Drugs of Abuse Lecture Notes PDF

Module-4 Drugs of Abuse CLASSIFICATION CANNABIS COCAINE OPIOIDS 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 1  Classification of Drugs of Abuse Based on origin Based on acidic/basic nature Natural...

Module-4 Drugs of Abuse CLASSIFICATION CANNABIS COCAINE OPIOIDS 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 1  Classification of Drugs of Abuse Based on origin Based on acidic/basic nature Naturally occurring Acidic drugs Semi-synthetic Basic drugs Synthetic Based on chemistry of Active Based on Usages compound Predator drugs Alkaloid Club drugs Human performance altering Cannabinoids drugs Others Inhalants 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 2  Classification Based on Mode of Action 1. Narcotics/Analgesics 2. Stimulants 3. Depressants 4. Hallucinogens 5. Anabolic Steroids 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 3  Classification by Schedules/Regulations 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 4  Drugs of Abuse Common names include - hemp, marihuana, marijuana, pot, gandia, grass, chanvre etc. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 5 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 6  Cannabis is an annual, dioecious, flowering herb. Male plants are usually taller but less robust than female plants. Stems are erect and can vary from 0.2-6 m. However, most of the plants reach heights of 1- 3 m. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 7  Origin The term, marijuana, is believed to be originated from a Portuguese or Spanish word for intoxicating. It is present in the plant, Cannabis sativa, which is also known as hemp. Hemp is commercially valuable for more than marijuana; its stem yields a fiber which can be made into ropes. All plants of the genus Cannabis produce a complex chemical called delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 8  Active Constituents/ Principles 1. Cannabinol 2. Cannbidiol 3. Cannabidiolic acid 4. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) THC exists in isomeric forms; Δ9 THC is the most potent psychoactive component. Cannabinoids: – They are not considered alkaloids because they do not contain nitrogen group. – Absorbed by fatty tissues in organs of the body (including brain) – Can be detected in the body for days, but can be detected weeks later in chronic users. Active constituents are found in – Leaves & fruiting tops of female plants – Dried leaves & fruiting shoots of both male & female plants – Cannabis seeds are a less well known though potent source of Ω-3-fatty acids 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 9  Cannabinoids C21H30O2 Tetrahydro 6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo [b,d] pyran-1-ol 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 10  Preparations Concentration of THC varies in different parts of cannabis plant- – Resinous extract > flowers > leaves > stem/roots > seeds(almost nil). Based on the relative proportion of THC, different preparations are as- a. Bhang b. Ganja c. Charas d. Hashish oil 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 11  Bhang Preparation: Bhang is a traditional preparation of cannabis in India, where the leaves and flowering shoots of both male & female cannabis plant are ground into a paste with water or milk. Consumption: It is often consumed as a beverage, either mixed with milk (bhang lassi) or in a sweetened drink (bhang thandai). Not used for smoking. Effects: Bhang consumption is usually milder compared to other forms, providing a more subtle and relaxing high. It has been traditionally used in cultural and religious contexts in India. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 12  Ganja Marijuana: Preparation: Ganja refers to the dried top leaves and unfertilized flower of young female cannabis plant. Consumption: It is commonly smoked in hand-rolled cigarettes (joints) or pipes, but it can also be vaporized or infused into edibles. Effects: Ganja produces a range of effects depending on the strain and THC content. Users typically experience euphoria, relaxation, altered perception, increased appetite, and impaired coordination. It is one of the most commonly abused forms of cannabis worldwide. Charas: Preparation: Charas is a potent form of cannabis resin, made by hand-rubbing the flowering tops of the cannabis plant. Appearance: It is dark brown to black in color and has a sticky and pliable texture. Consumption: Charas is typically smoked in pipes, mixed with tobacco in cigarettes (joints), or vaporized. Effects: Due to its high THC content, charas produces strong psychoactive effects. Users may experience intense euphoria, relaxation, and altered perception. It is commonly abused for its potent effects. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 13  Hash (Hashish): Preparation: Hash is made by collecting and compressing the resin glands (trichomes) from the cannabis plant. Appearance: It can range in color from light brown to black, with a texture that can be solid or pliable. Consumption: Hash is typically smoked in pipes, mixed with tobacco in cigarettes (joints), or vaporized. Effects: Hash is more potent than traditional marijuana (ganja) due to its higher concentration of THC. Users may experience strong euphoria, relaxation, and altered perception. It is widely abused for its concentrated psychoactive effects. Hash Oil (Also known as Cannabis Oil or Honey Oil): Preparation: Hash oil is a highly concentrated extract of cannabis, made using solvents such as butane or CO2. Appearance: It is usually thick and viscous, with a dark color. Consumption: Hash oil can be used in vaporizers, mixed with dried herbs for smoking, or consumed orally. Effects: Hash oil is extremely potent due to its high THC content. Users may experience intense euphoria, relaxation, and sedation. It is commonly used for both recreational and medical purposes. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 14  Mode of Intake 1. Bhang – oral (mainly beverages) 2. Ganja – smoked (Reefers/ cigarette) 3. Charas – smoked 4. Hashish oil - smoked Slangs Joint, spliff, reefer – Hand-rolled cannabis cigarette Bong – Water pipe for smoking cannabis Chillum – Clay or wooden pipe for smoking cannabis An eighth – One-eighth of an ounce of cannabis Toking – Smoking cannabis Toke can – A pipe made from a drink can for smoking cannabis Hash cake – Cake made from cannabis Fun candy, hemp suckers – Cannabis-laced sweets 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 15  Signs & Symptoms Acts as a hallucinogen, initially causing excitement. Low or social dose causes sense of well being with initial restlessness and hilarity followed by dreamy, carefree sense of relaxation, hallucinations, disorientation of time & space, sense of hunger (particularly for sweets). Overall effects depends upon- 1. Personality of the subject 2. Whether subject is accustomed to consumption of cannabis 3. Environment at the time of consumption In a peaceful environment- – Visual hallucination of colour & form – Visual fantasy, often with sexual content – Flushing, red eye, dilated pupils, mental confusion & lassitude – Disorientation of time, place & person, tremors, jerky movements – Uneasy sleep, hangover may persist for a day 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 16  Short-term Effects of Cannabis Abuse 1. Euphoria and Relaxation: Cannabis use often results in feelings of euphoria, relaxation, and a sense of well-being. 2. Altered Perception: Users may experience changes in perception, including altered time perception, heightened sensory perception, and distortions in visual and auditory perceptions. 3. Impaired Coordination and Motor Skills: Cannabis can impair coordination and motor skills, leading to decreased balance, slowed reaction times, and difficulty performing tasks requiring precision. 4. Increased Heart Rate and Blood Pressure: Cannabis use can cause a temporary increase in heart rate and blood pressure, which may lead to palpitations and feelings of anxiety or paranoia. 5. Dry Mouth and Red Eyes: Commonly known as "cottonmouth," cannabis use can result in dry mouth due to decreased saliva production. It can also cause redness and irritation of the eyes. 6. Increased Appetite: Cannabis use often leads to an increase in appetite, commonly referred to as "the munchies." 7. Anxiety and Paranoia: Some individuals may experience feelings of anxiety, paranoia, or panic attacks, particularly at higher doses or in susceptible individuals. 8. Memory and Cognitive Impairment: Cannabis can impair short-term memory and cognitive function, 11/29/2024 making it difficult to concentrate, learn new information, or perform complex saurabh bhargava 17 tasks.  