Disaster Risk Review PDF

drrr reviewer HAZARD - is a potentially damaging physical event. phenomenon, or human CONCEPT OF DISASTER activity that may cause the loss of life or...

drrr reviewer HAZARD - is a potentially damaging physical event. phenomenon, or human CONCEPT OF DISASTER activity that may cause the loss of life or injury. property damage, social and disaster economic disruption or environmental - is a sudden calamitous occurrence that damage causes great harm, injury and destruction and devastation to life and property. VULNERABILITY - is defined as the - it disrupts the usual course of life causing characteristics and circumstances of a both physical and emotional distress community, system or resource that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a TYPES OF DISASTER hazard. NATURAL DISASTER MAN MADE DISASTER CAPACITIES/EXPOSURE - is the capability and coping ability of schools, households, NATURAL DISASTER - is a major adverse and communities to manage when disaster event resulting from natural processes of hits. the earth. - refers to the degree to which a community is likely to experience FLOOD hazard events of different EARTHQUAKE magnitude. VOLCANIC ERUPTION STORM RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING TSUNAMI DISASTERS TORNADO HURRICANES 1. SEVERITY OF EXPOSURE The risk of future mental problems is MAN MADE DISASTER - are the result of closely tied to the level of exposure to a man negligence, errors, or intention. disaster. People who experience the disaster firsthand or have close contact with 3 CATEGORIES OF MAN MADE victims are at higher risk. Those with only DISASTER indirect exposure face a lower risk. 1. TECHNOLOGICAL OR INDUSTRIAL DISASTER 2. GENDER AND FAMILY 2. TRANSPORTATION DISASTER Women or girls suffer more negative 3. SOCIAL DISASTER effects than do men or boys. Conflicts between family members or lack of support in the home make it harder to recover from DISASTERS RISK - refers to the potential disasters. disaster losses in lives, health status, livelihoods. assets and services which could 3. AGE occur in a community or society over some Adults that range 40-60 are more stressed specified future time period. after disasters. The thinking is that he/she has more demands from job and family.  loved ones, many children develop post- 4. DEVELOPING COUNTRIES traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a serious Disasters in developing countries, like the psychological condition resulting from Philippines, have a more severe mental extreme trauma. health impact than disasters in developed countries. ANALYSIS OF DISASTER FROM THE DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE 5. LOW OR NEGATIVE SOCIAL SUPPORT A. PHYSICAL The support of others can be both a risk Physical damage from a disaster, including and a resilience factor. Social support can harm to buildings, infrastructure, people, weaken after the disasters, due to stress and the environment, is the most and the need for members of the support measurable aspect used in assessing the network to get their own lives. impact. EFFECTS OF DISASTERS ON HUMAN B. PSYCHOLOGICAL LIFE Disasters can lead to serious mental health issues like PTSD, with the severity of 1. DISPLACED POPULATION emotional consequences increasing with When countries are ravaged by higher levels of stress experienced during earthquakes or other powerful forces of the disaster. nature, floods and super typhoons, many people have to abandon their homes and B. PSYCHOLOGICAL seek shelter in other regions. Other psychological effects of disaster EMOTIONAL EFFECTS 2. HEALTH RISKS COGNITIVE EFFECTS Severe flooding can result in stagnant PHYSICAL EFFECTS water that allows breeding of waterborne INTERPERSONAL EFFECTS bacteria and malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Dengue fever is another serious health C. SOCIO-CULTURAL problem caused by mosquitoes. Disasters disrupt victims' social lives, with families in displaced camps facing social 3. FOOD SCARCITY challenges and strained family bonds, Thousands of people around the world go especially when dealing with loss and hungry as a result of destroyed crops and shared accommodations. loss of agricultural supplies. As a result, food prices rise, reducing families' D. ECONOMIC purchasing power and increasing the risk of The severity of a disaster is often indicated malnutrition. by the immediate loss of livelihoods, with lifelong earnings wiped out, significantly 4. EMOTIONAL AFTERSHOCKS hindering recovery. Assessing the disaster's Natural disasters can be traumatic for impact involves calculating direct economic young children, confronted with scenes of costs, which include the value of damaged destruction and the deaths of friends and or destroyed assets, and indirect losses, which are crucial for understanding the Flooding, sinkhole broader consequences. Earthquake Mudslide/landslide E. POLITICAL Volcanic eruption - pyroclastic Government services play a crucial role in materials, lahar flow, lava flow