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Information and Communication Technology 1  Information and Communication Technology TABLE OF CONTENTS Ch.1. Electronics.......................................................

Information and Communication Technology 1  Information and Communication Technology TABLE OF CONTENTS Ch.1. Electronics.................................................................................................................................. 3 Previous year questions.................................................................................................................... 14 1.2. Information And Communication Technology......................................................................... 15 Previous year Questions................................................................................................................... 24 Ch. 2. Robotics................................................................................................................................... 26 Previous Year questions................................................................................................................... 37 2.2. Artificial Intelligence................................................................................................................... 38 Previous Year Questions................................................................................................................... 46 ch. 3. E-governance........................................................................................................................... 47 Previous year questions.................................................................................................................... 52 Ch. 4. Internet..................................................................................................................................... 53 Previous Year Questions................................................................................................................... 64 4.2. Social Networking Sites.............................................................................................................. 66 Previous Year Questions................................................................................................................... 73 5. E-Commerce................................................................................................................................... 74 Previous Year Question..................................................................................................................... 81 QR For PW Telegram QR For PW YouTube 2  Information and Communication Technology CH.1. ELECTRONICSS INTRODUCTION Electronics is a field of physics that studies the behavior and control of electrons (charged particles) in a variety of materials, particularly semiconductors like silicon. It includes the study of electronic parts, circuits, systems, and apparatus as well as the use of electronic concepts to generate and regulate electrical signals for a variety of functions. The fundamental components of all electronic circuits are sources from which electrons can be obtained. Such devices were primarily vacuum tubes (also known as valves) before the 1948 discovery of the transistor. Examples include the vacuum diode, which has two electrodes, the anode (often referred to as plate), and the cathode; the triode, which has three electrodes, the cathode, plate, and grid; and the tetrode and pentode (with 4 and 5 electrodes respectively). Electronics deal with the flow of charge through nonmetal conductors (Semiconductors). Electrical deals with the flow of charge through metal conductors. Conductors and insulators are two distinct classes of materials. Conductors Conductors are materials that allow electric current to flow easily through them. They have a high density of free electrons that can move in response to an applied electric field. Examples: Common conductors include metals such as copper, graphite, aluminum, silver, and gold. Silver has the highest electrical conductivity of all metals. Mercury is an excellent liquid conductor. Conductors are used in various electrical and electronic applications, including wires, cables, connectors, and the conductive traces on printed circuit boards. Insulators Insulators are materials that do not allow electric current to flow easily through them. They have a high electrical resistance and do not have a significant number of free electrons available for conducting electricity. Examples: Common insulators include materials like rubber, plastic, glass, ceramics, and wood. Semiconductors These are a class of materials that have electrical conductivity properties between those of conductors (like metals) and insulators (like rubber or glass). 3  Information and Communication Technology These materials are characterized by their ability to conduct electric current under certain conditions and to insulate against current flow under other conditions. Examples- semiconductors include antimony, arsenic, boron, carbon, germanium, selenium, silicon. In News Digital India RISC-V (DIR-V) Program is a forward-looking initiative that aims to uplift India's semiconductor ecosystem. Aim- promote indigenous innovation in the field of microprocessors. Source - The Hindu Types of Semiconductor Intrinsic semiconductors Pure semiconductors are called ‘intrinsic semiconductors’. The presence of charge carriers (electrons and holes) is an ‘intrinsic’ property of the material and these are obtained as a result of thermal excitation. The number of electrons (ne) is equal to the number of holes (nh) in intrinsic conductors. Holes are essentially electron vacancies with an effective positive charge. Extrinsic semiconductors The number of charge carriers can be changed by ‘doping’ of a suitable impurity in pure semiconductors. Such semiconductors are known as extrinsic semiconductors. Terms related to semiconductor Band Structure Semiconductors have a valence band, which is partially filled with electrons, and a conduction band, which is empty at low temperatures. The energy gap between these bands, known as the bandgap, determines the semiconductor's conductivity properties. Doping Doping is the process of intentionally introducing impurities into a semiconductor material to alter its electrical properties. Two common types of dopants are added: n-type (donor) dopants, which introduce extra electrons, and p-type (acceptor) dopants, which create electron vacancies or "holes." 4  Information and Communication Technology N-Type and P-Type Semiconductors When we introduce n-type dopants (atoms with five valence electrons like phosphorus, antimony, and arsenic) into a semiconductor, it becomes more conductive because it has excess electrons. Conversely, we introduce p-type dopants (boron or gallium has three valence electrons), which become less conductive due to the presence of electron vacancies or holes. P-N Junction A p-n junction is a boundary formed when a p-type semiconductor is in contact with an n-type semiconductor. This junction has unique electrical properties, including the formation of a depletion region where free carriers (electrons and holes) are scarce. P-N junctions are fundamental components of diodes, transistors, and other semiconductor devices. Transistors The first working device was a point-contact transistor invented in 1947 by physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley at Bell Labs. A transistor is a semiconductor that regulates or controls voltage and current flow, and also amplifies (increases) the electrical signals, and acts as a switch/gate for them. They are the building blocks of digital and analog electronic circuits and play a central role in computers, amplifiers, and a wide range of electronic systems. Types of Transistors Bipolar Junction Transistor A bipolar junction transistor, abbreviated as BJT, is so named because it performs its function using two PN junctions. This BJT is nothing more than a regular transistor. It comes in two configurations: NPN and PNP. 5  Information and Communication Technology The NPN transistor is made by placing a ptype material between two n-type materials. The PNP transistor is made by placing an ntype material between two p-type materials. NPN Transistors NPN transistors are those that have one p-type material sandwiched between two n-type materials. The NPN transistor amplifies the weak signal that enters the base and generates high-amplitude signals at the collector end. In an NPN transistor, an electron moves from the emitter to the collector region, causing current to flow through the transistor. This type of transistor is commonly used in circuits because its majority charge carriers are electrons, which have higher mobility than holes. PNP Transistor The PNP transistor is a type of transistor in which one n-type material is doped with two p-type materials. It is a device that operates on current. The emitter and collector currents were both controlled by a small amount of base current. Two crystal diodes are connected back to back in the PNP transistor. The diode's left side is known as the emitter-base diode, and the diode's right side is known as the collector-base diode. Field-Effect Transistor A field-effect transistor (FET) is a three-terminal unipolar semiconductor device. In contrast to a bipolar junction transistor, it is a voltage-controlled device. The main advantage of FET is its extremely high input impedance, which is measured in Mega Ohms. It has numerous advantages, including low power consumption, low heat dissipation, and the fact that FETs are highly efficient devices. 