Earth Science Topic 1 - Complete Notes PDF

Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 10.1 Global Systems and Solar Energy Jan 7­8:42 AM Systems Systems are simply the objects which scien...

Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 10.1 Global Systems and Solar Energy Jan 7­8:42 AM Systems Systems are simply the objects which scientists wish to study. They can be open, closed, or isolated. Jan 7­8:44 AM 1 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Open system Allows both energy and matter in and out. Jan 7­8:46 AM Closed System Allows energy in and out but matter cannot pass. Jan 7­8:47 AM 2 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Isolated Systems Does not allow anything in or out. Jan 7­8:50 AM Jan 7­8:52 AM 3 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Atmosphere Divided into multiple layers (800 km) defined by temperature Mostly nitrogen and oxygen (over 90% combined) Troposphere (first 12 km) and stratosphere (13 ­ 50 km) are the closest layers and consist of the vast majority of actual atmosphere due to gravity. Temperature in atmosphere related to heat from: Earth's interior, heat radiated from Earth's surface, and photochemical reactions in air. Jan 7­8:53 AM Jun 1­8:35 PM 4 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Lithosphere Earth's crust (continental and oceanic crusts) as well as upper part of mantle (separates crust from molten core) 1.6 to 200 km thick May 29­8:45 PM Hydrosphere Earth's surface is 70% water (oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, aquifers, etc) Vapour and droplets in the air are also important. The Cryosphere comprises all the frozen water at any one time. Water affects Earth's temperature as it reflects solar radiation, absorbs solar radiation and releases stored heat over time. All of this keeps Earth's temperature mostly in the livable range although temps from ­89.4oC to 56.7oC have been measured. May 29­8:58 PM 5 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMxjzWHbyFM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXh_7wbnS3A Earth's Spheres http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmbXcNh4FcM Jun 1­8:36 PM Do Now Problems: Draw the Lewis Diagram for the following: A flourine atom: A chloride ion: MgCl2: CO2: Dec 17­11:56 AM 6 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Effect of Land and Water on Air Temperature May 29­9:43 PM Conduction Contact between air molecules and the land and water of the Earth's surface transfers energy. The layer of air near the surface becomes very close in temperature to the surface. May 29­9:45 PM 7 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Convection When air is warmed the molecules move apart (expand), become less dense and therefore rise. Cool air moves into the void of the displaced warm air. As the warm air rises it loses energy and cools (and therefore contracts) before falling back down toward the surface. The difference in Specific Heat Capacity between land and water account for the direction of the breeze at the beech during the day versus the night (land and sea breezes). May 29­9:48 PM Radiation The sun emits an entire spectrum of radiation but only visible light and infrared radiation are of concern to temperature. Visible light reaches the surface and is either absorbed or reflected. It does not get absorbed by the atmosphere. Light that is absorbed is actually re­radiated back out to the atmosphere as infrared radiation which you feel as heat. May 29­9:50 PM 8 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 May 29­9:53 PM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JZciWtK6vc Heat rap http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Y3mfAGVn1c Jun 1­8:48 PM 9 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Clouds and other gases (Greenhouse Gases) can reflect this re­radiated energy back to Earth increasing the warming. Earth's radiation budget is a balance between the solar radiation absorbed and the eventual reflection of the energy back to outer space. When it takes longer for this to happen, the Earth heats up. May 29­9:54 PM Albedo Darker surfaces absorb more energy than lighter surfaces. Albedo describes this absorption\refection relationship. Low albedo = low reflection (black cars) High albedo = high relection (white snow) May 29­9:56 PM 10 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Heat islands form in urban areas due to the large area covered in dark material such as asphalt and the large amount of re­radiated infrared radiation. This can raise the temperature by 6 ­ 10oC. May 29­10:01 PM Water has the opposite affect as it has a high specific heat capacity and a low albedo. It heats up and holds its heat for a long time which causes a buffering affect for the area around the body of water. Land on the other hand heats up quickly but also cools down quickly. May 29­10:02 PM 11 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Homework: CYU 1­2, 5­7 page 374 Topic