E109 Lecture 13&14 Fall 2024 PDF

Other Routes of Infection Parasympatheic sympathetic 3 other potential routes of infection – Digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts All 3 lined by epithelial cells – Cells secrete mu...

Other Routes of Infection Parasympatheic sympathetic 3 other potential routes of infection – Digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts All 3 lined by epithelial cells – Cells secrete mucus which traps microbes Digestive tract – Salivary lysozymes – acidic stomach – Nonpathogenic normal flora Respiratory tract likenag – Cilia-brushing away bad stuff Urinary tract – Acidic urine – Nonpathogenic normal flora Platelets and clotting Lecture 13A Platelets and clotting Lecture 13A Chapter 16 Understand the tissue repair cascade Learn how platelets plug breaches Learn how clotting works as a cascade Tissue repair cascade: three steps cuttearofbloodvessies Blood vessel 3 1 damage ss “an enzyme” l o l uid 2 F Collagen Coagulation Vasoconstriction exposure cascade likea clamp toprevent 1 19 tsionsbloodflow Thrombin Stimulus Platelets adhere, synthesis Sensory/receptor release platelet factors Integrating center Efferent path Fibrinogen Effector converted to fibrin Platelet aggregation Platelets plug formation is site-specific local paracrine 1 Platelets bind to collagen and are activated 2 Platelets release platelet factors Prostacyclin 3 plagieneadeditiisto attractother prevents “hormone” 3 Factors attract platelets platelet binding 4 2 4 Platelets form plug 1 collegen exposure signal that theres a problem Platelets go to collegen toattract releaseproteins moreplatelets Figure 16-9 Clot dissolution occurs during would healing Coagulation Clot Fibrinolysis thatstopsbleeding process IGkblood whenbloodvesselsdamased form inactivated clots is a protease ftp.tfriiaset Plasminogen Thrombin Tissue Plasmin Activator form inactivated Fibrinogen Fibrin is a zymogen polymer Plasmin Fibrin blood (enzyme) fragments clot breakfreight's Requires calcium-anti-coagulants are calcium blockers Note: Plasmin is activated by TPA and Thrombin Respiratory system Lecture 13A Respiratory system Lecture 13B Learning goals Understand the basics of respiration Learn the structure of the respiratory system Observe how mucus protects airways Learn how gas laws dictate gas exchange Observe how gas diffusion changes going from air to liquid Respiratory system Lecture 13B Branching of respiratory system 0 15-22 1 2.5 1 10-15 2 2 4 3 4 1-10 5 6-11 1 x 104 2 x 104 100 12-23 0.5-1.0 8 x 107 5 x 103 24 0.3 5 x 108 1 x 106 Respiratory system Lecture 13B surface area Respiratory system Lecture 13B Highly vasccularized The return of Fick’s law Extracellular fluid Membrane Lipid Molecular Concentration surface area solubility size outside cell Membrane Concentration thickness gradient Composition of lipid layer Intracellular fluid Concentration inside cell Fick's Law of Diffusion says: highpressure lowpressure surface area concentration gradient membrane permeability Rate of diffusion membrane thickness Membrane permeability lipid solubility Membrane permeability molecular size Changing the composition of the lipid layer can increase or decrease membrane permeability. Figure 5-6 Atmosphere is a mixture of gasses 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 1% Other (mostly Ar and CO2) Atmospheric pressure At sea level = 760 mm Hg P! = 760 x 0.78 = 593 mm Hg ! P# = 760 x 0.21 = 160 mm Hg ! P"# = 760 x 0.0004 = 0.3 mm Hg ! Dalton’s Law There is about 694 Total pressure is sum of all gasses mm Hg total gas Partial pressure = pressure for a single gas pressure in our blood 100 mm Hg is O2 Physiologists interested in O2 and CO2 40 mm Hg is CO2 Denoted as P! or P"! ! ! in vascularsystem Respiratory system Lecture 14A Respiratory system Lecture 14A Learning goals Finish thinking about how the respiratory system gets gasses in and out Learn the common respiratory pathologies Learn the necessity and basic function of hemoglobin (Hb) Pulmonary circuit: high-flow, low-pressure CO2 O2 10% of blood volume Exchange I: is inthepulmonarysystem Airways atmosphere Alveoli to lung (ventilation) Low resistance because of of lungs short distance and huge cross Exchange II: lung to blood sectional area Pulmonary verylargesurfaceareapressure isslow circulation Pressure is 25/8 mm Hg Transport of gases in the blood Systemic circulation CO2 Exchange III: blood to cells Cellular Cells respiration Nutrients Figure 17-1 Alveoli: the site of gas exchange Endothelium RBC Plasma