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Leaders of Texas

• Stephen F. Austin (1793-1836) is known as the father of Texas, established the first Anglo-American settlement, and helped negotiate Texas' annexation to the U.S.
• Sam Houston (1793-1863) was the first president of the Republic of Texas and played a key role in the state's struggle for independence from Mexico.
• Miriam A. Ferguson (1875-1961) was the first female governor of Texas.
• Barbara Jordan (1936-1996) was the first African American woman elected to the Texas Senate and later to the U.S. House of Representatives from the South.
• Ann Richards (1993-2006) was the second female governor of Texas.

European Exploration and Colonization

• The Age of Exploration in Europe led nations to seek alternative trade routes and partners.

Spanish Exploration

• Christopher Columbus believed a westward route to India across the Atlantic was a better solution.
• Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain supported Columbus.
• In 1492, Columbus found land in the modern-day Caribbean, calling the natives "Indians" as he thought he was in India.
• Columbus' exploration encouraged other Spanish explorers to sail across the Atlantic.
• The Spanish exploration of the New World had three goals: God, Glory, and Gold.
• Spanish conquistadors are known for destroying and plundering the empires of Mesoamerica, modern Central, and South America.
• King Charles I of Spain funded Ferdinand Magellan to connect the Americas and Asia.
• Magellan's ship completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth, although he died on the route.

French Exploration

• The Northwest Passage was sought as a water route through North America to the Pacific to facilitate trade with Asia.
• Jacques Cartier led French explorers to the Great Lakes, Mississippi River, and its tributaries.
• The French founded three major colonies: Quebec (in present-day Canada), Louisiana, and the French West Indies in the Caribbean.

English Exploration

• In 1588, the English navy, led by Sir Francis Drake, defeated the Spanish Armada.
• This established England as the premier European naval power.

Key points about European Exploration in the Americas

• Columbus convinced the Spanish crown to support his search for a westward route to India by crossing the Atlantic
• He arrived in the modern-day Caribbean, marking the beginning of European exploration of the Americas.
• Spanish colonization of the New World led to domination and subjugation of most of modern-day Central and South America, in the name of God, gold, and glory.
• French explorers, searching for a Northwest Passage for easier trade with Asia, settled in North and East Canada and along the Mississippi River, trading furs and fish.
• Though late to begin, the English found great success colonizing the eastern seaboard.
• The Dutch quickly developed a massive trading empire, with a powerful navy and diverse colonies.

Effects of Europeans - Trade

• The Columbian Exchange was a global exchange of goods, flora, fauna, and cultural practices between Europe and the Americas.
• Mercantilism was the economic theory dominating Europe during the 16th-18th centuries.
• The economic belief was that a country's wealth is measured by its gold reserves and that countries should export more than they import to build the wealth of the nation.
• The Columbian Exchange involved the swap of goods and cultural practices between Europe and the Americas, contributed to the expansion of and shifted the economic paradigm in Europe.
• Triangular trade was a global system of trade between the Americas, Europe, and Africa.
• Europeans traded manufactured goods and rum for enslaved African people in Africa.
• Enslaved Africans were then sent to the Americas to work on plantations, growing cash crops.
• Cash crops were then sold to Europe, turned into manufactured goods, and sold in Africa and the Americas.

French and Indian War

• The French and Indian War lasted seven years.
• The war began over land disputes surrounding the Appalachian Mountains.
• The French and Native Americans fought the British.
• French cessation of land effectively kicked the French off the North American continent.
• The Proclamation of 1763, issued by King George, stated that colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, including the Ohio River Valley.
• This angered the colonists.
• Native Americans were weakened because they lost a strong military ally, the French.
• George Washington emerged, and the war ended with the Treaty of Paris.

Southwest

• The Southwest region is characterized by a hot, dry desert climate.
• The primary inhabitants were farmers who lived in tiered homes made of adobe bricks or were nomadic with temporary mud homes.
• The Hopi, Apache, and Navajo tribes resided in this region.