Readings (to review and pre­read): Pg: 364­367 380 384­396 422­424 434­444 May 28­7:40 AM Do Now Problems: 1. Classify each reaction and predict the products. Then balance the complete reaction: CaCl2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) ­> Mg (s) + O2 (g) ­> 2. Two ice cubes are placed on two different pieces of plastic. One ice cube is placed on a white piece of plastic, the other on a black piece of plastic. Which ice cube will melt first? May 26­3:47 PM 12 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 May 29­10:09 PM Topic 1B ­ Weather and Climate Jun 1­8:51 AM 13 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Climate ­ the trend in temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, and precipitation over a period of many years. Weather ­ the temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, and precipitation on a particular day in a particular location. Seasons ­ the yearly changes in climate due to solar variability (how the sun shines on parts of the Earth). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0wk4qG2mIg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3TRUDKpoAs Jun 1­9:14 AM Angle of Inclination The Earth has a tilt of between 22.1 and 24.5O relative to its orbit around the sun. This causes either the southern hemisphere or the northern hemisphere to face the sun (summer) more directly at any given time while the other faces away (winter). During the summer months, this angle causes more sunlight hours per day and more energy per unit of surface area. Jun 1­9:17 AM 14 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 http://astro.unl.edu/classaction/animations/coordsmotion/eclipticsimulator.swf http://highered.mcgraw­hill.com/sites/007299181x/student_view0/chapter2/seasons_interactive.html Jun 5­3:23 PM This means that it will get warmer in these areas and then we can apply convection, conduction and radiation theories to predict how the heat will spread around the Earth. When the angle is greater, more solar energy hits the poles and they get warmer. When the angle is smaller, less solar energy hits the poles and they cool. Jun 1­9:19 AM 15 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Are seasons always the same? Dec 18­12:54 PM Earth’s Orbit Earth's orbit changes over time (roughly 100 000 year cycles) to become more, or less, circular. These changes can affect the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth during certain seasons. Jun 1­9:33 AM 16 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Wind Movements As the Earth heats up unevenly (more near the equator), convection currents carry warm air upwards in the air column. At the same time, cooler air moves south (or north) from the poles to replace this warm air which accounts for high (cool) and low (warm) pressure systems and much of our weather. This actually happens in steps of about 300. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWjeHtdpFjE Jun 1­9:35 AM The spin of the Earth at different latitudes causes this warmed air to move eastward or westward depending on the direction it is travelling. This is called the Coriolis Effect and, in general, causes winds in the northern hemisphere to veer to the right and those in the southern hemisphere to veer to the left (Westerlies and Easterlies) Jun 1­9:37 AM 17 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcPs_OdQOYU BBC http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wda7azMvabE Jun 5­3:37 PM Jet Streams (high winds about 10 ­ 15 km up) form at the boundaries between cold and warmer air. Mountains can act as sponges and cause warm wet air to drop its moisture on one side of the mountain (orographic precipitation) leaving a rain shadow on the other as the now warm dry air (Chinooks) moves in. Jun 1­9:39 AM 18 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hu_Ga0JYFNg Water Movements Water is affected by the same principles as air but due to its higher specific heat capacity, it holds its heat longer and can therefore distribute it farther. The Gulf Stream carries warm water from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean across the Atlantic Ocean where it slams into Western Europe and is called the North Atlantic Drift. Jun 1­8:57 PM Similar currents exist all over the Earth and are referred to as the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt or thermohaline circulation. El Nino and La Nina play a major role in climate across the globe as well but are still not very well understood. Jun 1­9:03 PM 19 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyPq86yM_Ic Jun 1­9:08 PM Continental drift can have an effect on these currents as the channels that allow water flow change over time. As continents move over time their climates also change due to their new position and the amount of solar radiation that they receive. Jun 1­9:08 PM 20 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Continental drift ­ a grossly inaccurate representation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_IYQdKkWsU May 27­9:50 AM For homework: Read pgs 384­387 Section 10.3 (pgs. 388­396) May 27­7:49 AM 21 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Do Now Problems: 1. How many moles are present in 15.8 g of Ca(OH)2? 