6  Information and Communication Technology MOSFET It functions as two MOSFET devices connected in series. There are two gates built along the length of the channel. Both gates have an impact on MOSFET operation and output. Junction Field Effect Transistor This type of FET transistor does not have PN junctions, but the majority of current flows through two electrical connections at either end known as the Drain and Source. These are classified as N-channel or P-channel. This transistor is a voltage-controlled device. It doesn’t need any biasing current. Integrated Circuits (ICs) It is the heart of all computer systems. The IC was first invented by Jack Kilky at Texas Instruments in 1958 and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for this in 2000. ICs, also known as microchips or chips, are complex semiconductor devices that contain millions or even billions of transistors and other components on a small piece of semiconductor material. ICs are produced on a piece of semiconductor crystal (or chip) by a process called photolithography. Types of Integrated circuit Analog IC An analog integrated circuit is a circuit that involves an output signal that follows a continuous input signal. Examples of analog integrated circuits are: operational amplifiers, power management circuits, and sensors Digital IC A digital integrated circuit can read data in binary values, such as 0 and 1, and handle discrete signals. Logic gates, multiplexers, and other components are commonly found in digital integrated circuits. It might have a big microprocessor or an amplifier in it. Mixed IC A mixed circuit combines a digital integrated circuit and an analog integrated circuit. Either digital to analog conversions or analog-to-digital conversions are carried out by the mixed type of integrated circuit. Classification of ICs 7  Information and Communication Technology Based on the size of their chips, integrated circuits are classified into four types: SSI – Small-Scale Integration This type of integrated circuit has around 3 to 30 gate chips. MSI – Medium Scale Integration This type of integrated circuit has around 30 to 300 gates per chip. LSI – Large-Scale Integration This type of integrated circuit has around 300 to 3000 gates per chip. VLSI – Very Large-Scale Integration This type of integrated circuit has more than 3,000 gates per chip. Microprocessor The microprocessor is an Integrated Chip that processes all information in a computer, like keeping track of what keys are pressed, running programs, games, etc. It is a microchip made from semiconductor materials and contains millions or even billions of transistors, which allow it to execute instructions and perform calculations. Microprocessors contain registers, which are small, high-speed storage locations used for temporary data storage and manipulation. o Registers play a crucial role in the execution of instructions. In News C-DAC has achieved significant progress in the development of the VEGA series of dual-core and quad-core microprocessors and two designs are ready for fabrication. The first one is a 32-bit embedded processor that could be used in smart energy meters, smart water and gas meters, IoT devices, multimedia processing, and AR/VR applications. It is a low-power, low-footprint, and low-cost chip which could be deployed for wider applications. They had set an ambitious target of meeting at least 10% of the country’s microprocessor requirement. C-DAC director general, Magesh Ethirajan Source - www.cdac.in ‘Shakti’, India’s first indigenous microprocessor is designed, developed, and booted by the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, with a microchip fabricated in the Semi-Conductor Laboratory of Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) at Chandigarh. The top 3 importers of microprocessors are the United States followed by India and Vietnam. Fuse A fuse is a safety device used to protect electrical circuits and electrical equipment from excessive current, which could lead to overheating, damage, or even fire. Fuses are designed to break or "blow" when the current flowing through them exceeds a certain threshold, thus interrupting the circuit and preventing further electrical flow. Fuse wire is made of an alloy of lead and tin because its resistivity is high and melting point is low. Types of fuse Cartridge Fuses: These cylindrical fuses are commonly used in industrial and residential electrical systems. Blade or Plug Fuses: These fuses are often used in automotive applications and some residential electrical systems. Resettable Fuses: Also known as polymeric positive temperature coefficient (PPTC) devices or "resettable fuses," these do not permanently blow like traditional fuses but instead self-reset after the overcurrent condition is removed. Surface Mount Fuses: These are tiny fuses designed for use on printed circuit boards (PCBs) in electronic devices. 8  Information and Communication Technology Rectifier An electronic device called a rectifier uses one or more P-N junction diodes to change alternating current into direct current. A rectifier is an electrical device or circuit that converts alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). Rectifiers are used in various applications where DC power is required, such as in power supplies for electronic devices, battery charging, and converting AC power from the electrical grid to a form suitable for electronic circuits. Types Half-Wave Rectifier: A half-wave rectifier uses only one diode to allow current to flow during half of the AC cycle, resulting in pulsating DC output. Half-wave rectifiers are used as mosquito repellent. Full-Wave Rectifier: A full-wave rectifier uses multiple diodes (usually four) to allow current to flow during both halves of the AC cycle, providing a smoother and more constant DC output. Other components of Electronics Resistor Resistors are passive electronic components designed to restrict the flow of electric current in a circuit. The flow of electrons is impeded by them, and electrical energy is transformed into heat energy. The resistance value of a resistor, expressed in ohms { Ω }, serves as a defining characteristic. Capacitor: Capacitors are passive electronic components used to store and release electrical energy in the form of an electric field. They can store charge and provide capacitance. Capacitors are characterized by their capacitance, measured in farads (F). Diode A diode is a semiconductor device that allows the flow of electric current in one direction (forward bias) while blocking it in the opposite direction (reverse bias). Diodes are used for rectification, signal clamping, and voltage regulation. Some important Types of Diode Zener diode The Zener diode was invented by the physicist Clarence Melvin Zener. Zener diodes are semiconductor devices that allow current to flow in both directions but specialize in current flowing in reverse. Zener diodes are used as a voltage regulator or a voltage reference in a DC circuit. 9  Information and Communication Technology Laser Diode Laser- light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation It is a semiconductor device that emits coherent light when an electric current is applied to it. Laser diodes are widely used in various applications, including telecommunications, laser pointers, barcode scanners, optical storage devices (like DVD and Blu-ray drives), and medical equipment. Schottky diodes Schottky diodes are special diodes designed for radiofrequency applications. It has a low forward voltage drop, which is typically 0.15-0.45V. Schottky diodes are used where limiting losses and high frequency are required, such as in RF applications where low forward voltage drop and high frequency are required. These diodes are also used in rectification. In the diode detector circuit, a Schottky diode is also used. Gun Diodes Gunn diodes are used to build oscillators with frequencies ranging from 10 GHz to high (THz). Arsenic gallium arsenide Gunn diodes are designed to operate at frequencies of up to 200 GHz. Gallium nitride materials, on the other hand, can reach up to 3 TeraHertz. During radio communications, oscillators made from Gunn diodes are used. Gunn diodes are used in applications such as automatic door openers, radar speed guns, and microwave relay data link transmitters. These are used in military equipment as well. This diode is the foundation of all tachometers. Varactor Diode It is used to keep the charge. The varactor diode is a voltage-dependent semiconductor device that always operates in reverse bias. The varactor diode is used in situations where variable capacitance is required, and that capacitance is controlled by the voltage. Tunnel diode A tunnel diode is a heavily doped p-n junction diode with a decreasing electric current as the voltage increases. Electric current is generated by "tunnelling" in a tunnel diode. In computers, the tunnel diode is used as a very fast switching device. It is also used in oscillators and amplifiers with high frequencies. It is used in ultra-high speed switching electronic circuits PIN diode It converts optical signals into electrical signals. The PIN diode was first used as a low-frequency and high-power rectifier in 1952. Because it is a good light absorber, it was even used in microwave applications and as a photodetector. A PIN diode is a type of diode with an undoped intrinsic semiconductor region sandwiched between the p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor regions. These two regions are heavily doped because they are used for ohmic contacts. Photo Diode When light strikes the surface of a photodiode, it begins to conduct electricity. The photodiodes are connected in reverse bias mode. 10  Information and Communication Technology The photodiodes are the ones that detect light. They are designed to capture energy from photons of light and generate a hole electron pair, which is responsible for conduction. Photodiodes do not generate electricity. A photodiode is not the same as a solar cell because solar cells are not connected to any power source and instead act as a source. However, in reverse bias mode, the photodiodes are connected to a voltage source. Step Recovery Diode A step recovery diode, or SRD, is a semiconductor diode that is used to generate very short pulses. o Because this diode has a high switching speed at a low frequency, it is also used as a charge-controlled switch. This diode is capable of producing extremely sharp pulses. LASER Diode This Diode is not the same as an LED; it produces coherent polarised unidirectional light that is highly concentrated in a small diameter. There is a very quick response time. They can be found in CD players, barcode scanners, printers, fax machines, and laser printers. Developments of electronics in India The Department of Electronics was founded in 1970. Central Electronics Limited is a Government of India Enterprise under the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) In order to commercially exploit domestic technologies created by national laboratories and other R&D institutions in the nation, it was founded in 1974. C-DAC Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) is the premier R&D organization of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) for carrying out R&D in IT, Electronics, and associated areas. It is the apex research and development wing of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. It was established in 1988. It is located in Pune, Maharashtra. India's first homegrown supercomputer, the Param 8000, was created by C-DAC in 1991. National Policy on Electronics 2019 (NPE 2019) According to the policy, India will serve as a key location for electronic system design and manufacturing (ESDM) worldwide. It is aimed at achieving a turnover of 400 billion dollars for the electronics sector by the year 2025 while generating employment opportunities for one crore people. Additionally, it aims to manufacture 1 billion mobile phones in India by 2025. It envisions building an environment that will allow the electronics industries to compete on a global scale. Important points Metals have low resistivity 10^-2 to 10^-8 Ωm), insulators have very high resistivity (>108 Ωm–1), while semiconductors have intermediate values of resistivity. Semiconductors are elemental (Si, Ge) and compound (GaAs, CdS, etc.). When the transistor is used in the cutoff or saturation state, it acts as a switch. 