Great Basin

• The Great Basin has a flat, rocky soil and a desert climate.
• Nomadic hunters and gatherers inhabited the area.
• The Shoshone and Ute tribes resided in this region.

California

• California has a variety of microenvironments, including coasts, rivers, lakes, forests, valleys, deserts, and mountains.
• Sedentary communities thrived due to ample sustenance and achieved significant cultural complexity.
• The Pomo and Chumash tribes resided in this region.

Plateau

• The Plateau region is mountainous and surrounded by four other regions.
• An expansive trade network existed, borrowing innovations from surrounding areas.
• The Yakima and Nez Perce tribes resided in this region.

Northwest Coast

• The Northwest Coast region has ocean and coastal forests.
• The inhabitants hunted in the sea using canoes and created memorial poles and other wood carving art.
• The Chinook tribe resided in this region.

Arctic

• The Arctic region has a cold, harsh environment.
• The inhabitants hunted caribou and sea animals through ice.
• The Inuit and Aleut tribes resided in this region.

The Monroe Doctrine

• Between the 1810s and 1820s, revolutions swept South and Central America as Spain's colonies broke away.
• Under President James Monroe, to support these revolutions and protect their own sovereignty, the United States established that lands in the Americas were not to be colonized by European powers.
• Any colonization attempts would be construed as an act of aggression toward the United States.
• The U.S. agreed not to take part in internal European affairs.

Jacksonian Era

• Andrew Jackson was seen as a common man.
• Jackson, the first president representing the new Democratic Party, opposed the Federalist ideas of a national bank.
• In 1833, Jackson announced that the government would no longer the bank.
• He pulled all federal funds from the bank and redistributed them to state banks.
• The bank was destroyed.
• Jackson vetoed Congress' attempts to draft a new charter and the original charter expired in 1836.
• This was widely seen as an abuse of power and he was ultimately censured by Congress for his actions to remove the bank.
• This conflict is known as the Bank War.

Key Dates in Texas History

• c. 10,000 BCE: The first Native Americans arrive in modern-day Texas.
• 1519: Spain begins exploration of modern-day Texas.
• 1821: Mexico gains independence from Spain; Texas becomes Mexican territory.
• 1822: Moses Austin secures an empresarial grant and the "Old Three Hundred," a group of Anglo-Americans, settle parts of Texas.
• 1830: Mexico bans any more immigration into Texas by settlers from the United States.
• 1835: The Texas Revolution begins at the Battle of Gonzales.
• 1836: Texans are defeated by the Mexican army at the Battle of the Alamo, but Texan General Sam Houston defeats Mexican General Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto.
• This resulted in Texas gaining independence from Mexico.
• 1836: The Runaway Scrape was the mass exodus of Texas settlers fleeing eastward ahead of the advancing Mexican army under General Santa Anna during the Texas Revolution; this period of panic and flight began after the fall of the Alamo on March 6, 1836, and continued until the Texan victory at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836.
• 1845: Texas becomes the 28th state after the United States agrees to annexation.
• 1846: Disputes over the border of Texas and American expansion result in the Mexican-American War.
• 1850: Texas takes its modern-day shape after selling a large portion of land to the federal government in exchange for $10 million in U.S. bonds and the federal government assuming Texas' public debt.
• 1861: Texas secedes from the Union and joins the Confederate States of America.
• 1861-1865: Around 90,000 Texans fought for the Confederacy against the Union during the American Civil War.
• 1865: African American slaves in Texas are officially emancipated on Juneteenth (June 19), two years after Abraham Lincoln announced emancipation in Confederate states with the Emancipation Proclamation.
• 1866: The United States government passes an ordinance to nullify the actions of the Confederate States secession on March 15, followed by a proclamation of peace between the U.S. and Texas on August 20, 1866.
• 1870: On March 30, Texas officially rejoins the Union after adopting the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments and other requirements during the period known as Reconstruction.
• 1876: The current Texas Constitution is adopted.
• 1894: Oil is discovered in Corsicana, Texas.
• 1900: The Hurricane of 1900 devastates Galveston: Galveston established a city commission to aid in speedy reconstruction.
• Other cities widely adopted the local government structure both in and out of Texas.
• Approximately 8,000 people died during the storm.
• More than 3,600 homes were destroyed on Galveston Island with a loss of $30 million (about $700 million in today's dollars).
• Before the Hurricane, all major railroads served Galveston, and 60% of the Texas' cotton crop was exported through Galveston Harbor.
• In 1910, the Mexican Revolution began.
• This led to a large influx of Mexican refugees and immigrants into Texas, altering the demographics and increasing the Mexican-American population.
• 1924: Ma Ferguson is elected as the first female governor of Texas.
• 1950: The Supreme Court orders the desegregation of the University of Texas Law School in Sweatt v. Painter.
• 1954: The Hernandez v. Texas Supreme Court decision ruled that Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment.
• 1962: The Manned Spacecraft Center (now the Johnson Space Center) opens in Houston.
• 1963: President John F. Kennedy is assassinated in Dallas.
• Texan Lyndon B. Johnson becomes the next president, serving until 1969.
• 1988: Texan George H.W. Bush is elected President of the United States.
• 1994: Texas becomes the second most populated state after California due to expanding economic opportunities.
• 2000: George W. Bush, the Governor of Texas, is elected President of the United States.
• The Six Flags of Texas refer to the six different governments that had control over Texas during its history.
• The Kingdom of Spain (1519 – 1685, 1690 – 1821)
• The Kingdom of France (1685 – 1690)
• The Mexican Federal Republic (1821 – 1836)
• The Republic of Texas (1836 – 1845)
• The Confederate States of America (1861 – 1865)
• The United States of America (1845 – 1861) and (1865 – present)

