Industrial Information Systems PDF Fall 2024

Industrial Information Systems Taif University Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department Fall 2024 Chapter Five Accounting in ERP Systems Presented By Dr. Emad Alharbi  Object...

Industrial Information Systems Taif University Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department Fall 2024 Chapter Five Accounting in ERP Systems Presented By Dr. Emad Alharbi  Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Describe the differences between financial and managerial accounting Identify and describe problems associated with accounting and financial reporting in unintegrated information systems Describe how ERP systems can help solve accounting and financial reporting problems in an unintegrated system 2  Objectives (cont’d.) Describe how the Enron scandal and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act have affected accounting information systems Explain accounting and management-reporting benefits that accrue from having an ERP system Explain the importance of Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) in financial reporting 3  Introduction In this chapter, you will learn about the activities in the Accounting functional area Accounting is tightly integrated with all other functional areas Accounting activities are necessary for decision making 4  Accounting Activities Areas of accounting: – Financial accounting – Managerial accounting Financial accounting – Documenting all transactions of a company that have an impact on the financial state of the firm – Using documented transactions to create reports for external parties and agencies – Reports, or financial statements, must follow prescribed rules and guidelines of various agencies 5  Accounting Activities (cont’d.) Common financial statements: balance sheets and income statements Balance sheet – Statement that shows account balances such as: Cash held Amounts owed to company by customers Cost of raw materials and finished-goods inventory Long-term assets such as buildings Amounts owed to vendors, banks, and other creditors Amounts owners have invested in company 6 Figure 5-1 Fitter Snacker sample balance sheet 7  Accounting Activities (cont’d.) Income statement – Profit and loss (P&L) statement – Shows company’s sales, cost of sales, and profit or loss for a period of time (typically a quarter or year) Integrated information system simplifies the process of closing the books and preparing financial statements Managerial accounting: determining costs and profitability of company’s activities 8 Figure 5-2 Fitter Snacker sample income statement 9  Accounting Activities (cont’d.) Quarterly financial statement – Close books – Closing entries to nominal accounts – Nominal accounts – zero balance to start next cycle – Ensure accounts accurate and up-to-date – “Adjusting” entries Integrated information system advantage – Simplifies process of closing books and preparing financial statements 10 Figure 5-3 Balance sheet and income statement for Fitter Snacker in SAP ERP system 11  Accounting Activities (cont’d.) Managerial accounting – Determine costs and profitability of company’s activities – Provide managers with detailed information Informed decisions Create budgets Determine profitability – Information that managers use to control day-to-day activities, develop long-term plans 12  Using ERP for Accounting Information Problems associated with unintegrated systems – Data sharing usually did not occur in real time Accounting’s data were often out of date – Accounting personnel had to do significant research ERP system, with its centralized database, avoids these problems In traditional accounting, company’s accounts are kept in a record called a general ledger 13  Using ERP for Accounting Information (cont’d.) In the SAP ERP system, input to general ledger occurs simultaneously with business transactions Many SAP ERP modules cause transaction data to be entered into general ledger, including: – Sales and Distribution (SD) – Materials Management (MM) – Financial Accounting (FI) – Controlling (CO) – Human Resources (HR) – Asset Management (AM) 14  Operational Decision-Making Problem: Credit Management Unintegrated information system – Out-of-date or inaccurate accounting data can cause problems when a company is making operational decisions Industrial credit management Fitter Snacker’s credit management procedures Credit management in SAP ERP 15  Industrial Credit Management Credit management requires a good balance between: – Granting sufficient credit to support sales and – Making sure that the company does not lose too much money Setting a limit on how much money a customer can owe at any one time – Monitoring that limit as orders come in and payments are received 16  Industrial Credit Management (cont’d.) Sales representative needs to be able to review an up-to-date accounts receivable balance when an order comes in Problems arise if Marketing and Accounting have unintegrated information systems – Less than full cooperation on updates Problems should not arise with an integrated information system – Accounts receivable is immediately updated 17  Fitter Snacker’s Credit Management Procedures FS sales clerk refers to a weekly printout of a customer’s current balance and credit limit to see if credit should be granted Sales data are transferred to Accounting by disk three times a week Accounting clerk can use sales input