Long-term Effects of Chronic Cannabis Abuse 1. Cognitive Impairment: Long-term cannabis abuse has been associated with persistent cognitive impairment, including deficits in memory, attention, and executive function. Chronic use during adolescence may have a more pronounced impact on cognitive development. 2. Psychiatric Disorders: Chronic cannabis abuse has been linked to an increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety disorders. However, the causal relationship is complex and not fully understood. 3. Respiratory Issues: Smoking cannabis can lead to respiratory problems, such as chronic bronchitis, coughing, and increased mucus production. Long-term use may also increase the risk of respiratory infections and lung cancer. 4. Dependence and Addiction: Long-term cannabis abuse can lead to the development of dependence and addiction, characterized by cravings, tolerance, withdrawal symptoms (such as irritability, anxiety, and insomnia), and difficulty controlling use despite negative consequences. 5. Social and Behavioral Problems: Chronic cannabis abuse can contribute to social and behavioral problems, including impaired relationships, decreased motivation, educational or occupational difficulties, and legal problems related to drug use. 6. Impact on Brain Structure and Function: Long-term cannabis abuse has been associated with alterations in brain structure and function, particularly in regions involved in memory, emotion regulation, and decision-making. These changes may persist even after cessation of use. 7. Negative Impact on Mental Health: Chronic cannabis abuse has been linked to an increased risk of developing mood disorders, psychotic disorders, and other mental health problems, particularly in vulnerable individuals. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 18  Long-term Effects of Chronic Cannabis Abuse 1. Cognitive Impairment: 1. Memory: Chronic cannabis use can impair short-term memory and cognitive function. 2. Learning: Difficulty in acquiring new information and learning tasks. 3. Attention: Reduced ability to focus and sustain attention. 2. Respiratory Issues: 1. Chronic Bronchitis: Smoking cannabis can lead to chronic bronchitis-like symptoms, including coughing and wheezing. 2. Increased Risk of Lung Infections: Due to the effects of smoke on the respiratory system. 3. Mental Health Effects: 1. Depression: Chronic cannabis use has been linked to an increased risk of depression. 2. Anxiety Disorders: Prolonged use can exacerbate anxiety disorders and lead to panic attacks. 3. Psychosis: Individuals with a predisposition to psychotic disorders may experience worsened symptoms. 4. Addiction and Withdrawal: 1. Cannabis Use Disorder: Chronic abuse can lead to dependence, characterized by cravings and difficulty quitting despite negative consequences. 2. Withdrawal Symptoms: Upon cessation of use, some individuals may experience withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, insomnia, loss of appetite, and mood swings. 5. Social and Occupational Impairment: 1. Relationships: Chronic use can strain relationships due to changes in behavior and priorities. 2. Work/School: Impaired performance in work or school due to cognitive deficits and motivation issues. 6. Cardiovascular Effects: 1. Increased Heart Rate: Acute use can lead to a temporary increase in heart rate, potentially risky for individuals with heart conditions. 2. Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Chronic use may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases in susceptible individuals. 7. Endocrine Effects: 1. Hormonal Imbalance: Long-term cannabis use may disrupt hormone production, affecting reproductive health and menstrual cycles. 2. Male Fertility: Some studies suggest a link between chronic cannabis use and reduced sperm count and quality. 8. Immune System: 1. Suppression: Chronic use may weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 19  Forensic Analysis of Cannabis 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 20  Physical Examination The methods used to identify cannabis products depend upon the nature of the product. Herbal material can be identified based on its morphological characteristics alone, provided that the required ones are present. The cannabis sample is visually examined for its color, texture, and form (e.g., leaves, buds, resin). Any packaging or containers are inspected for labels, markings, or other identifying features. Where there are no morphological characteristics, as in the case of resin and hashish oil, the identification is based on chemical analysis, demonstrating the presence of cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), its degradation product cannabinol (CBN) and/or cannabidiol (CBD). 