Domain 7 Environmental Management Systems PDF

Domain 7: Environmental Management System The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) duties and functions:  Gathering information on the conditions and trends in environmental quality  Evaluating federal programs in light of the goals established in Title I of the Act  Developing and...

Domain 7: Environmental Management System The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) duties and functions:  Gathering information on the conditions and trends in environmental quality  Evaluating federal programs in light of the goals established in Title I of the Act  Developing and promoting national policies to improve environmental quality  Conducting studies, surveys, research, and analyses relating to ecosystems and environmental quality An environmental assessment/finding of no significant impact (EA/FONSI), An EIS is a more detailed evaluation of the proposed action and alternatives, and includes brief discussions of the following:  The need for the proposal  Alternatives (when there is an unresolved conflict concerning alternative uses of available resources)  The environmental impacts of the proposed action and alternatives  A listing of agencies and persons consulted An EIS, which is described in Part 1502 of the regulations, should include the following:  Discussions of the purpose of and need for the action  Alternatives  The affected environment  The environmental consequences of the proposed action  Lists of preparers, agencies, organizations, and persons to whom the statement is sent  An index, An appendix (if any) Lead Agency: is designated to supervise the preparation of the environmental analysis. Together with state, tribal, or local agencies, may act as joint lead agencies. Cooperating Agency: A federal, state, tribal, or local agency having special expertise with respect to an environmental issue or jurisdiction by law may be a cooperating agency in the NEPA process, cooperating agency has the responsibility to assist the lead agency The Council on Environmental Quality: CEQ’s role, when it accepts a referral, is generally to develop findings and recommendations, consistent with the policy goals of Section 101 of NEPA. Environmental Protection Agency’s Role: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), like other federal agencies, prepares and reviews NEPA documents. required to review and publicly comment on the environmental impacts of major federal actions. The Public’s Role: The public can participate in the NEPA process by attending NEPA-related hearings public meetings and by submitting comments directly to the lead agency. The lead agency must take into consideration all comments received from the public and other parties on NEPA documents during the comment period. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act: RCRA amended the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, and set national goals:  Protecting human health and the environment from the potential hazards of waste disposal  Conserving energy and natural resources  Reducing the amount of waste generated  Ensuring that wastes are managed in an environmentally sound manner The solid waste program: encourages states to develop comprehensive plans to manage nonhazardous industrial solid waste and municipal solid waste (MSW), sets criteria for MSW landfills and other solid waste disposal facilities, and prohibits the open dumping of solid waste. Controlling hazardous waste: from the time it is generated until its ultimate disposal-in effect, from “cradle to grave.” Underground storage tank (UST) program: regulates USTs containing hazardous substances and petroleum products. RCRA banned all open dumping of waste, encouraged source reduction and recycling, and promoted the safe disposal of municipal waste, mandated strict controls over the treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA): phasing out land disposal of hazardous waste. Materials that exhibit hazardous waste (ignitability, corrosively, reactivity, or toxicity) ICRT Facilities that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste must obtain a permit, either from EPA or from a state agency that EPA has authorized to implement the permitting program. C permits: facility standards such as contingency plans, emergency procedures, record-keeping and reporting requirements, financial assurance mechanisms, and unit-specific standards. Here are some important RCRA regulatory requirements:  Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste  Universal Waste  Used Oil Management Standards  USTs Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste: Solid wastes include both hazardous and non-hazardous waste. Garbage or refuse; sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility; and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities. A waste may be considered hazardous if it is ignitable, corrosive, or reactive (explosive), and contains certain amounts of toxic chemicals, a list of more than 500 specific hazardous wastes developed by EPA. Hazardous waste takes many physical forms and may be solid, semisolid, or even liquid. Acute hazardous wastes: These wastes are fatal to humans and animals even in low doses. threat environment Subtitle C of the RCRA creates a cradle-to-grave management system for hazardous waste to ensure proper treatment, storage, and disposal in a manner protective human health and the environment. Identification of Solid and Hazardous Wastes regulation (40 CFR Part 261) procedure every generator considered a haz- ardous waste or a solid waste or is exempted from regulation Hazardous Materials: Hazmat or HAZMAT, is any solid, liquid, or gas that can harm people, other living organisms, property, or