to prepare a customer invoice Accounting must make any adjustments for partial shipments before preparing the invoice Accounting clerks process customer payments 18  Credit Management in SAP ERP SAP ERP would allow FS to set a credit limit for each customer Company can configure any number of credit-check options in SAP ERP system Advantages of using SAP ERP to manage credit – Process is automated – Data are available in real time 19 Figure 5-5 Credit management configuration 20  Product Profitability Analysis Business managers use accounting data to perform profitability analyses of a company and its products When data are inaccurate or incomplete, the analyses are flawed Main reasons for inaccurate or incomplete data – Inconsistent recordkeeping – Inaccurate inventory costing systems – Problems consolidating data from subsidiaries 21 Figure 5-6 Credit management for Health Express 22 Figure 5-7 Blocked sales order 23  Inconsistent Recordkeeping Each of FS’s marketing divisions maintains its own records and keeps track of sales data differently Paper records might be inaccurate or missing, making validity of the final report questionable Without integrated information systems, accounting and reporting to management requires: – Working around limitations of information systems to produce useful output ERP system minimizes or eliminates these problems 24  Inaccurate Inventory Costing Systems Correctly calculating inventory costs – One of the most important and challenging accounting tasks in any manufacturing company Inventory cost accounting background – Manufactured item’s cost has three elements: Cost of raw materials Cost of labor employed directly in production of item Overhead: all other costs 25  Inaccurate Inventory Costing Systems (cont’d.) Inventory cost accounting background (cont’d.) – Direct costs: materials and labor Can be estimated fairly accurately – Indirect costs: overhead items Difficult to associate with specific product(s) – Standard costs for a product are established by: Studying historical direct and indirect cost patterns Taking into account the effects of current manufacturing changes – Cost variances: differences between actual costs and standard costs 26  Inaccurate Inventory Costing Systems (cont’d.) ERP and inventory cost accounting – Many companies with unintegrated accounting systems analyze their cost variances infrequently Often, they do not know how much it actually costs to produce a unit of a product – If FS had an ERP system, employees throughout the company would have recorded costs in a company- wide database as they occurred – ERP system configurations allow analysts to track costs using many bases 27  Inaccurate Inventory Costing Systems (cont’d.) Product costing example – Suppose Fitter Snacker wishes to update standard costs for NRG-A bars – Product cost analysis for NRG-A bar Product cost analysis in SAP ERP – Product cost variant: method for developing a product cost in an ERP system 28 Figure 5-8 Product cost analysis for NRG-A bar 29 Figure 5-9 Product cost analysis result in SAP ERP 30  Inaccurate Inventory Costing Systems (cont’d.) Activity-based costing and ERP – Activity-based costing (ABC) Accountants identify activities associated with overhead cost generation and then keep records on costs and on activities – ABC requires more bookkeeping than traditional costing methods 31  Companies with Subsidiaries Account balances for each entity must be compiled and forwarded to the home office Consolidated statement for the company as a whole must be created Currency translation – Problems when currency translation is needed for a subsidiary’s accounts Intercompany transactions – Transactions that occur between companies and their subsidiaries 32  Management Reporting with ERP Systems Generating the right reports for the right situation is often challenging Without an ERP system, the job of tracking all the numbers that need to go into a report is a monumental undertaking With ERP system, vast amount of information is available for reporting purposes 33  Document Flow for Customer Service With an ERP system, all transactions in all areas of a company get posted in a centralized database Each transaction posted in SAP ERP gets its own unique document number – Allows quick access to the data In SAP ERP, document numbers for related transactions are associated in the database – Provides an electronic audit trail 34 Document Flow for Customer Service (cont’d.) Figure 5-10 Document flow of a transaction in SAP ERP 35  Built-In Management-Reporting and Analysis Tools Accounting records maintained in the common database Advantage of using a database is the ability to query the records to: – Produce standard reports – Answer ad hoc questions SAP provides a data warehouse within each major module – Data warehouse: repository for data from various sources 36  The Enron Collapse October 16, 2001: Enron was one of the world’s largest electricity and natural gas traders – Reported a $618 million third-quarter loss and disclosed a $1.2 billion reduction in shareholder equity U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) inquiry into possible conflict of interest related to company’s dealings with partnerships run by CFO Fastow 37  The Enron Collapse (cont’d.) Volume of financial contracts was far greater than volume of contracts to actually deliver commodities Some partnerships were faked to mask billions of dollars in