2. How many grams of sodium nitrate are required to have 0.50 moles? 3. Define orographic precipitation and state the phenomenon caused by it. May 27­9:42 AM Do Now Problems: 1. Solutions of aqueous barium nitrate and sodium hydroxide react to form solid barium hydroxide and aqueous sodium nitrate. Write the balanced equation to represent the reaction. 2. To end up with 342.7 grams of barium hydroxide, how many moles of sodium hydroxide are required for the reaction? Dec 17­7:19 PM 22 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Greenhouse gases Molecules that absorb re­radiated energy in our atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. Without these the average temperature on Earth would be about ­15oC. These absorb infrared energy and heat up (therefore move around more) and pass on that heat energy through conduction and convection. CO2 is the most discussed but there are many others including water, methane, N2O, CFCs, HFCs, and tropospheric ozone that can be much worse (albeit in smaller concentrations). Some have a greater impact than CO2 while others simply last a very long time in the atmosphere and do their damage that way. Jun 1­9:09 PM Jun 1­9:16 PM 23 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Methane hydrate is of particular concern as it is found in huge reserves under the ocean and in the permafrost, sublimes directly from a solid to a gas when warmed, and is 26 times better at trapping energy in our atmosphere. The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect is the warming due to human controlled release of greenhouse gases. Jun 1­9:19 PM Carbon Sinks and Sources Carbon sinks are stores of carbon containing molecules. If the carbon is trapped it cannot affect the climate. Oceans dissolve huge amounts of CO2 (the colder the better) but as they warm they can become a source. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) forms as sea shells and corals and can be deposited on the sea floor before sinking into subduction zones. Forests also store huge amounts of CO2 but can release it during fires or decomposition. Jun 1­9:24 PM 24 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Feedback Loops https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cW4JTHz1aRg Jun 1­9:27 PM Positive Positive Feedback loops are fairly rare but can make a situation get out of control. If the temperature of the Earth cools, more ice will form at the poles. This ice will reflect more of the incoming solar energy causing the Earth to cool even more. This will cause more ice to form and so on. Snowball Earth was an event like this where most of the planet ended up covered in ice. Jun 1­9:29 PM 25 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Negative Negative Feedback Loops are more common in nature. If the temperature rises, more water (a greenhouse gas) evaporates and more clouds form. An increase in clouds means that more solar radiation will get reflected before getting to Earth and a cooling affect will be found. Jun 1­9:36 PM Catastrophic Events Volcanic Dust Levels Volcanoes play a double role in climate change. Sulfur dioxide (and other aerosols) is ejected from volcanoes and can reach high into the stratosphere where atmospheric winds can spread it over a huge area of the Earth. The sulfur dioxide gets altered into sulfate ions which can reflect incoming solar radiation and actually cool the Earth. At the same time, carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) can absorb re­radiated energy and have a warming affect. Jun 1­9:40 PM 26 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Jun 1­9:43 PM Meteorite and Asteroid Collisions These also cause huge amounts of ash and dust to permeate the atmosphere and have similar consequences as volcanoes. Both of these scenarios would lead to a decrease in photosynthesis and the starvation of many animals on top of the deaths caused in the immediate areas. Tsunamis and earthquakes are also a danger but on less of a global scale. Jun 1­9:44 PM 27 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Global warming ­Another grossly inaccurate representation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqVyRa1iuMc May 29­8:08 AM To review the information presented in class today: Read pg. 368 pgs. 422 ­ 424 pgs. 434 ­ 444 (For homework) May 27­10:02 AM 28 Topic 1 ­ Global Systems and Solar Energy.notebook May 30, 2021 Review Questions: The following textbook questions will help to guide your understanding of climate and climate change on Earth. CYU 1­2, 5­7 page 374 CYU 1­6 page 396 Chapter 10 review questions 1­3, 5­9, 12, 13, 17, 21, 22, 31 CYU 1 ­ 5 page 444 CYU 1­5 page 448 Jun 1­9:45 PM Topic Readings: Pg: 364­367 380 384­396 422­424 434­444 May 28­7:40 AM 29