Early American History PDF

​ Leaders of texas ○​ Stephen f austin (1793-1836) ​ Known as the father of texas. Established the first anglo-american settlement in texas and helped to negotiate texas’ annexation to the u.s. ○​ Sam houston (1793-1863) ​ He was the first pr...

​ Leaders of texas ○​ Stephen f austin (1793-1836) ​ Known as the father of texas. Established the first anglo-american settlement in texas and helped to negotiate texas’ annexation to the u.s. ○​ Sam houston (1793-1863) ​ He was the first president of the republic of texas and played a key role in the state’s struggle for independence from mexico ○​ Miriam A. Ferguson (1875 - 1961) ​ First female governor of texas ○​ Barbra jordan (1936 -1996) ​ The first african american woman elected to the texas senate and later became the first african american woman elected to the U.S. house of reps from the south ○​ Ann richards (1993-2006) ​ The second female governor of texas ​ European exploration and colonization ○​ Age of exploration in europe - european nations looked for alternative trade routes and partners and led to what is commonly referred to as this ○​ Spanish exploration ​ Christopher columbus thought the westward route to india across the atlantic was a much better solution, eventually he convince ferdinand and isabella the king and queen of spain to support him ​ he found land located in the modern-day Caribbean in 1492. He called the natives "Indians," as he thought he was in India. Columbus had found a new world; through his exploration, he encouraged other Spanish explorers to sail across the Atlantic. ​ The spanish exploration of the new world had 3 goals God, Glory, and Gold ​ Spanish conquistadors are known for destroying and plundering the empires of mesoamerica, modern central and south america ​ the Spanish King Charles I funded Ferdinand Magellan to connect the Americas and Asia. While he died on the route, his ship completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth (going all the way around). ○​ French exploration ​ Northwest passage - a water route through north america to the pacific that would facilitate trade with asia ​ Jacques cartier led french explorers to the great lakes,, mississippi river, and its tributaries.  ​ They founded three major colorine : Quebec, in present day canada; the large territory of louisiana; and the french west indies in the caribbean. ○​ English exploration ​ In 1588 the english navy, led by the sir francis drake defeated the Spanish Armada in an unexpected victory and established england as the premier european naval power ○​ Key points about european exploration in the americas ​ Columbus convinced the Spanish crown to support his search for a westward route to India by crossing the Atlantic. Instead, he arrived in the modern-day Caribbean, marking the beginning of European exploration of the Americas. ​ The Spanish colonization of the New World led to domination and subjugation of most of modern-day Central and South America, in the name of God, gold, and glory. ​ In searching for a Northwest Passage to make trade with Asia easier, French explorers settled in North and East Canada and along the Mississippi river, trading furs and fish. ​ Though late to begin, compared with the other European powers, the English found great success colonizing the eastern seaboard. ​ The Dutch quickly developed a massive trading empire, with a powerful navy and diverse colonies. ○​ Effect of europeans - Trade ​ The columbian exchange - global exchange of goods, flora, fauna, and cultural practiced between europe and the americas ​ Mercantilism - economic through that dominated europe during the 16,17,18th centuries ​ Economic belief that a country’s wealth is measured by its gold reserves and that countries should export more than they import to built the wealth of the nation ​ The Columbian exchange was the swap of goods and cultural practices between Europe and the Americas. It contributed to the expansion of slavery, shifted the economic paradigm in Europe, and expanded slavery to a massive degree. Complications of these policies would give rise in part to the American Revolution. ​ Triangular trade - global system of trade between the Americas, Europe, and Africa ​ Europeans traveled to Africa where they traded their manufactured goods and rum for enslaved African people. ​  ​ Those enslaved Africans were then sent to the Americas to work in the plantations, growing cash crops of sugar, tobacco, and (later) cotton. ​ These cash crops would then be sold to Europe, where they were turned into manufactured and processed goods to then sell in Africa and the Americas. ​ French and indian war ○​ Seven years war ○​ Began over land disputes surrounding the appalachian mountains. ○​ French and native americans fought british ○​ French cessation of land - french were effectively kicked off the north american continent ○​ Proclamation of 1763 - issues by king george stated that colonists would not be allowed to settle west of the appalachian mountains, including the ohio river valley ​ This angered the colonists because they just fought to get this land and now they cant ○​ Weakened native americas - with many french removed the native americas lost strong military ally ○​ George washington emerged ○​ Ended with the treaty of paris ​  ​ The Monroe Doctrine ○​ 1810s and 1820s revolutions swept south and central america as one by one spain’s colonies broke away. In support of these revolutions and to protect their own sovereignty the united states, under president james monroe ​ Established that all lands in the americas were not to be colonized by european powers and any colonization attempts would be constructed as an act of aggression toward the united states. ​ Us would not take any part in internal european affairs ​ Jacksonian era ○​ Seen as a common man ○​ First president representing the new democratic party jackson opposed the federalist ideas of a national bank ○​ 1833 jackson announced that the gov would no longer use the bank and he pulled all federal funds from the bank and redistributed them to state banks ○​ When its charter expired in 1836 after Jackson vetoed Congress's attempts to draft a new charter, the bank was officially destroyed ​ This was widely seen as an abuse of power and he was ultimately censured by Congress for his actions to remove the