Native Texas Tribes

• The geographic region tribes lived in affected their food sources, and in turn, their food sources impacted the types of dwellings in which they lived. Details include:

Jumano

• West Texas (mountains and basins)
• Food sources: Corn, beans, squash, buffalo
• Adobe pueblos
• Sedentary lifestyle

Lipan Apache

• North Central Plains
• Food source: Buffalo
• Tipis dwelling type
• Horse riders

Comanche

• Northwest Texas plains
• Food source: Buffalo
• Tipis dwelling type
• Warriors, traders and horse riders

Coahuitecan

• Southern Texas (gulf coastal plains)
• Food sources: Deer, Bison, Prickly pear cactus
• Huts constructed with reeds
• Formed from several separate tribes

Tonkawas

• Central Texas plains
• Food sources: Deer, Bison, nuts
• Huts and Tipis
• Conflict with other tribes

Caddo

• Eastern Texas (piney woods)
• Food sources: Corn, Beans, Squash, Deer
• Permanent Wood Frame Homes
• They were considered advanced in their building techniques

Karankawa

• Central Texas and Gulf region
• Food sources: Deer, Bison, Fish
• Campsites near the shore and wigwams
• They were the first to come in contact with colonisers

Spanish Explorations

• Spanish conquistadors were driven by God, Gold, and Glory and were commonly second or third born sons who had no access to wealth
• Spanish conquerors aimed to claim territory for Spain in the new world

Alonso Alverez de Pineda

• Spanish Explorer in 1519
• Mapped the coast of Texas and Surrounding coastlines

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

• First European to explore the lands of Texas
• He searched for the Seven Cities of Gold
• Was originally part of the Narvaez expedition that began in 1527
• He was found near present-day Galveston, Texas and wandered the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico after disaster struck during the expedition

Francisco Vasquez de Colorado

• Began his search for the mythical Seven Cities of Gold soon ater the failed Narvaez expedition
• Launched his expedition to find the 7 Cities of Gold on February 23rd 1540
• Explored modern day Arizona, New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas

Effects of Spanish Colonization

• Encomiendas were land grants from the crown allowing receivers the right to extract as much wealth for themselves from a specific area.