11  Information and Communication Technology US-based Company – Micron Technology, has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the state government of Gujarat to establish a Semiconductor Unit worth Rs 22,500 crore near Ahmedabad. Indian semiconductor industry in 2022 was USD 27 Billion, with over 90% being imported, and therefore a significant external dependence for Indian chip consumers. Countries exporting semiconductors to India include China, Taiwan, the USA, Japan, etc. In 2021, India announced its roughly USD 10 billion Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme to encourage semiconductor and display manufacturing in the country. India has also launched the Scheme for Promotion of Manufacturing of Electronic Components and Semiconductors (SPECS) for manufacturing of electronics components and semiconductors. 12 Information and Communication Technology 13  Information and Communication Technology PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Prelims 1. Which of the following diode is used in ultra-high speed switching electronic circuits? (a) Zener diode (b) Varactor diode (c) Tunnel diode (d) Schottky diode Answer (c) Practice Questions 1. Where is the national physical laboratory located? (a) Bangalore (b) Mumbai (c) Kolkata (d) Delhi Answer (c) 2. What is the purpose of a diode in an electronic circuit? (a) To amplify signals (b) To store electrical energy (c) To rectify AC voltage to DC voltage (d) To control the flow of current Answer (c) 3. Which electronic component is primarily used to store electrical charge? (a) Resistor (b) Capacitor (c) Transistor (d) Inductor Answer (b) 4. What is the function of a transistor in an amplifier circuit? (a) To store energy (b) To amplify signals (c) To control voltage (d) To filter noise Answer (b) 5. In digital electronics, what does the term "bit" represent? (a) A binary digit, either 0 or 1 (b) A decimal digit, 0 through 9 (c) A unit of electrical resistance (d) A unit of electrical current Answer (a) 6. What is the primary function of an operational amplifier (op-amp) in electronic circuits? (a) To generate random signals (b) To filter out high-frequency noise (c) To perform mathematical operations on analog signals (d) To amplify and condition analog signals Answer (d) 7. CDAC was established in? (a) 1988 (b) 1983 (c) 1985 (d) 1896 Answer (a) 8. When the transistor is used in the cutoff or saturation state, it acts as a (a) Fuse (b) Switch (c) Transistor (d) None of these Answer (b) 14  Information and Communication Technology 9. The Department of Electronics was founded in (a) 1907 (b) 1908 (c) 1970 (d) 1909 Answer (c) 10. These cylindrical fuses commonly used in industrial and residential electrical systems? (a) Cartridge Fuses (b) Blade or Plug Fuses (c) Resettable Fuses (d) Surface Mount Fuse Answer (a) 1.2. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION ICTs is a broader term for Information Technology (IT), which refers to all communication technologies such as the internet, wireless networks, cell phones, computers, software, middleware, video-conferencing, social networking, and other media applications and services that allow users to access, retrieve, store, transmit, and manipulate information in digital form. Computers A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to accept data (input), process it, and generate results (output). A computer along with additional hardware and software is called a computer system. Brief History of Computers Year Features 1822 Mathematician Charles Babbage invented the steam-powered calculating machine capable of calculating number tables. 1848 The world’s first computer program was written by Ada Lovelace. 1872 The first modern analog computer was the tide-predicting machine, invented by Sir William Thomson 1890 Herman Hollerith created the punch card technique 1936 Alan Turing devised the Turing machine, the universal machine that could compute anything. 1945 John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert invent the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). 1946 The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) was the first commercially available general-purpose electronic digital computer in the United States. 1953 Grace Hopper, developed the first computer language, COBOL, which stands for Common, Business-Oriented Language. It allowed a computer user to give instructions to the computer in English-like words rather than numbers. 1954 The FORTRAN programming language, an acronym for FORmula TRANslation, was created by John Backus and a team of IBM programmers. 15  Information and Communication Technology 1958 Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce invented the integrated circuit 1962 Atlas, the world's fastest computer at the time, and it pioneered the concept of "virtual memory." 1976 Apple Computers was founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, 1981 The laptop was invented by Adam Osborne in 1981. It was called ''Osborne 1''. Types of Computers Analog Computers Analog computers are intended to handle analog data. Analog data is continuously changing data that cannot have discrete values. Analog computers are used when exact values are not required, such as speed, temperature, pressure, and current. Analog computers accept data directly from measuring devices without first converting it to numbers and codes. They measure continuous changes in physical quantity and typically output a reading on a dial or scale. Example- a speedometer and a mercury thermometer. Digital Computers Digital computers are built in such a way that they can quickly perform calculations and logical operations. It receives raw data and processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the final output. It only understands binary input 0 and 1, so the computer converts raw input data to 0 and 1 before processing it to produce the result or final output. All modern computers, including laptops, desktop computers, and smartphones, are digital computers. Supercomputers: They are the most powerful and fastest computers (in terms of data processing speed). Supercomputers are designed to process massive amounts of data, such as trillions of instructions or data in a single second. This is due to supercomputers' thousands of interconnected processors. 16  Information and Communication Technology It's primarily used in scientific and engineering applications like weather forecasting, scientific simulations, and nuclear energy research. It was invented in 1976 by Seymour Roger Cray. o Anupam's series supercomputers were developed by BARC-Bhabha Atomic Research Center. o 'Pace' series supercomputers were developed by DRDO-Defense Research and Development Organization Hyderabad. o India's first supercomputer 'Flow Solver' was developed by NAL-National Aeronautics Lab, Bangalore. As of 2023, there are 3 systems based in India on the TOP500 supercomputer list. Rank Site Name 75 C-DAC, Pune AIRAWAT 131 Centre for Development of Advanced Computing PARAM Siddhi-AI 169 Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pratyush (Cray XC40) Mainframe Computers Mainframe computers are built in such a way that they can support hundreds or thousands of concurrent users. It also supports multiple programs at the same time. As a result, they can run multiple processes at the same time. All of these characteristics make the mainframe computer ideal for large organizations such as banking and telecommunications, which process a large volume of data in general. Minicomputer A minicomputer is a multiprocessing computer of medium size. This type of computer has two or more processors and can support up to 200 users at once. Minicomputers are used in places such as institutes or departments for a variety of tasks such as billing, accounting, inventory management, and so on. It is smaller than a mainframe computer but larger than a microcomputer. Microcomputer A microcomputer is also referred to as a personal computer. It has a central processing unit (microprocessor), memory, storage area, input unit, and output unit. Microcomputers include laptops and desktop computers. They are appropriate for personal work such as completing an assignment, watching a movie, or working at the office. Hybrid computer Hybrid computers combine analog and digital computers. Hybrid computers are as fast as analog computers but have the memory and precision of digital computers. As a result, it can handle both continuous and discrete data. 17  Information and Communication Technology When it receives analog signals as input, it converts them to digital form before processing the data. A hybrid computer is a processor used in petrol pumps that converts fuel flow measurements into quantity and price. Generations of Computer: Generations of Computer Time-Period Hardware First Generation 1940s – 1950s Vacuum Tube Based Second Generation 1950s – 1960s Transistor Based Third Generation 1960s – 1970s Integrated Circuit Based Fourth Generation 1970s – Present Microprocessor Based Fifth Generation Present – Future Artificial Intelligence Software Based 18  Information and Communication Technology Components of Computer Systems: A computer system is made up of several components, including a central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and storage devices. All of these components work together as a single unit to produce the desired result. It can range from a powerful server to a personal desktop, laptop, tablet, or smartphone. CPU (Central Processing Unit) The electronic circuit of a computer that performs the actual processing and is commonly referred to as the brain of a computer. It is also known as a processor. A CPU can be physically placed on one or more microchips known as integrated circuits (IC). The CPU is given instructions and data through programs. The CPU then fetches the program and data from the memory performs arithmetic and logic operations as per the given instructions and stores the result back to memory. While processing, the CPU stores the data as well as instructions in its local memory called registers. CPU has two main components. o Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) ✓ ALU performs all the arithmetic and logic operations that need to be done as per the instruction in a program. o Control Unit (CU) ✓ CU controls sequential instruction execution, interprets instructions, and guides data flow through the computer’s memory, ALU, and input or output devices. Input Devices The devices through which control signals are sent to a computer are termed input devices. These devices convert the input data into a digital form that is acceptable by the computer system. Examples: keyboard, mouse, scanner, touch screen, etc., Besides, we can use Google voice search to search the web where we can input the search string through our voice. 