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 21  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_sativa_leaf_Dorsal_aspect_2012_01_23_0830.JPG/220px-Cannabis_sativa_leaf_Dorsal_aspect_2012_01_23_0830.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Trichomes.jpg/220px-Trichomes.jpg Dorsal aspects of leaves http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cannabis_male_flowers.JPG/170px-Cannabis_male_flowers.JPG Magnified view of trichomes on leaves of cannabis Fruiting buds of male plant 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 22  Microscopic Examination Crude form of Cannabis sativa is examined under the microscope- – Non glandular hair (trichomes), numerous, unicellular, rigid, curved, with a slender pointed apex and an enlarged base, usually containing a cystolithic hair but frequently broken and the cystolith freed (especially in cannabis resin) – Presence of fragments of bracts, bractioles, and other parts of plant 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 23  Colour Tests for Cannabis sativa 1. Fast Blue B Test: Solid Fast Blue B reagent; solid Fast Blue B(2.5) : anhydrous sodium sulphate (100), is added to small amount of residue of extract in a test tube. 1 ml of chloroform is added & shaken and kept for 2 minutes. The chloroform layer becomes purple red in colour. 2. Duquenois-Levine Test: 2 ml of reagent (5 drops of Acetaldehyde & 0.4 gm of Vanillin dissolved in 20 ml of 95% ethanol) is added to residue of extract in a test tube and then shaken for 1 minutes. 2 ml of conc HCl is added, shaken and allowed to stand for 10 minutes If colour develops, 2 ml of chloroform is added The lower (chloroform) layer becomes violet. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 24 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 25  Colour Tests... 3. Beam’s Alkaline Test: 3-4 drops of ethanolic KOH are added to extracted residue in a porcelain dish. A positive reaction is indicated by presence of violet colour after few minutes 4. Negm’s Test 5. Ghamrawy’s Test 6. Gibb’s Test 7. Bouquet’s Test 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 26  Test for differentiation between Bhang, Ganja and Charas – Reagent 1: p-Aminophenol (1 mg) in ethanol (10 ml) – Reagent 2: Caustic potash (1 g) in distilled water (10 ml) – Extract the suspected material of cannabis in ethanol. – Take a drop of extract in a cavity of a spot tile or in a micro tube, add 2 drops of reagent 1 and mix thoroughly followed by addition of 2 drops of reagent 2. Bhang gives green colour, Ganja gives blue colour, Charas gives violet colour. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 27  TLC Solvent system: 1. Benzene(25) : n-Hexane(10) : Diethylamine(1) 2. n-Hexane(84) : Dichloro-methane(6) : Acetone(60) HRf values Cannabidiol – 45, 60 Cannabinol – 25, 54 THC – 35, 63 Spraying Reagent: – Fast Blue B (by dissolving 15 mg of salt in 20 ml of 0.1N NaOH solution) – Violet/ bluish colour of spots 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 28  GC Data for Cannabinoids Column & packing material: – 6’ X 4mm (ID) glass column, packed with 2-3/100 SE-30 on chromosorb W, 80/100 mesh – Sample volume: 1-3μl Carrier gas- – Nitrogen; 60 ml/min Column temperature: 2400C Detector & injection temperature: 2700C Detector: FID Retention time: (in minutes) Cannabinol – 11.0 Cannabidiol – 6.0 THC – 8.0 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 29  Cocaine 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 30  Classification by Schedules/Regulations 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 31  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Colcoca02.jpg/200px-Colcoca02.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Colcoca01.jpg/225px-Colcoca01.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Colcoca04.jpg/200px-Colcoca04.jpg 11/29/2024 bhargava 32  Coca Alkaloids Alkaloids found in coca plant, Erythroxyum coca are either tropane type or pyrrolidine types. 