Earth and Life Science L1 PDF

H A N D E A RT EAR TH [{{{ ST E M S SY Earth and Life Science  Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the solar system with properties necessary Learning to su...

H A N D E A RT EAR TH [{{{ ST E M S SY Earth and Life Science  Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the solar system with properties necessary Learning to support life. (S11/12ES-Ia-e-3) Competencies  Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow. (S11/12ES-Ia-e-  Identify the unique characteristics of the Earth.  Enumerate the four subsystems of the Earth and describe each of their Learning composition.  Contrast the layers of the Objectives geosphere and the layers of the atmosphere.  Give the different forms, types, and sources of water.  Cite the importance of the GUESS THE PLANET Earth Uranus Saturn Venus Neptune Mars Mercury Jupiter If you would be given a chance to live in another planet, where could it be?  EARTH is the ONLY planet where LIFE EXISTS. Characteristi cs of Earth to Support Life Atmosphere Location in the Solar System Plate Tectonics Water Atmosphere  It has a vast amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide.  It protects the Earth from meteoroids and asteroids.  It has a protective layer against the UV radiation of the sun. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Location in the Solar System  Earth is located in the habitable zone.  It is at right position from the sun that enables it to harness enough amount of solar https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy energy. Plate Tectonics  It allows the renewal, formation, or disappearance of land forms.  Volcanic eruption release nutrients and minerals locked deep within the Earth’s mantle back into the https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy surface environment. Water  It is renewable as it flows in a natural cycle.  It exists in the air as water vapor, in rivers, lakes, glaciers, and in the ground as soil moisture. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Earth is a closed system. It receives energy from the sun and returns some of this energy to space. Subsystems of the Earth Geosphere Atmosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere Geosphere  It is the solid portion of the Earth which includes landforms, landmasses, plates, rocks and minerals, and the layers of the Earth. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Geosphere Landforms  Mountains which are the highest landforms on Earth.  Volcanoes which are mountains with craters that serve as opening to the molten rocks beneath the Earth’s https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Geosphere Landforms  Islands and archipelagos which are surrounded by water.  Canyons which are deep and steep.  Peninsulas which are strip lands surrounded by water https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Geosphere Landforms  Hills which are dome-shaped extension above the surface.  Plateaus which are flat, elevated landforms.  Valleys which are landforms between https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Geosphere Landforms  Plains which are flat areas in the Earth’s surface. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Geosphere Landmasses  Earth is composed of several landmasses called continents.  It was once composed of a supercontinent called Pangaea surrounded by https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Geosphere Landmasses  Present-day continents are Asia, Australia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, and Antarctica. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Geosphere Plates  These are the Earth’s solid outer shell which are broken into large, rigid pieces that can move relative to each other by sliding atop the non-solid https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Geosphere Plates  Major plates include North American Plate, South American Plate, Eurasian Plate, Australian Plate, African Plate, Antarctic Plate, and Pacific Plate. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Geosphere Rocks and Minerals  Rocks are solid aggregates of minerals.  Minerals are naturally occurring substances formed in the Earth.  Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling of magma. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Geosphere Rocks and Minerals  Sedimentary rocks are formed from the aggregation of sediments.  Metamorphic rocks are formed from pre- existing rocks through different processes. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Geosphere Layers of the Earth Inner Core  Extremely dense and is made mostly of iron and nickel.  Its temperature is around 5,400ºC. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Geosphere Layers of the Earth Outer Core  It is made from iron and nickel in liquid form.  It is heated largely by radioactive decay of uranium and thorium churning in huge, turbulent currents. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Geosphere Layers of the Earth Mantle  It is made mostly of iron, magnesium, and silicon.  It is dense, hot, and semi-solid.  