19  Information and Communication Technology Data entered through the input device is temporarily stored in the main memory (also called RAM- Random Access Memory) of the computer system. Types of Memory Primary Memory Program and data are loaded into the primary memory before processing. The CPU interacts directly with the primary memory to perform read or write operations. It is of two types Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM is volatile, i.e., as long as the power is supplied to the computer, it retains the data in it. But as soon as the power supply is turned off, all the contents of RAM are wiped out. RAM is usually referred to as main memory and it is faster than the secondary memory or storage devices. o SRAM:- Static Random Access Memory o DRAM:- Dynamic Random Access Memory Read Only Memory (ROM). On the other hand, ROM is non-volatile, which means its contents are not lost even when the power is turned off. It is used as a small but faster permanent storage for the contents which are rarely changed. For example, the startup program (boot loader) that loads the operating system into primary memory, is stored in ROM.they are further classified as o PROM:-Programmable Read Only Memory o EPROM:-Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory o EEPROM:-Electronic Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory Cache Memory To speed up the operations of the CPU, a very high-speed memory is placed between the CPU and the primary memory known as a cache. It stores the copies of the data from frequently accessed primary memory locations, thus, reducing the average time required to access data from primary memory. This type of memory is costlier than main memory or disk memory but it is more economical than CPU registers. Secondary Memory The secondary memory is non-volatile and has a larger storage capacity than primary memory. It is slower and cheaper than the main memory. But, it cannot be accessed directly by the CPU. Contents of secondary storage need to be first brought into the main memory for the CPU to access. Examples of secondary memory devices include a Hard Disk Drive (HDD), CD (Compact Disk) / DVD (Digital Versatile Disk), and Memory Card. 20  Information and Communication Technology Output Device The device that receives data from a computer system for display, physical production, etc., is called an output device. It converts digital information into simple form. Example, monitor, projector, headphone, speaker, printer, plotter etc. Data Storage Devices Floppy disc A floppy disc, also known as a floppy diskette, is a detachable square-shaped magnetically- contained storage device. Hard Drive The hard drive, which serves as the primary storage device, is directly connected to the disc controller on the motherboard. It is an important storage space because it is required to install any new software or applications on the device. Hard drives, which are now widely available and have storage space measured in terabytes, can be used to save software applications, photos, videos, and other types of media. Magnetic Strip The device containing the digital data is connected to a magnetic strip. A debit card with a data storage strip installed on one of its sides is the best example of this. Programming Tools Programming Languages Two major categories of computer programming languages are low-level languages and high-level languages. Low-level languages Low-level languages are machine-dependent languages and include machine language and assembly language. Machine language uses 1s and 0s to write instructions that are directly understood and executed by the computer. High-level languages High-level languages are machine-independent and are simpler to write code into. Instructions are using English sentences and each high-level language follows a set of rules, similar to natural languages. However, these languages are not directly understood by the computer. Hence, translators are needed to translate high- level language codes into machine language. 21  Information and Communication Technology Examples of high-level languages include C++, Java, Python, BASIC (BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), LISP (List Processing), etc. Language Translators High-level programming languages (such as C++, Python, and Java) are commonly used to create computer programs. A language processor, also known as a language translator, is a computer program that converts source code from one programming language to another. They also detect errors in translation. Assembler The translator used to convert the code written in assembly language to machine language is called the assembler. Each assembler can understand a specific microprocessor instruction set only and hence, the machine code is not portable. 22  Information and Communication Technology Translators We also need translators to convert codes written in a high-level language (source code) to machine-understandable form (machine code) for execution by the computer. Compiler The compiler converts the source code into machine code. If the given code follows all syntactic rules of the language, then it is executed by the computer. Once translated, the compiler is not needed. Interpreter How Compiler Works How Interpreter Works An interpreter translates one line at a time instead of the whole program in one go. Hence, the interpreter is always needed whenever a source code is to be executed. Communication Mode Transmission Mode refers to the process of transferring data between two devices. It is also referred to as Communication Mode. Types Simplex Method In simplex mode, the sender can send data but cannot receive data. It is a type of unidirectional communication in which only one direction of communication occurs. Keyboards, Traditional Monitors, and so on are examples of this type of mode. Half-Duplex Method In half-duplex mode, the Sender can send and receive data one at a time. It is a form of two-way directional communication, but only one at a time. The Walkie-Talkie is an example of this type of transmission, in which the message is sent one at a time but in both directions. Full Duplex In Full-duplex mode, the Sender can send and receive data at the same time. 23  Information and Communication Technology It is two-way directional communication that occurs simultaneously, which means that both ways of communication occur at the same time. The telephone network is an example of this type of transmission, in which communication occurs simultaneously. Institutes Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) It is the premier R&D organization of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) for carrying out R&D in IT, Electronics, and associated areas. It was established in 1988 to build Supercomputers in the context of denial of the import of Supercomputers by the USA. It is headquartered in Pune. Since then C-DAC has been building multiple generations of Supercomputer starting from PARAM with 1 GF in 1988. The National Centre for Software Technology (NCST) set up in 1985 had also initiated work in Indian Language Computing around the same period. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) was established with effect from 20th February 1997 by an Act of Parliament, called the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997, to regulate Telecom Services, including fixation/revision of tariffs for telecom services which were earlier vested in the Central Government. Objectives - provide a fair and transparent policy environment that promotes a level playing field and facilitates fair competition. It comes under the Ministry of Communications. Important points An operating system is a well-organized set of programs that controls computer hardware. It is a type of system software that is in charge of the computer system's smooth operation. Windows, Linux, Mac OS, Input and output together are called external devices because they surround the free computer. Since a computer can only understand binary signals (0 and 1) or on and off, all input devices convert it into a binary signal with the help of an input interface. India's first supercomputer 'Flow Solver' was developed by NAL-National Aeronautics Lab, Bangalore Anupam's series supercomputers were developed by BARC. The world's first supercomputer is the Cray K-1S, manufactured by the US. PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS Prelims 1. Which is not a type of secondary memory? (2020) (a) Solid State Drive (b) Hard Disk (c) Random Access Memory (RAM) (d) USB Pen Drive Answer (c) 24  Information and Communication Technology 2. Which one of the following is a computer high-level programming language? (2019) (a) COBOL (b) PASCAL (c) BASIC (d) All of the above Answer- (d) 3. Which of the following groups consists of only output devices? (2019) (a) Scanner, Printer, Monitor (b) Keyboard, Printer, Monitor (c) Mouse, Printer, Monitor (d) Plotter, Printer, Monitor Answer- (d) Practice Questions 1. Which of the following languages were used in third-generation computers? (a) Java (b) C++ (c) BASIC (d) All of the above Answer (d) 2. Which type of memory is volatile and loses its data when the computer is powered off? (a) RAM (b) ROM (c) Cache Memory (d) Virtual Memory Answer (a) 3. Which generation of computers used vacuum tubes for processing? (a) First Generation (b) Second Generation (c) Third Generation (d) Fourth Generation Answer (a) 4. What type of memory is non-volatile and stores firmware and system instructions? (a) RAM (b) ROM (c) Flash Memory (d) Magnetic Disk Answer (b) 5. What is the primary function of a compiler in computer programming? (a) It translates high-level source code into machine code and executes it directly. (b) It interprets source code line by line and executes it immediately. (c) It checks code for errors and generates an optimized intermediate code. (d) It converts machine code into high-level source code for better readability. Answer (c) 6. Keyboards is an example of (a) Half duplex (b) Simple duplex (c) Full Duplex (d) None of these Answer (b) 7. Anupam 'series supercomputers were developed by (a) DRDO (b) ISRO (c) BARC (d) NASA Answer (c) 8. Which of the following is considered an output device? (a) Keyboard (b) Mouse (c) Printer (d) Scanner Answer (c) 9. 