1. Tropane-type alkaloids – Benzoylecgonine – Cocaine (0.3 – 1.5%; avg- 0.8%) – Ecgonidine – Ecgonine – Hydroxytropacocaine – Tropacocaine – Methylecgonine cinnamate – truxiline 2. Pyrrolidine-type alkaloids – Cuscohygrine – Dihydrocuscohygrine – Hygrine – Nicotine 11/29/2024 bhargava 33  Cocaine Formula- C17H21NO4 Kokain - Cocaine.svg Molecular weight - 303.353 g/mol Cocaine is a weak Base with pK of 8.6 Usually titrated with HCl to form cocaine hydrochloride Causes strong psychological dependency but no or little physical dependency Fatal dose: ✓ Orally – 1.5 gm ✓ Parenterally – 1 gm Fatal period: ✓ Upto 30 minutes Cocaine has pockets with both hydrophilic and lipophilic efficiency. This results in easy crossing of BBB (Blood Brain Barrier), thus resulting in rapid CNS stimulation. 11/29/2024 bhargava 34  Cocaine It is a stimulant, an appetite suppressant, and a nonspecific voltage gated sodium channel blocker, which in turn causes it to produce anaesthesia at low doses. Biologically, cocaine acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor, also known as a triple reuptake inhibitor (TRI). It is addictive due to its effect on the mesolimbic reward pathway. At high doses, it is markedly more dangerous than other CNS stimulants, > amphetamine drug class, due to its effect on sodium channels. 11/29/2024 bhargava 35  Mechanism of Action Cocaine causes more intense actions of neurotransmitters unlike amphetamines which causes the increased amount of their secretions. It is caused by preventing the re-uptake of neurotransmitter into presynaptic vesicles, resulting in prolonged stay of neurotransmitter within synapse which again causes the prolonged & continuous propagation of nerve impulse which otherwise would have ceased by now. 11/29/2024 bhargava 36 11/29/2024 bhargava 37  Cocaine binds to the dopamine re-uptake receptors and thus causes the blockage of dopamine re-entry in presynaptic membrane. Dopamine stays within synapses and exerts its effect for prolonged period 11/29/2024 bhargava 38  Signs & Symptoms Cocaine increases- – Alertness, – Feelings of well-being & euphoria, – Energy and temperature – Motor activity, – Feelings of competence, – Sexuality. Other side effects include anxiety, paranoia, restlessness, and tooth grinding (bruxism) Lack of sleep, itching, tachycardia, hallucinations, and paranoid delusions. Possible lethal side effects include rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), tremors, convulsions, markedly increased core temperature, heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Cocaine is highly pyrogenic. Heat generation is increased due to higher activity/stimulation of muscles. At the same time heat loss is inhibited by vasoconstriction. These things leads to hyperthermia. Studies have shown that cocaine usage during pregnancy triggers premature labor and may lead to abruption of placentae. 11/29/2024 bhargava 39  Signs & Symptoms Acute poisoning – Excitement, restlessness, dilated pupils, palpitation – Mania, convulsions, tremors – Collapse, respiratory and cardiac failure – Death Cocainism/ cocainomania/chronic cases – Rundown of general health, digestive disturbances – Blackish pigmentation of tongue, – Ulceration of nasal septum (sniffing) – Dementia (degenerative changes in CNS) – Magnan’s syndrome; tactile hallucinations with crawling or creeping sensations as if due to “insects/bugs” 11/29/2024 bhargava 40  Colour Tests Scott Test: – Reagent – 2% cobalt thiocyanate solution, HCl, chloroform – Observation – blue colour Gold Chloride Test: – Reagent – 5% AuCl2 solution in water – Observation – precipitate is formed with delicate rosette or long rod shaped crystal appearing under microscope – Precipitate is insoluble in HCl 11/29/2024 bhargava 41  TLC Solvent system – 1. Chloroform : Dioxane : Ethyl Acetate : 29%Ammonia – 25:60:10:15 2. Methanol : 29%Ammonia – 100:1.5 Spraying reagent – – Dragendorff’s reagent- orange/brown coloured spots – Acidified iodoplatinate reagent- violet/bluish coloured spots HRf values of Cocaine are 81 & 59 for system1 & system2 respectively 11/29/2024 bhargava 42  Opioids 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 43 Papaver somniferum Common names- poppy, white poppy, opium poppy, carnation poppy Opium is air-dried, milky exude obtained by incising the unripe capsules(pods) of poppy plant. Morphine is the most abundant alkaloid among the more than 45 alkaloids present in opium. Traces of morphine are present in ripe & dry pods but other alkaloids aren't present in ripe pods. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 44  Constituents of Opium – Morphine- 10 - 20% – Narcotine- 0.75 - 10% – Papaverine- 0.5 - 1% – Thebaine- 0.2 - 1% – Codeine- 0.2 - 0.8% – Narceine- 0.1 - 0.5% 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 45  OPIOIDS Natural opioids: – Opium (morphine, codeine, thebaine) Semisynthetic opioids: – Heroin & hydromorphone (morphine) and oxycodone & etorphine (thebaine) Synthetic opioids: – Fantanyl, methadone, pentazocine, meperidine etc. Endogenous opioids: – Endorphines 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 46  Clinical features in opium consumption Affects the CNS and produces the altered state of mind. Relieves the pain and induces the sleep. Initial excitement and state of well being, followed by drowsiness and sleep. The effects include euphoria, drowsiness, nausea, itching, constipation and respiratory depression. Slow and shallow breathing, convulsions and coma. Causes the physiological & psychological dependency. Withdrawal symptoms: watery eyes, running nose, loss of appetite, yawning, irritability, tremors, chills and sweating 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 47  Morphine Chief constituent of opium Was isolated from opium in 1806 by Serturne. 10-20% of all opium alkaloids. Name is derived from Greek god Morpheus; the god of dreams. A phenanethrene alkaloid (C17H19O3N). White powder or white shinning crystals form with bitter taste. Fatal dose: – 200-250mg orally – 50-100mg injection 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 48  Heroin Slangs: Diacetyl morphine, horse, smack, junk, dope, brown sugar. Sniffed, smoked and injected. White sugar is pure heroin, while brown sugar (illicit heroin) contains diluents like cocoa, starch, milk powder etc. Four times more powerful in action than morphine. The euphoria produced is higher than any other narcotics. The effect of heroin is felt within one minute after injection. Intense euphoria lasts for several minutes followed by sedation. There is feeling of warmth and intense pleasure. Causes physical and physiological dependency. Withdrawal symptoms include painful abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, restlessness, congestion and altered heart rate. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 49  Colour tests for Morphine Frohde’s Test: – To the dried residue of extract is added one drop of Frohde’s reagent( 1% ammonium molybdate solution in concentrated H2SO4). – A violet colour changing to green and finally blue is observed. Marquis Test: – To the dried residue of extract is added one drop of Marquis reagent (one drop of formalin in one ml of concentrated H2SO4). – A purple red colour is produced which changes to violet and blue. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 50  Zernic Nitric Acid Test: – To the dried residue of extract is added one drop of concentrated HNO3. – Presence of yellow colour is indication of opium alkaloids. Urotropine Test: – To the dried residue of extract is added a few drops of aqueous solution of urotropine and warmed slightly. – A purple colour changing to blue and then green is observed. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 51 Alkaloid Colour observed Colour observed Colour observed Colour observed in Marquis test In Mecke test In Frohde’s test In nitric acid test Opium Purple-violet Deep green Purple Yellow Morphine Purple-violet Deep green Purple Orange Codeine Purple Bluish green Blue Orange Thebaine Orange Orange Blue to green Yellow Heroin Purple –violet Deep green purple Yellow 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 52 Microcrystal Tests For Morphine – These tests are performed with different reagents on the residue of extract. – The crystals formed show definite geometry, characteristics to a particular plant poison. – These tests may be used for screening f the samples. Reagent Type of crystal 5% mercuric chloride Tufts Potassium mercuric iodide Needles 5% potassium iodide Orange plates 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 53  TLC of Opium Alkaloids Solvent system: – Carbon tetrachloride : n-butanol : methanol : 6N ammonia (40:30:3:2) – Xylene : butanone : methanol : diethyleamine (40:40:6:2) HRf values of opium alkaloids- Active component Sys 1 Sys 2 Narcotine 90 74 Papaverine 85 70 Thebaine 80 56 Codeine 60 37 Morphine 40 15 Narceine 25 02 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 54  Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Opioids The purified alkaloids from TLC plate is dissolved in 0.5 ml alcohol and aliquot of 5 microlitre is injected in GLC column. Method- – Column: length 3 ft, diameter: 1/8” – Material: spiral glass – Stationary phase: 1% high efficiency- 8 B – Carrier Gas: Nitrogen with flow rate of 60ml/min – Temp.: 220C – Detector: FID 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 55  UV and IR Spectrometry of Opioids Principal peaks of morphine in IR spectra – 805, 1243, 1118, 945, 1086, 833 λmax (in nm) in diverse media (UV spectrography) – Aqueous acid : 285 – Aqueous alkaline : 298 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 56  Stimulants vs Depressants Aspect Stimulants Depressants Drugs that increase brain activity, Drugs that slow down brain activity and Definition alertness, and energy levels. reduce arousal. Cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, Examples Alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates. nicotine. Increase neurotransmitter release (e.g., Enhance the action of inhibitory Mechanism dopamine, norepinephrine). neurotransmitters (e.g., GABA). Increased heart rate, blood pressure, Relaxation, sedation, slowed reflexes, Effects alertness, and energy. and decreased heart rate. Treatment of ADHD, narcolepsy, and Treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and Medical Uses obesity. seizures. Anxiety, paranoia, insomnia, Drowsiness, impaired motor skills, Side Effects cardiovascular issues. respiratory depression. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 57  Stimulants vs Hallucinogens Aspect Stimulants Hallucinogens Drugs that increase brain activity and Drugs that alter perception, mood, and Definition energy. cognition. LSD, psilocybin (magic mushrooms), Examples Cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine. PCP, mescaline. Act on dopamine, norepinephrine, and Interfere with serotonin receptors to Mechanism serotonin pathways to increase alter sensory perception. stimulation. Increased alertness, energy, euphoria, Distorted reality, hallucinations, and Effects and physical stamina. altered sense of time and space. ADHD, narcolepsy (e.g., Limited use (e.g., psilocybin for mental Medical Uses amphetamines). health in research). Addiction, insomnia, cardiovascular Anxiety, psychosis, "bad trips," and Side Effects issues. flashbacks. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 58  Stimulants vs Depressants vs Narcotics Aspect Stimulants Depressants Narcotics Increase brain activity and Slow down brain activity and Relieve pain and produce Definition alertness. induce relaxation. euphoria. Cocaine, amphetamines, Alcohol, barbiturates, Morphine, heroin, codeine, Examples caffeine. benzodiazepines. oxycodone. Increase release of dopamine Enhance GABA action Act on opioid receptors in the Mechanism and norepinephrine. (inhibitory). brain to block pain signals. Sedation, relaxation, reduced Pain relief, drowsiness, Alertness, energy, euphoria, Effects heart rate, and slowed euphoria, respiratory increased heart rate. reflexes. depression. Pain management (e.g., post- Medical Uses ADHD, narcolepsy. Anxiety, insomnia, seizures. surgical pain). Respiratory depression, Insomnia, paranoia, Addiction, respiratory Side Effects memory problems, cardiovascular risks. depression, overdose. dependency. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 59  Short-Term vs Long-Term Impacts Drug Class Short-Term Signs & Symptoms Long-Term Signs & Symptoms Increased heart rate, alertness, Anxiety, paranoia, psychosis, weight loss, Stimulants euphoria, restlessness, insomnia. heart problems. Relaxation, sedation, drowsiness, Dependency, memory problems, Depressants slowed reflexes. tolerance, respiratory issues. Pain relief, euphoria, drowsiness, Addiction, liver damage, tolerance, Narcotics slowed breathing. respiratory depression. Altered sensory perception, Flashbacks, persistent psychosis, mood Hallucinogens hallucinations, anxiety. disorders. 11/29/2024 saurabh bhargava 60