and disaster risk management, influencing ash fall outcomes positively or negatively. Effective Flooding, flash floods government intervention is needed in the Thunderstorm, hailstorm, blizzard phases of prevention, mitigation, Oil spill, pollution preparedness, and recovery; failure to do so Toxic waste heavy metal, lead, hinders the affected population's ability to mercury, nitric acid, etc. cope with and recover from disasters. Chemical fumes, chemical waste Nuclear waste, possible technical F. ENVIRONMENTAL failure, leaks, or worse accidental Disasters immediately alter the ecology explosion and environment of affected areas, Factory waste, pollution sometimes creating new geological features Fire that disrupt the balance. The destruction of Terrorism infrastructure like roads and buildings further impacts ecological and EXPOSURE and VULNERABILITY environmental stability. TERMINOLOGIES AREAS/LOCATIONS EXPOSED TO NATURAL HAZARDS 1. HAZARD - an event or occurrence that has the potential to cause harm to life and AREA/LOCATION damage property and the environment. Coastal areas Reclaimed areas 2. VULNERABILITY - comprises conditions Near fault lines determined by physical, social, economic, On foot of denuded mountains and environmental factors or processes, Near volcanoes (danger zone) which increase the susceptibility of a Riverbanks and "esteros" community, school, or certain area in a Open fields locality to the impact of hazards. Near oil depots Near miming projects 3. CAPACITIES - those positive resources Near chemical plants and abilities which are helpful to individuals, Near nuclear plants families and communities in mitigating, Near factories preparing for, responding to and recovering Unsafe building structures from the hazard impact. Public places in mega cities 4. EXPOSURE - it refers to the elements of EXPOSED TO: risk from a natural or man-made hazard Storm Surge, Tsunami, or tidal event. waves 5. ELEMENT AT RISK - a generic term that signifies everything that might be exposed 3. Distribution of Population - Populations to hazards, ranging from buildings to the in hazard areas may be unevenly economy and from individual persons to distributed, with vulnerable groups, such as communities. the elderly or those in poorer neighborhoods, often more exposed. This ELEMENTS AT RISK INCLUDE THE distribution must be carefully considered in FOLLOWING human settlement planning and government relocation activities. A. HUMAN BEINGS B. DWELLING OR HOUSEHOLDS AND B. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS COMMUNITIES C. BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES 1. Wealth - Low-income populations often D. PUBLIC FACILITIES AND struggle with disaster preparedness, INFRASTRUCTURE ASSETS including assembling a survival kit with E. PUBLIC AND TRANSPORT SYSTEMS essential tools, emergency food, and water F. AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES for 3-5 days. Financial constraints make it G. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSETS challenging for poor families to adequately prepare. WHY CERTAIN SECTORS OF SOCIETY ARE MORE VULNERABLE TO DISASTER 2. Education - Education programs like the THAN OTHERS MMDA's Shake Drill teach people how to handle hazard events, such as the "Big A. DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS One," and encourage schools to integrate B. SOCIO- ECONOMIC FACTORS such drills into their routine at least once per C. COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS quarter. D. DEALING WITH THE AFTER- EFFECTS 3. Nature of Society - Populations may be unevenly distributed within hazard areas, A. DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS with vulnerable groups like the elderly on lower floors or in poorer neighborhoods. 1. Population Density - The denser the This distribution must be carefully population, the more efficient a response considered in government human should be, considering the number of settlement planning and evacuation people that might be affected by a activities. disaster. 4. Understanding of the Area - Recent 2. Age of Population - The very old and migrants often struggle more with disaster very young are less mobile and less able to effects compared to established residents, respond to hazards, making them more who have a better understanding of the vulnerable and in need of special attention area. This local knowledge is crucial in from government and support agencies, disaster preparedness planning, giving particularly during emergency evacuations established settlers an advantage in or relocations. managing and responding to disasters.  crucial for effective disaster risk mitigation C. COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS and management. 3. Aid Request - Humanitarian aid is 1. Building Codes - Rigorous building essential during disasters, but it must be codes are vital for preventing collapses fast and efficient; inefficiency or during earthquakes and should be a key mismanagement of aid, particularly foreign consideration for governments issuing aid, can lead to increased deaths and building permits and land development property loss. licenses. 