'Param-10000' in India was built by (a) CDAC (b) DRDO (c) ISRO (d) None of these Answer (a) 10. The world’s first computer program was written by Ada Lovelace in (a) 1847 (b) 1848 (c) 1849 (d) None of these Answer (b) 25  Information and Communication Technology CH. 2. ROBOTICS INTRODUCTION The field of technology known as robotics is concerned with the creation, maintenance, use, structural depositions, manufacture, and application of robots. Robotics is a rapidly expanding field today, and new robots are constantly being researched, designed, and built to a variety of useful purposes. Robotics is based on the word ‘Robot’ coined by Karel (Joseph) Capek in his book RUR. o The word Robot means self–labor. History of Robots The first robot to be built in the East, Gakutensoku, was developed in Osaka in late 1928. In 1954, the "UNIMATE" robot, created by George Devol, marked a significant development in robotics. UNIMATE is considered the first truly modern industrial robot. o It was designed for industrial automation and was capable of being programmed and taught to perform a variety of tasks. o UNIMATE was initially used in a General Motors factory for tasks like handling hot metal pieces from die-casting machines. o This pioneering robot laid the foundation for the industrial robots used in manufacturing and assembly processes today. Unimation, a 1956-founded American robotics business, created the PUMA industrial robot type. o The abbreviation PUMA stands for "Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly." o Early in the 1980s, the PUMA robot was created, and it quickly gained popularity in manufacturing and assembly procedures. o Because of their adaptability and programmability, PUMA robots are well-suited for a range of industrial automation activities. In 1973, the German company KUKA (KUKA Roboter GmbH) manufactured the "Famulus" robot, which was a notable development in the field of industrial robotics. “KUKA” stands for Keller und Knappich Augsburg, specializes in manufacturing industrial robots. Grandfather of Robotics - George Devol Father of Robotics- Joseph Engelberger Components of Robot 26  Information and Communication Technology End effectors-hands of robots End effectors are a critical component of many robots, particularly robotic arms and manipulators. These are the devices or tools located at the end of a robot's arm or limb that allow it to interact with and manipulate objects in its environment. The choice of end effector depends on the specific tasks the robot is designed to perform. Manipulators-arms of robot Many robots have manipulators, which are mechanical arms or limbs equipped with joints and end-effectors (tools or grippers) that allow them to interact with their environment. Industrial robots, for example, often have articulated robotic arms. Actuators-robots muscles and joints Actuators are responsible for carrying out physical actions or movements based on the instructions provided by the robot's control system. Common types of actuators include electric motors, pneumatic cylinders, hydraulic systems, and servos. Actuators control the robot's limbs, wheels, grippers, and other moving parts. Controller-brain of Robot The control system is the "brain" of the robot. It executes the programming to operate the robot. It processes sensor data, makes decisions based on programming or algorithms, and sends commands to the actuators to perform tasks. Microcontrollers, microprocessors, and specialized control boards are often used for this purpose. Sensors Sensors are used to collect information about the robot's environment. Different types of sensors can detect light, temperature, humidity, proximity, pressure, sound, motion, and more. Sensors provide data that the robot can use to make decisions and navigate its surroundings. Law of robotics The Laws of Robotics are a set of laws, rules, or principles, which are intended as a fundamental framework to underpin the behavior of robots designed to have a degree of autonomy. Three Laws are 1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws 27  Information and Communication Technology Types of robots Pre-programmed robots Pre-programmed robots operate in a straightforward, regulated environment, so they don't need a lot of intelligent control systems (also known as "artificial intelligence") to function well. The pre-programmed robots that are used to construct cars in the majority of auto factories around the world are probably the most well-known. Similar robots exist that work on the human body rather than automobiles. Examples- Factory robots. Humanoid Robots Robots are designed to resemble the human body and mimic human movements and interactions. They are used in research, entertainment, and some service applications. Humanoid Robots ASIMO Developed by Honda, ASIMO was one of the pioneering humanoids known for its advanced mobility, coordination, and ability to interact with people. Pepper Developed by SoftBank Robotics, Pepper is designed to interact with people using facial recognition and voice communication in various commercial settings. Atlas Developed by Boston Dynamics, Atlas showcases remarkable mobility, including bipedal walking, running, and even performing acrobatic movements. Sophia Sophia is a humanoid robot created by Hong Kong-based Hanson Robotics. In 2017, Sophia was confirmed as a citizen of Saudi Arabia. By this, Saudi Arabia has become the first country to give a robot citizenship. Its face is made like that of famous Hollywood actress Audrey Hepburn. It is the first Robot Innovation Ambassador for the United Nations Development Programme. 28  Information and Communication Technology Autonomous Robots Robots with autonomy work without human control. Roomba Pre-programmed robots can operate in less tightly regulated environments. They are said to have "autonomy" because it is ultimately the machine's duty to detect environmental changes and adjust to them. Examples - Roomba vacuum cleaner. Teleoperated Robots Robots that can be operated remotely by a person are teleoperated. Teleoperated underwater robots were used to help stop the Gulf of Mexico oil leak. Another illustration is the space shuttle's robotic arm. Examples- Drone, Submarine Augmenting Robots Some robots are physically attached to the human user's body, either by the Luke robotic arm user holding the controls in their hand or through some other method of physical contact. A robotic effector of some kind is ultimately controlled by the user's body movements (or, in some cases, just their mental activity). These robots can either give the user a skill they lack or have lost (like a robotic prosthetic arm) or improve their natural skill in some way (like extending their reach). Humans can use these robots to acquire the strength of giants and the dexterity of a master surgeon. Example- - Prosthetic limbs or exoskeletons, Ekso, Hal Mobile Robots Wheeled Robots: These robots use wheels for mobility and are commonly found in logistics, warehousing, and autonomous vehicles. Legged Robots: Legged robots mimic the walking or running motion of animals. They are used in various applications, including search and rescue and exploration. Tracked Robots: Tracked robots use continuous tracks similar to tanks. They are suitable for rough terrain and outdoor environments. Virtual Robots Virtual robots are just programs, which create blocks of software inside the computer. The popular virtual robot is a chatbot. These simulate conversations with Internet users. ELIZA was the first chatbot A program called ELIZA, named after the fictitious Eliza Doolittle from George Bernard Shaw's 1913 play Pygmalion, was first made available in 1966 by MIT computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum. ELIZA allowed some form of plausible conversation between humans and machines. Swarm robots Swarm robots are a type of multi-robot system inspired by the collective behavior of social insects, such as ants, bees, and termites. In a swarm of robots, multiple small robots work together collaboratively to achieve tasks, often exhibiting decentralized and self-organized behavior. 