes a problem statement: declarative or interrogative statement that includes a clear population and variables/what you are trying to study 2.​ State the purpose of the study -​ Includes a purpose statement: why you are trying to study 3.​ Determine the variables of the study -​ Variable: something that can change (ex: vitals, lab values) -​ Independent variable: cause -​ Dependent variable: effect -​ Univariate (one variable) or bivariate (two variables) -​ Extraneous variable: may or may not be relevant (ex: medical hx) 4.​ Conduct a review of the literature -​ Include research in last 5 years or landmark studies 5.​ Identify a theoretical or conceptual framework -​ Formulate generalizations that allow one to explain observational relationships among variables -​ Theory: abstract generalizations that offers a systematic explanation of how phenomena are interrelated -​ Concepts: building blocks of theories -​ Constructs: higher level concepts; derived from theories; represent non observable behaviors -​ Conceptual model: a set of abstract and general concepts assembled to address a phenomenon of central interest -​ Nursing Theories -​ Nursing Metaparadigm: person, nursing, environment, health -​ Grand theories: complex and broad -​ Middle range theories: focus on one piece of reality/human experience -​ Practice theories: targeted, specific directions -​ Prescriptive theories: address nursing therapeutics and outcomes of interventions -​ Borrowed theories: taken from another discipline and applied to nursing 6.​ Conduct the study ethically 7.​ Identify study assumptions -​ Assumptions: statements and principles that are taken as truth, based on person's values -​ Universal assumptions -​ Assumptions based on a theory -​ Assumptions necessary to complete the study -​ State assumptions clearly 8.​ Formulate the hypothesis or research questions -​ Hypothesis: predict relationship between two or more variables -​ Contain population of interest and must be able to be tested -​ Research hypothesis  -​ Null hypothesis: states there is a complete lack of relationship between variables -​ Directional hypothesis: states that a relationship between variables exist (ex: smoking and lung cancer) -​ Non directional hypothesis: states that no relationship between variables exist 9.​ Identify type of research design -​ Quantitative or qualitative 1/16/25 Ch 7: Finding the Evidence Types of Sources Primary Source: -​ original materials (audio recordings, interviews, newspapers, photos, etc.) Secondary Source -​ Accounts that were written after the fact and influenced by hindsight Tertiary Source -​ Digests information from primary and secondary sources Print vs Electronic Sources Print Sources -​ *Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) -​ Nursing Studies Index (NSI) -​ National Guideline Clearinghouse: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) -​ Abstracts Electronic Sources -​ Databases (CINAHL, EBSCOhost, Medline, OVID) -​ Bibliographical sources -​ Abstracts -​ Full-text databases -​ Keyword search -​ Search engines Conducting a Basic Literature Search Conducting a literature search -​ Enter keywords into databases of choice (remember different terms for words) -​ Narrow initial search by using keywords or stop words -​ Use quotes around your keywords to yield titles that contain your keywords -​ Obtain articles that are available as full text -​ Expand the search -​ Truncation: add quotes or a star (depending on database) to allow different forms of word to be shown [ex: “child”, also show kid, children, adolescents, etc] Using terms to expand or narrow search -​ Boolean search operators: boolean logic defines logical relationships between terms in a search  -​ And, or, not (ex: Or yields all articles with any terms listed, And yields only articles that have all terms included, Not yields articles if you want to rule out a certain term) -​ Explode/expand -​ Expand subject heading -​ Major concepts: yields only articles where the subject heading is the major point Avoid journals and magazines, grey literature (hasn’t been peer reviewed) Endnotes Download on desktop, search databases, send citations to endnotes, edit/organize PDFs in endnotes, insert references from endnotes into document