debt Enron’s financial statements had been audited by Arthur Andersen, a highly regarded accounting firm Andersen employees on the Enron engagement team were instructed to destroy documentation relating to Enron 38  Outcome of the Enron Scandal Shareholders lost an estimated $40 billion dollars Thousands of workers lost their jobs 31 individuals were either charged or pled guilty to criminal charges Jurors convicted accounting firm Arthur Andersen for obstructing justice by destroying Enron documents U.S. Congress passed Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Act was designed to prevent the kind of fraud and abuse that led to the Enron downfall 39  Key Features of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act Designed to encourage top management accountability in firms that are publicly traded in the United States Title IX – Financial statements filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) must include a statement signed by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chief Financial Officer (CFO), certifying that the financial statement complies with SEC rules 40  Key Features of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (cont’d.) Title II – Auditor independence Limits non-audit services that an auditor can provide Title IV – More stringent requirements for financial reporting 41  Implications of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act for ERP Systems To meet the internal control report requirement, a company must: – Document the controls that are in place – Verify that the controls are not subject to error or manipulation Companies with ERP systems in place will have an easier time complying with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act than will companies without ERP 42  Archiving SAP ERP software offers very few ways to delete items Data are removed from SAP ERP system only after they have been recorded to media (tape backup, DVD-R) for permanent storage Archive: permanent storage SAP ERP systems keep track of when data are created or changed – Change Record 43 Figure 5-11 Transaction options for material master data 44  Archiving (cont’d.) Figure 5-12 Change Record for material master 45  User Authorizations SAP ERP has sophisticated user administration tools that allow different levels of authorization management – Ensure that employees can perform only the transactions required for their jobs Profile Generator – Provides a simple method for selecting functions that a user should be allowed to perform 46 Figure 5-13 Display Roles screen in SAP 47  Tolerance Groups Setting limits on the size of transaction an employee can process – In an SAP ERP system, this is done using tolerance groups Tolerance groups – Preset limits on an employee’s ability to post transactions – Set limits on the dollar value for a single item in a document as well as the total value of document 48 Figure 5-14 Default tolerance group 49  Financial Transparency ERP systems provide the ability to drill down from a report to the source documents (transactions) that created it – Makes it easier for auditors to confirm the integrity of reports With a properly configured and managed ERP system, there are direct links between the company’s financial statements and individual transactions that make up the statements – Fraud and abuse can be detected more easily 50 Figure 5-15 G/L (general ledger) account balance for raw material consumption 51  Financial Transparency (cont’d.) Figure 5-16 Documents that make up G/L account balance for raw material consumption 52  Financial Transparency (cont’d.) Figure 5-17 Details on $10.00 line item in G/L account for raw material consumption 53  Trends in Financial Reporting (XBRL) Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) – Standards based language – Extensible Markup Language (XML) coded data directly from web page into database – Reports processed faster and validated easier – ERP systems accept data in XML and XBRL 54  Summary Companies need accounting systems to record transactions and generate financial statements Unintegrated information systems – Accounting data might not be current Can cause problems for sales representatives trying to make operational decisions – Data can be inaccurate Can affect decision making and therefore profitability 55  Summary (cont’d.) Closing the books at the end of an accounting period can be difficult with an unintegrated IS, but is relatively easy with an integrated IS – Closing the books means zeroing out temporary accounts Using an integrated IS and a common database to record accounting data has important inventory cost- accounting benefits – Can lead to more accurate product cost calculations – Can help managers determine which products are profitable and which are not 56  Summary (cont’d.) Use of an integrated system and a common database to record accounting data has important management- reporting benefits – Built-in drill-down and query tools available Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 2002 U.S. federal regulation – Written and passed in the wake of Enron collapse – Promoted management accountability by requiring extra financial approval and reporting – ERP systems can help companies meet the requirements of this legislation 57  Summary (cont’d.) Trends in financial reporting – XBRL – XML – ERP systems accept data in XML and XBRL into database 58 Key Terms 59 Key Terms 60 Key Terms 61 Thank You! 62