29  Information and Communication Technology Application of robot Robots find applications in various industries and domains due to their ability to automate tasks, enhance precision, improve efficiency, and perform tasks in challenging or hazardous environments. Manufacturing and Industrial Automation: Robots are used for assembling products in manufacturing lines, including automobiles, electronics, and consumer goods. Industrial robots perform welding tasks in automotive, aerospace, and construction industries. Robots are used for moving, palletizing, and sorting materials in warehouses and distribution centers. Robots apply paint, coatings, and finishes to various products with precision. Robots can inspect and test products for defects, ensuring high-quality manufacturing. Healthcare Surgical robots assist surgeons in performing minimally invasive procedures with precision. Robotic devices aid patients in physical therapy and rehabilitation exercises. Robots equipped with cameras and screens enable remote medical consultations and monitoring. The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) standardized health insurance policies so that they now cover even robotic and bariatric procedures. o Through alterations to the digestive system, bariatric surgery aids in weight loss. o India recently made history by performing the first telerobotic coronary operation on a human. da Vinci surgical system Your surgeon has access to a sophisticated set of tools through the da Vinci surgical system to perform robotic-assisted, minimally invasive surgery. A rehabilitation robot is any automatically operated machine that is designed to improve movement in persons with impaired physical functioning. Robotic prosthetics Robotic prosthetics are advanced artificial limbs designed to restore mobility and function to individuals with limb loss. These prostheses incorporate sensors, motors, and advanced materials to mimic natural limb movement, providing users with enhanced mobility, improved quality of life, and the ability to perform a wide range of daily activities. Agriculture Robots and drones are used for tasks like planting, harvesting, and monitoring crop health like Droni drones. Robots assist in feeding, herding, and monitoring livestock. Logistics and Warehousing Robots automate the process of picking and packing orders in e-commerce warehouses. Robots track and manage inventory, optimizing supply chain operations. 30  Information and Communication Technology Education and Research Educational Robots: Robots are used in schools and universities to teach programming and robotics concepts. Scientific Research: Robots are deployed in research projects, including marine exploration, archaeology, and social studies. Environmental Cleanup: Remotely Operated Vehicles are used for underwater exploration and cleanup. Aerial drones monitor environmental conditions and can be used for pollution assessment. Construction: Robots can lay bricks with precision, speeding up construction processes. Robots are used for controlled demolition in hazardous areas. Consumer Robotics: Robotic vacuum cleaners and mowers perform household chores. Personal Assistants Voice-controlled robots assist with tasks like answering questions and home automation. Space Exploration: Rovers and probes are used for exploring other planets and celestial bodies. Robotic telescopes and observatories aid in astronomical research. Defense and Security: Drones are used for surveillance, reconnaissance, and border security. Robots equipped with sensors and manipulators help in disposing of explosive devices. CIMON CIMON (Crew Interactive Mobile Companion) is an autonomous floating robotic head assistant. The bot was developed by Airbus on behalf of the German Aerospace Centre and runs a version of IBM Watson’s artificial intelligence. As well as a video-screen face, CIMON has a camera to see his surroundings, plus a digital voice to enable him to answer questions and interact with astronauts as they perform tasks. Robonaut In partnership with companies like General Motors and Oceaneering Space Systems, the NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Centre in Houston, Texas, is leading the development of a humanoid robot called Robonaut. The Robonaut project is a highly advanced piece of technology that aims to build humanoid robots capable of performing tasks that are similar to those of a human astronaut. Robonaut 1 (R1), the first version, was released in 2000, and Robonaut 2 (R2), the most recent version, was delivered to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2011. Vyom Mitra The innovative humanoid robot Vyommitra, also known as "Space Friend," was created by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Vyom Mitra, a female robot that was unveiled in early 2020, is an experimental substitute for human astronauts that mimics human behaviors and functions. o The robot is capable of a wide range of tasks, including operating switch panels, controlling the environment and life support systems, and keeping track of module parameters. 31  Information and Communication Technology Army REX MKII Robot Israel Aerospace Industries unveiled a remote-controlled armed robot ‘REX MKII’, which can patrol battle zones, track infiltrators, and open fire. The robot can gather intelligence for ground troops, carry injured soldiers and supplies in and out of battle, and strike nearby targets. The Israeli military is currently using a smaller but similar vehicle called the Jaguar to patrol the border with the Gaza Strip. Daksh Daksh is an electrically powered, remotely controlled robot designed by India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) for locating, handling, and safely destroying hazardous objects. To reach hazardous materials, it can maneuver through narrow spaces, climb steep inclines, and drive vehicles. It can lift a suspect object with its robotized arm and use its transportable X-ray device to scan it. Daksh can use its water jet disrupter to defuse a bomb if it is present. ANDROS ANDROS is made in the USA. ANDROS is designed for Military, explosive ordnance disposal (EOD), and law enforcement or SWAT applications In 2016, Micah Xavier Johnson, the shooter responsible for the 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers, was killed using a robot for the first time. This made the ANDROS famous. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Making computers behave like humans is the goal of computer science known as artificial intelligence (AI). Artificial intelligence (AI) is the study of how well computers can think, perceive, As AI's capabilities have dramatically increased, so too has its applicability in an increasing number of industries. We will learn more about AI in the next chapter. Advantages of Robots Robots can perform tasks with high precision and accuracy, making them ideal for applications where human error is a concern. o This precision is crucial in manufacturing, healthcare, and research. Robots can repeat the same task consistently without fatigue, reducing variability in production processes and improving product quality. Robots can work at high speeds, leading to increased productivity and faster task completion. They can operate 24/7 without breaks or downtime. Robots can be deployed in hazardous environments, such as nuclear reactors, chemical plants, or disaster-stricken areas, where human safety may be at risk. Over the long term, robots can be cost-effective by reducing labor costs, minimizing errors, and increasing production throughput. Many robots are designed to be highly adaptable and can be reprogrammed or reconfigured for different tasks, making them versatile assets in various industries. 32 Information and Communication Technology 33  Information and Communication Technology Robots excel at performing repetitive, monotonous, or physically demanding tasks, freeing humans from mundane and potentially harmful work. Industrial robots can handle heavy materials and payloads, reducing the risk of worker injuries and strain. Robots can perform inspections and quality control tasks with precision, identifying defects or inconsistencies in products. Robots can work at a pace that exceeds human capabilities, leading to higher production volumes and shorter lead times. Robots are used in space exploration to conduct missions in harsh environments, collect data, and perform tasks on other planets and celestial bodies. Surgical robots enhance the precision of medical procedures, reduce invasiveness, and offer improved patient outcomes. Agricultural robots automate tasks like planting, harvesting, and monitoring crops, increasing efficiency and yield. Robots can be used for environmental remediation tasks, such as cleaning up oil spills or removing pollutants from water bodies. Robots, including drones and ground-based systems, aid in search and rescue missions, helping locate and assist individuals in disaster-stricken areas. Robots are valuable tools for teaching programming, engineering, and robotics concepts in educational settings. They also aid in scientific research and experimentation. Robots are capable of making swift decisions in hectic combat situations. Robots can be used in frontline combat to save human lives. Instead of training, they can be mass-produced and upgraded. Military robots can operate in dangerous environments where humans would perish. o Military robots frequently save lives because they can carry out tasks that would otherwise endanger people's lives. They could be quickly changed. Disadvantages of robots If robots are used to replace human workers, this could lead to economic issues. Robots cannot improvise; they can only carry out instructions. This indicates that safety measures are required to safeguard both people and other robots. Robots are less dexterous than humans, despite the fact that they can sometimes be superior in some ways. Robots lack emotional intelligence, which is crucial in stressful circumstances. In terms of the initial cost, upkeep, the requirement for additional components, and the need to program the robot to perform the task, robots are frequently very expensive. Concerns about surveillance present the risk of sliding into a privacy nightmare. Hackers have the ability to turn military robots against the people who created them. Robotic soldiers can be used as a tool of oppression by governments. Without the proper restrictions, military robots may make unethical decisions during military operations that could lead to a significant number of civilian casualties. Recent advancements in robotics Researchers from space agency NASA are building a swarm of mobile phone-sized robots to swim through oceans on moons in space in search of extraterrestrial life. Versius Scientists in the United Kingdom (UK) have developed the world’s smallest surgical robot called Versius. It was developed using low-cost technology used in mobile phones and space industries. 