3. TYPES OF VULNERABILITIES 2. Scientific Monitoring and Early Warning Systems - Established monitoring A. PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY systems can prepare people for the Disaster impact can be influenced by factors onslaught of any kind of disaster. like population density, settlement remoteness, and the design and materials 3. Communication Networks - Countries of critical infrastructure and housing. with strong communication networks ensure EX. wooden homes are less likely to rapid message sharing, making collapse in an earthquake but are more communication plans a crucial element of vulnerable to fire, while light materials emergency planning during disasters. may fare well in earthquakes but suffer extensive damage from super typhoons. 4. Emergency Planning - Preparation is crucial for disaster prevention, and a B. ECONOMIC VULNERABILITY comprehensive emergency plan with Vulnerability to disasters is closely tied to effective monitoring and communication economic status, with poorer individuals and helps individuals or groups respond based communities being more at risk due to on data rather than just predictions. limited resources for building sturdy structures and accessing protective D. DEALING WITH THE AFTER-EFFECTS measures. They are also less prepared because of limited education and 1. Insurance Cover - An essential part of information. disaster preparation is planning for the EX. poorer families often live in unsafe after-effects, including damage to life, areas like riverbanks or esteros, where property, and the environment. Individuals their makeshift homes are highly often purchase insurance policies to help susceptible to flash floods and fire offset losses and prepare for similar future hazards. events. C. SOCIAL VULNERABILITY 2. Emergency Personnel - Training for The term refers to the inability of individuals, community preparedness varies by time and organizations, and societies to withstand the location, and in a disaster-prone developing adverse impacts of hazards due to inherent country like the Philippines, increasing the social, institutional, and cultural factors. This number of trained emergency personnel is includes literacy levels, peace and security, basic human rights, good governance, social equity, and collective organizational Earthquake, Tsunami, Floods, Cyclones, systems. Bushfires, Landslides, & Volcanoes EX. During flooding, vulnerable groups like children, the elderly, and persons EXPOSURE with disabilities may struggle to protect People, Buildings, Business, themselves or evacuate, while educated Infrastructure, & Risk Hazard x Exposure and informed individuals, and x Vulnerability Capacity communities with emergency plans and personnel, are more likely to survive with VULNERABILITY fewer casualties. Engineering Economic D. ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY Social Natural resource depletion and degradation are crucial aspects of environmental -This Trigram illustrates the concept of risk vulnerability, and both communities and which combines an understanding of the governments need to address these issues. likelihood of a hazardous event occurring Mitigation measures, such as reforestation with an assessment of its impact. and conservation, are essential to reduce -The left side of the Trigram shows the disaster risk and vulnerability. different natural hazards that may occur in EX. deforestation from illegal logging an area at any given period. The base of the has led to landslides and mudflows, as Trigram indicates the different elements seen in Ormoc, Leyte (1994) and Infanta, exposed to hazard/disaster. On the other Quezon (2011). side, factors and elements of vulnerability are presented. 4. RISK FACTORS Risk signifies the possibility of adverse 5. PHILIPPINE VULNERABILITY TO effects in the future. It is derived from the NATURAL DISASTERS interaction of social and environmental processes, from the combination of physical The Philippines, located in the Pacific hazards and the vulnerabilities of exposed typhoon belt, faces numerous natural elements. The following is a discussion hazards due to its geography. With an of the 3 factors of risk presented in a average of 20 typhoons annually, rugged Trigram (a term used in lieu of the landscapes prone to landslides, and diagram to emphasize the triangular many areas at or below sea level, the presentation of the 3 factors of Risk: country is highly vulnerable to flooding, Hazard, Exposure, and Vulnerability): storm surges, and sea-level rise. Its long coastline, primarily agricultural Trigram of Disaster Risk : 3 RISK economy, and high levels of poverty and FACTORS corruption exacerbate these risks. Additionally, the Philippines is hazard _ vulnerability susceptible to volcanic eruptions, _ exposure _ earthquakes, and floods, making disaster management and recovery HAZARD particularly challenging.