bank. This conflict is known as the Bank War. ​ Key Dates in Texas History ○​ c. 10,000 BCE: The first Native Americans arrive in modern-day Texas. ○​ 1519: Spain begins exploration of modern-day Texas. ○​ 1821: Mexico gains independence from Spain; Texas becomes Mexican territory at this time. ○​ 1822: Moses Austin secures an empresarial grant and the "Old Three Hundred," a group of Anglo-Americans, settle parts of Texas. ○​ 1830: Mexico bans any more immigration into Texas by settlers from the United States. ○​ 1835: The Texas Revolution begins at the Battle of Gonzales. ○​ 1836: Texans are defeated by the Mexican army at the Battle of the Alamo, but Texan General Sam Houston defeats Mexican General Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto. As a result, Texas gains independence from Mexico. ○​ 1836: The Runaway Scrape was the mass exodus of Texas settlers fleeing eastward ahead of the advancing Mexican army under General Santa Anna during the Texas Revolution. This period of panic and flight began after the fall of the Alamo on March 6, 1836, and continued until the Texan victory at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836. ○​ 1845: Texas becomes the 28th state after the United States agrees to annexation. ○​ 1846: Disputes over the border of Texas and American expansion result in the Mexican-American War. ○​ 1850: Texas takes its modern-day shape after selling a large portion of land to the federal government in exchange for 10 million dollars in U.S. bonds and the federal government assuming Texas' public debt. ○​ 1861: Texas secedes from the Union and joins the Confederate States of America. ○​ 1861-1865: Around 90,000 Texans fight for the Confederacy against the Union during the American Civil War. ○​ 1865: African American slaves in Texas are officially emancipated on Juneteenth (June 19), two years after Abraham Lincoln announced emancipation in Confederate states with the Emancipation Proclamation. ○​ 1866: The United States government passes an ordinance to nullify the actions of the Confederate States secession on March 15, followed by a proclamation of peace between the U.S. and Texas on August 20, 1866. ○​ 1870: On March 30, Texas officially rejoins the Union after adopting the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments and other requirements set forth by the federal government during the period known as Reconstruction. ○​ 1876: The current Texas Constitution is adopted, heavily aligning with the principles laid out in the U.S. Constitution. ○​ 1894: Oil is discovered in Corsicana, Texas, which eventually leads to the development of the modern oil industry. ○​ 1900: The Hurricane of 1900 devastates Galveston and other areas, prompting Galveston to establish a city commission to aid in speedy reconstruction. ​ This local government structure would be widely adopted by other cities both in and out of Texas. Approximately 8,000 people died during the storm. ​ More than 3,600 homes were destroyed on Galveston Island with a loss of $30 million, about $700 million in today's dollars. ​ Before the Hurricane, all major railroads served Galveston, and 60% of the Texas' cotton crop was exported through Galveston Harbor, so the short-term economic impact was significant.  ​ Both the economy and population of Galveston quickly rebounded and the city again became a leading exporter for Texas and the Gulf region as a whole. ○​ 1910. The Mexican Revolution begins, leading to a large influx of Mexican refugees and immigrants into Texas. This migration altered the demographics and increased the Mexican-American population in Texas. ○​ 1924: Ma Ferguson is elected as the first female governor of Texas. ○​ 1950: The Supreme Court orders the desegregation of the University of Texas Law School in Sweatt v. Painter. ○​ 1954: The Hernandez v. Texas Supreme Court decision ruled that Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment. ○​ 1962: The Manned Spacecraft Center (now the Johnson Space Center) opens in Houston. ○​ 1963: President John F. Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas. Texan Lyndon B. Johnson becomes the next president, serving until 1969. ○​ 1988: Texan George H.W. Bush is elected President of the United States. ○​ 1994: Texas becomes the second most populated state after California due to expanding economic opportunities. ○​ 2000: George W. Bush, the Governor of Texas, is elected President of the United States. ○​ The Six Flags of Texas refer to the six different governments that had control over Texas during its history: ○​ The Kingdom of Spain (1519 – 1685, 1690 – 1821) ○​ The Kingdom of France (1685 – 1690) ○​ The Mexican Federal Republic (1821 – 1836) ○​ The Republic of Texas (1836 – 1845) ○​ The Confederate States of America (1861 – 1865) ○​ The United States of America (1845 – 1861) and (1865 – present) ​ Native texas tribes ○​ When identifying a tribe, it's helpful to remember that the geographic region tribes lived in affected their food sources, and in turn, their food sources impacted the types of dwellings in which they lived.  ​ European explorations ○​ Spanish conquistadors ​ God, Gold, Glory ​ Young second or third born men who did not have wealth sailed to the new world to claim territory in the name of spain ​ 3 primary conquistadors explored the region that became texas ​ Alonso Alverez de Pineda ○​ Spanish explorer in 1519 mapped the coast of texas as well as surrounding coastlines ​ Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca ○​ the first European explorer to actually explore the lands of Texas. ○​ Looking for “Cibola” or the seven cities of gold ○​ He was originally part of the Narváez expedition, which began in 1527, but after disaster struck the expedition, he found himself near present-day Galveston, Texas and wandered the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico. ​ Francisco Vasquez de Coronado ○​ began his search for the mythical "Seven Cities of Gold" soon after the failed Narváez Expedition. ○​ On February 23, 1540, Coronado set out on his expedition to find the Seven Cities of Gold. ○​ modern-day Arizona, New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, ​ Effects of spanish colonization on native americans ​ Encomiendas - land grants from the crown giving the receivers the riht to extract as much wealth for themselves from a specific area