34  Information and Communication Technology The robot can mimic a human arm and can be used to carry out a wide range of surgical procedures. Gelbots Recently John Hopkins University scientists have built a soft robot named Gelbots in the USA. o They are created by 3D printing made out of gelatin and capable of moving without requiring an extra power source because of the way their shape, dimensions, and patterning of gel are designed. Optimus The most recent version of Optimus, a humanoid robot created by the American company with headquarters in Texas, was recently unveiled by Tesla CEO Elon Musk. Cassie Cassie, a robot designed at the Oregon State University (OSU) in the USA and manufactured by Agility Robotics, established the Guinness World Record for the fastest 100-meter sprint by a bipedal robot. Cassie did this by crossing the distance in 24.73 seconds. Robotics in India Robotics Society in India Researchers got together to form a society on 10 July 2011. Officially, The Robotics Society was registered on June 21, 2017. The purpose of the Robotic Society of India is to Promote teaching, training, and research related to robotics. The Robotics Society organizes a main event every year around the month of July. All India Council for Robotics and Automation It is a not-for-profit organization established in 2014. It establishes standards for the robotics and automation sector as well as the education sector, assisting businesses and professionals in resolving complex technical issues while enhancing their leadership and individual career potential. It is involved in a variety of endeavors and has introduced a number of initiatives aimed at fostering an ecosystem for robotics and automation in India. Technoxian The Tech Startup Programme was recently introduced by All India Council for Robotics and Automation (AICRA) in one of its B2C (Business-to-Consumer) Events in Technoxian 2019. It is an edutech expo organized by AICRA. 35  Information and Communication Technology It provides a global opportunity to participate in different competitions related to innovation, robotics, automation, and many other fascinating challenge-based engineering competitions. CAIR Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) is a premier laboratory of DRDO involved in Research and Development in the areas of Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Command and Control, and Information and Communication Security leading to the development of Mission Critical products for Battlefield security communication and information management systems. Its headquarter is in Bengaluru. Some important Robots used in India BRABO BRABO, according to TAL Manufacturing Solutions, is the first Indian 'conceptualized, designed, and manufactured articulated industrial robot. BANDICOOT Kerala cleans sewage with a BANDICOOT robot. This makes it the first state to send out robotic scavengers. In the temple town of Guruvayur, BANDICOOT was introduced. The robot was created by Genrobotics. The robot's primary goal is to do away with manual scavenging. Since 2018, the robot has been in use. However, this is the first time it has been used in place of people to clean public manholes. Kerala became the first State to use Robotic Manhole cleaners. State Robotics Framework The Telangana government has recently launched the State Robotics Framework. This is the first such framework in India. It is aimed at creating a sustainable robotics ecosystem and positioning the state as a leader in the field of robotics. Project Vaani Project Vaani will be implemented jointly by the Indian Institute of Sciences (IISc) Bengaluru, ARTPARK (AI and Robotics Technology Park), and Google to gather speech data from across India for the creation of an AI-based language model that can understand diverse Indian languages and dialects Robotics in Madhya Pradesh The country's first robotic control observatory has been established in Ujjain. The observatory has a rotating roof, which opens by simply pressing a button. If you want to see the Moon in the sky, then just by typing Moon on the computer, the telescope will automatically go to the Moon and become stable. 0.5-meter telescopes are also available in other observatories, but the automatically rotating telescope is available only in Dongla Observatory. The auditorium of the observatory is oval in shape. This international-level observatory has been prepared by the Madhya Pradesh Council of Science and Technology (MAPCAST) in Dongla village, about 41 kilometers away from Ujjain city, which is the main center of time calculation. Important facts A premium institute in India for robotics research was established in Kanpur. A research group at IIT Kharagpur has designed the country's first indigenous superpower drone named BHIM. 36  Information and Communication Technology SCARA robot, with its brilliant simplicity, was introduced in the late 1970s, its accuracy, speed, and smooth motion have made it a favorite of manufacturers for a wide range of applications to date. The SCARA acronym stands for Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm or Selective Compliance Articulated Robot Arm. The country's first banking robot was launched by the City Union Bank (CUB). o Lakshmi is a two-foot robot used in the Kumbakonam-based City Union Bank. It is fondly called CUB Lakshmi in the bank. o The robot speaks English and can gesture and engage in conversations. Ask DISHA, an AI-based chatbot on the IRCTC, allows users to book tickets, check statuses, and address queries. Programmable Universal Machines for Assembly (PUMA), have been used to assemble automobile subcomponents. PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following is not an advantage of Robots? (2022) (a) They can assist humans with disabilities. (b) They can replace jobs. (c) They can be used in dangerous environments. (d) They do not get tired or require a break. Answer (b) 2. What does "PUMA" stand for in the context of Robotics? (a) Programmable Used Machines to Assemble (b) Programmed Utility Machine for Assembly (c) Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly (d) Programmed Utility Machine to Assemble Answer (c) Practice Questions 1. Which of the following became the first state to send out robotic scavengers? (a) Madhya Pradesh (b) Kerala (c) Karnataka (d) Gujrat Answer (b) 2. The country's first robotic control observatory has been established in? (a) Ujjain (b) Bhopal (c) Bengaluru (d) Delhi Answer (a) 3. Which of the following robots are built for anti-terror activities by DRDO? (a) SURAKSHA (b) RAKSHAK (c) DAKSH (d) None of these Answer (c) 4. Which of the following is the world’s smallest surgical robot? (a) Vercius (b) Serius (c) Bandicoot (d) Yumi Answer (a) 5. Which of the following is the first Indian 'conceptualized, designed, and manufactured articulated industrial robot? (a) DAKSH (b) BRABO (c) ASIMOV (d) None of these Answer (b) 37  Information and Communication Technology 6. Which state launched the first State Robotics Framework? (a) Madhya Pradesh (b) Karnataka (c) Kerala (d) Telangana Answer (d) 7. Which of the following developed optimus robots? (a) TESLA (b) NASA (c) DRDO (d) CDAC Answer (a) 8. Robotics Society of India was established in? (a) 11 July 2010 (b) 10th July 2011 (c) 16 june 2010 (d) 10 june 2010 Answer (b) 9. Which of the following robots achieved the Guinness World Record for the fastest 100-meter sprint by a bipedal robot? (a) Cassie (b) Caesar (c) Grace (d) None of these Answer (a) 10. Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) is a premier laboratory Established with the help of (a) IIT Madras (b) DRDO (c) NASA (d) CDAC Answer (b) 2.2. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Artificial Intelligence It is the theory and creation of computer systems that can carry out tasks that would typically require human intelligence, like speech recognition, language translation, and visual perception. Origin of Artificial Intelligence In 1950 British mathematician and computer scientist Alan Turing proposed the Turing Test, an idea in the development of artificial intelligence. 38  Information and Communication Technology o Turing devised the test as a means of answering the question, "Can machines think?" and of offering a useful, operational definition of intelligence. John McCarthy is frequently referred to as the "father of artificial intelligence". o His organizing of the 1956 Dartmouth Workshop, where the term "artificial intelligence" was first used and numerous pioneering AI researchers convened to investigate the potential for building intelligent machines, is particularly noteworthy. Among McCarthy's other contributions to AI is the creation of the LISP "List Processing” programming language, which was crucial to AI study. In 1966, Joseph Weizenbaum invented the first chatbot, which he called ELIZA. The first intelligent humanoid robot, known as WABOT-1, was created in Japan in 1972. In 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University. In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue defeated Gary Kasparov, the reigning world chess champion, becoming the first computer to do so. The Roomba vacuum cleaner marked the introduction of AI into the home for the first time in the year 2002 Up until that point, AI hadn't entered the business world. Additionally, businesses like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix began utilizing AI in the year 2006. Google DeepMind was a British company, founded in 2010. o In 2014, the American company Google bought it and its name was changed from 'DeepMind' to 'Google DeepMind’ Year 2012: Google introduced the "Google Now" feature for Android apps, which allowed users to receive information as predictions. In 2016 Google Assistant was an artificial intelligence-powered virtual assistant developed by Google. o It is designed to provide users with a conversational and interactive experience, allowing them to interact with their devices and access information or perform tasks through natural language commands. On 21 April 2017, Samsung launched 'Bixby', an AI-based virtual voice assistant for its smartphones and other devices. Types of Artificial Intelligence AI-Based on Capabilities of AI -Type 1 1. Narrow AI 2. General AI 3. Super AI 1. Narrow AI Narrow AI is an AI system that is created and trained for a single task or a small range of tasks. These AI systems are excellent at doing specific tasks, but they are not generally intelligent or capable of applying their experience to other tasks. Examples -are Siri and Alexa. 2. General AI General AI, commonly referred to as Strong AI, is a hypothetical type of AI that has cognitive capacities similar to those of humans. It would be able to comprehend, pick up information, apply it to a variety of activities, and change its behavior in response to changing circumstances. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is still a long-term objective of AI research that has not been accomplished. 