Asthenosphere is found near its upper edges. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Geosphere Layers of the Earth Crust  It is extremely thin, cold, and brittle.  It is made of relatively light elements such as silica, aluminum, and oxygen. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Atmosphere  It is the blanket of gases that cover the Earth.  It is mainly composed of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%).  It blocks solar winds, traps heat, and enables weather https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy conditions. Layers of the Atmosphere Troposphere  It comprises 75% of the Earth’s atmosphere where the temperature ranges from 15ºC to - 57ºC.  This is where weather happens. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Layers of the Atmosphere Stratosphere  It contains the ozone layer that protects the Earth from the sun’s harmful radiation.  Its temperature ranges from -57ºC to - 5ºC. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Layers of the Atmosphere Mesosphere  The temperature decreases as height increases the layer.  It is thick in gas volume burning meteors and other objects entering or exiting the Earth’s atmosphere. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Layers of the Atmosphere Thermosphere  It has extremely hot gases due to the sun’s radiation that are arranged horizontally based on mass.  This is where Aurora Borealis generally occurs. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Layers of the Atmosphere Exosphere  It is a very thin layer of gases.  This is where the atmosphere and the outer space interacts. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Hydrosphere  It is the liquid portion of the Earth which comprises three-fourths of the Earth’s surface.  It is mainly composed of water. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Hydrosphere Forms of Water  Liquid water are those observed in different water forms like the ocean, sea, and river.  Water vapors are atmospheric water like clouds and fogs.  Ice is a solid water https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Hydrosphere Types of Water  Saltwater comprises 97% of all the water on Earth. It has high salinity and can be found in oceans and seas.  Freshwater constitutes the remaining 3%. It is https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Hydrosphere Sources of Water  Groundwater is the main source of freshwater. It is stored in aquifier.  Bodies of water like oceans, seas, gulfs, bays, and straits. https://www.pexels.com/@mike birdy Biosphere  This is where organisms live and interact with the environment.  It is the totality of biodiversity in Earth. Biosphere Level of Biological Organization  Population is a group of organisms of the same species.  Community is a group of different populations. Biosphere Level of Biological Organization  Ecosystem is a group of different communities interacting with the environment. Biosphere Three Domains of Organisms  Archaea  Bacteria  Eukarya Biosphere Domain Archaea  Unicellular prokaryotic nature  Have RNA (three polymerases)  Asexual reproduction by the fission process  Have a cell wall but do not have nuclei Biosphere Domain Archaea  Acidophiles- live at pH below 1  Alkaliphiles- live in very salty environments  Thermophiles- live at high temperatures (113°C) Biosphere Domain Archaea  Psychrophiles- live in cold temperatures (4°C)  Methanogens- produce the gas methane  Thermoacidophiles- withstand acidic high-temperature Biosphere Domain Bacteria  Unicellular prokaryotic nature  Have RNA (one polymerase)  Asexual reproduction by the fission process  Have a cell wall but do not have nuclei Biosphere Domain Bacteria  Cyanobacteria- blue-green algae capable of carrying out photosynthesis  Chlamydiae- parasitic bacteria that reproduce within host’s cells. Biosphere Domain Bacteria  Firmicutes- a phylum of Gram-positive bacteria  Proteobacteria- a phylum of Gram- negative bacteria  Spirochetes- long, helically coiled cells with double- Biosphere Domain Eukarya  Multi-cellular eukaryortic nature  Have double-helix DNA  Have nuclei  Asexual and sexual reproduction Biosphere Domain Eukarya  Kingdom Protista- unicellular eukaryotes except the brown algae, which is multicellular and reproduce asexually and sexually by cell fusion and zygote formation. Biosphere Domain Eukarya  Kingdom Fungi- are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes having specialized cell walls made of chitin and reproduce sexually, asexually, and vegetatively. Biosphere Domain Eukarya  Kingdom Plantae- includes all multicellular, autotrophic eukaryotic organisms except some that are partially heterotrophic such as insectivorous plants Biosphere Domain Eukarya  Kingdom Animalia- includes multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms. That lack cell wall and demonstrate the sexual mode of reproduction by the copulation. “Success is not final; failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts.” ~ Winston S. Churchill  This presentation is prepared by Clarie Ann L. Manalo “Docendo discimus.”