39  Information and Communication Technology Example of General AI- Customer service chatbots 3. Super AI Super AI is a level of system intelligence where computers are capable of outperforming people at any task thanks to their cognitive abilities. It results from general AI. Strong AI has the capacity to think, reason, solve puzzles, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate on its own, among other key features. Super AI is still just an idealized idea in the world of artificial intelligence. Real-world implementation of such systems is still a challenging endeavor. Example of Super AI- include the robot character of R2D2 in the movie Star Wars Based on the Functionality of AI- Type 2 Reactive Machines Limited Theory Theory of Mind Self-awareness Reactive Machines Reactive AI systems lack the capacity to learn or adapt to new circumstances and are created to carry out specific tasks in accordance with predetermined rules. They lack flexibility but succeed at jobs with clear objectives. Example- a chess-playing supercomputer. Limited Theory Limited Memory AI systems such as Self-driving cars and other AI systems can make decisions based on historical data and, to some extent, draw lessons from the past. They base their decisions on historical information. Theory of Mind This is a speculative type of AI that would have the ability to understand and predict human emotions, beliefs, intentions, and thought processes, enabling more natural human-AI interactions. Self-awareness This is a highly theoretical and speculative form of AI that would possess self-awareness and consciousness, similar to human beings. Currently, no such AI exists, and its feasibility and ethical implications are subjects of debate. Organizations of Artificial Intelligence Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence Founded in 1979, the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) (formerly the American Association for Artificial Intelligence) is a non-profit scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines. 40  Information and Communication Technology AAAI’s goals are: 1. Promoting research in, and responsible use of, artificial intelligence (AI) 2. Increasing public understanding of artificial intelligence 3. Improving the teaching and training of AI practitioners 4. Guiding research planners and funders concerning the importance and potential of current AI developments and future directions. Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Healthcare Disease Diagnosis: AI algorithms can analyze medical images (like X-rays and MRIs) to assist in the early and accurate diagnosis of diseases. Drug Discovery: AI is used to discover and develop new pharmaceutical compounds and predict potential drug interactions. Patient Care: AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants can provide patient support and monitor health data. Personalized Medicine: AI can analyze patient data to create personalized treatment plans. Finance Algorithmic Trading: AI is used to develop trading algorithms that can make rapid trading decisions based on market data. Risk Assessment: AI models assess credit risk, detect fraudulent transactions, and manage investment portfolios. Customer Service: Chatbots and virtual assistants provide customer support and answer queries 24/7. Fraud Detection: AI analyzes patterns in transaction data to identify potentially fraudulent activity. Retail Recommendation Systems: AI-powered recommendation engines suggest products to customers based on their browsing and purchase history. Inventory Management: AI optimizes inventory levels and predicts demand to reduce costs and prevent stockouts. Supply Chain Optimization: AI helps optimize supply chain logistics and predicts delivery times. Chatbots: Virtual assistants assist customers with inquiries and help streamline the shopping process. Transportation Autonomous Vehicles: AI technologies power self-driving cars and trucks, enhancing safety and efficiency. 41  Information and Communication Technology Traffic Management: AI optimizes traffic flow, reduces congestion, and enhances public transportation systems. Predictive Maintenance: AI predicts when maintenance is needed for vehicles and infrastructure. Education Personalized Learning: AI-driven educational platforms adapt content and exercises to individual students' needs. Grading and Assessment: AI automates grading and provides feedback on assignments and exams. Language Learning: AI-powered language apps help users learn new languages. Manufacturing Quality Control: AI inspects products for defects and ensures quality standards are met. Predictive Maintenance: AI predicts when machinery and equipment need maintenance, reducing downtime. Supply Chain Management: AI optimizes manufacturing processes and inventory management. Energy Grid Management: AI helps manage and optimize energy distribution grids. Energy Efficiency: AI identifies opportunities to reduce energy consumption in buildings and industrial processes. Renewable Energy: AI aids in optimizing the operation of renewable energy sources like wind and solar farms. Agriculture Precision Farming: AI technologies assist in crop monitoring, soil analysis, and automated harvesting. Livestock Management: AI monitors the health and behavior of livestock. Pest and Disease Detection: AI helps detect and mitigate crop diseases and pest infestations. Government Public Services: AI improves citizen services through chatbots and automated information systems. Public Safety: AI is used for predictive policing, disaster response, and surveillance. Global Developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI) Generative Pre-Training Transformer (GPT) The most popular application is OpenAI's ChatGPT. GPT models are trained on vast amounts of text data to generate human-like text. OpenAI has recently launched its ChatGPT Plus subscription for Indian users, providing them with early access to the latest language model GPT-4. ChatGPT is a machine-learning model which is primarily written in Python. AI Bill of Rights The US published a Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights (AIBoR), which outlines the harms that AI causes to economic and civil rights and establishes five guiding principles for reducing those harms. The set of five principles addresses the following issues: safe and effective systems, protection against discrimination by algorithms, data privacy, notice and explanation, and evaluation and correction by a human in the event of AI failure. Valkyrie The United States military force has unveiled the prototype of a new generation of drones called the Valkyrie. It will complement the collection of conventional fighter jets in the fleet. The robot can fly a distance equivalent to the width of China thanks to a rocket engine that propels it into the air. Its stealthy design enables it to carry missiles that can reach adversaries well beyond visual range. 42  Information and Communication Technology Claude Anthropic, the company behind Claude, was started in 2021 by a group of ex- OpenAI employees who helped develop OpenAI's GPT-2 and GPT-3 models. It's focused on AI research with a focus on safety above all. Ella Ella, the first Artificial Intelligence (AI) Police officer in New Zealand, was recently unveiled. Ella stands for 'Electronic Lifelike Assistant,' and it will be configured at digital kiosks to answer public questions and reduce queues in stations. Ella will initially be available in the headquarters building, but will soon be expanded to other parts of the country. Artificial Intelligence in India Industry analysts predict that Artificial Intelligence could add up to $957 billion to India’s economy by 2035. AI has the potential to significantly transform industries like healthcare, agriculture, education, etc. National AI Portal of India The Government of India launched the National AI Portal of India (https://indiaai.gov.in/) in May 2020, which is a one-stop digital platform for the country's artificial intelligence-related developments. This portal now called INDIAai Portal The portal also serves as a knowledge-sharing tool, with articles, documents, and other resources for stakeholders to use. It can also serve as a platform for learning about AI jobs. First AI school Kerala gets its first AI school at Santhigiri Vidyabhavan in Thiruvananthapuram, offering innovative learning opportunities with the help of artificial intelligence technology. Robot Lakshmi Lakshmi is a two-foot robot used in the Kumbakonam-based City Union Bank. It is the country's first banking robot launched by the City Union Bank (CUB). Robot Lakshmi is powered by artificial intelligence. It can gesture, speak in English, and participate in conversations convincingly. Customers can interact with the robot on more than 125 topics, such as account balances and loan interest rates. Robot cop Indore has one of the highest vehicle densities in the country and has set up an AI robot at an intersection in the city to manage the traffic on a trial basis. Robocop manages high-density traffic at Indore's SICA School Junction Ask DISHA In order to communicate with customers in Hindi, the Indian Railways Catering & Tourism Corporation Limited (IRCTC) has powered a voice-enabled Ask DISHA (Digital Interaction to Seek Help Anytime) Chatbot. 43  Information and Communication Technology It is an Artificial Intelligence-based chatbot that was initially launched in the English language in October 2018. 44  Information and Communication Technology Responsible AI for Youth programs. In addition, the government launched the Responsible AI for Youth program. The program's goal is to provide young students with a platform and empower them with appropriate new-age tech mindsets, relevant AI skill sets, and access to necessary AI tool sets to prepare them for the future. Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) India joined the GPAI in June 2020. GPAI is a multi-stakeholder international initiative to guide the responsible development and use of AI, with a focus on human rights, inclusion, diversity, innovation, and economic growth. The organization's goal is to bridge the gap between AI theory and practice. India will host the Annual GPAI Summit on 12th-14th December 2023 in India. "AI for All" It is the name given to India's AI strategy. It is a self-learning online program, designed to create public awareness about Artificial Intelligence. It focuses on responsible AI and building AI solutions at scale, with the goal of making India the world's AI garage — a trusted nation to which the world can outsource AI-related work. o It emphasizes inclusive development by utilizing AI technologies. RAISE 2020 The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) and NITI Aayog will organize a Mega Virtual Summit on Artif