the environment. The equivalent term in the rest of the English-speaking world is dangerous goods. Standards for Generators of Hazardous Waste: regulation (40 CFR Part 262) identification number, preparing a manifest, ensuring proper packaging and labelling, meeting standards for waste accumulation units, and record-keeping and reporting requirements, hazardous waste for up to 90 days (or 180 days depending on the amount of waste generated) without obtaining a permit for being a treatment, storage, and disposal Land Disposal Restrictions (LDRs, Under 40 CFR 268 regulations prohibiting the disposal of hazardous waste on land without prior treatment, materials must meet treatment standards before placement in an RCRA land disposal unit (landfill, land treatment unit, waste pile, or surface impoundment. Tanks and Containers: Tanks storing hazardous waste with a high volatile organic concentration must meet emission standards under (40 CFR Parts 264 and 265, Subpart CC) test the waste to determine the concentration of the waste - 90-day accumulation rule Hazardous Waste and Agriculture: Irrigation return flows are not considered hazardous waste, Agricultural producers disposing of waste pesticides from their own use are exempt from hazardous waste requirements as long as :  triple rinse the emptied containers in accordance with the labelling to facilitate removal of the chemical from the container  Dispose of the pesticide residue on their own agricultural establishment in a manner consistent with the disposal instructions on the pesticide label. Agriculture Offsite disposal of hazardous waste could subject agricultural producers to hazardous waste generator requirements. Universal hazardous Waste: includes the following: Batteries such as nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) and small sealed lead-acid batteries, including electronic equipment, mobile telephones, portable computers, and emergency backup lighting, EPA identified the following as Universal waste:  Batteries(computer, mobile,…)  Pesticides  Mercury-Containing Equipment (thermostats 3g)  Lamps  Aerosol Cans Agricultural pesticides: recalled or banned from use are obsolete, have become damaged, or are no longer needed because of changes in cropping patterns or other factors, Thermostats contain 3 g of liquid mercury RCRA regulated that they have been required to handle these materials as hazardous wastes, The universal waste rule eases the regulatory burden on businesses: extends the amount of time of waste accumulation and can be transported on a common carrier instead of hazardous transporter. Universal Waste and Agriculture less than 100 kg of universal waste per month is not considered as rule does not apply, EPA encourages these businesses to participate Used Oil Management Standards: (40 CFR Part 279) storage, transportation, burning, processing, and re- refining of the used oil. Used oil is any oil (either synthetic or refined from crude oil) that has been used and, as a result of such use, is contaminated by physical or chemical impurities Origin based on the origin of the oil - refined from crude oil or made from synthetic materials. Animal and vegetable oils are excluded from EPA’s Use: how the oil is used. Oils used as lubricants, hydraulic fluids, heat transfer fluids, buoyants, and for other similar purposes are considered used oil. Unused oils: never change its properties such as bottom clean-out waste virgin fuel oil storage or oil recovered from a spill, Contaminants the oil is contaminated with either physical or chemical impurities Used Oil and Agriculture 25 gal or less per month from vehicles or machinery per calendar year are exempt from these regulations. MORE than 25 gals required Tank underground or above-ground Underground Storage Tanks UST 10% of its combined volume underground, (40 CFR Part 280) design and release detection requirements, as well as financial responsibility Excluded from regulation requirements for USTs :  Farm and residential tanks of 1,100 gallons or less capacity holding motor fuel used for noncommercial purposes;  Tanks storing heating oil used on the premises where it is stored;  Tanks on or above the floor of underground areas, such as basements or tunnels;  Septic tanks and systems for collecting stormwater and wastewater;  Flow-through process tanks;  Tanks of 110 gallons or less capacity; and  Emergency spill and overfill tanks. USTs and Agriculture: agricultural establishments, USTs and their associated piping holding less than 1100 gal of motor fuel for noncommercial purposes, tanks holding less than 110 gal, tanks holding heating oil used on the premises, and septic tanks are excluded from regulations. Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) chemicals include polychlorinated biphenyls, asbestos, radon, and lead-based paint. TSCA Inventory is considered “existing” and “new” chemical substance Pre-manufacture Notice (PMN) requirements PMN must provide a Notice of Commencement (NOC) of Manufacture or Import (NOC) within 30 calendar days of the date the substance is first manufactured or imported Bona Fide Intent to Manufacture or Import Notice (“genuine intent.”):  Provide specific chemical identification data including the Chemical Abstracts Index name as well as information about the substances’ manufacture or importation. Proper CA Index names can be obtained from the Chemical Abstracts Service’s Inventory Expert Service.  Possibly submit a letter of support. This may be necessary if some information is withheld from the submitter by, for example, a supplier.  Certify intent to manufacture or import the intended substance for a commercial purpose.  Provide all of the other information required in support of a bona fide notice. Clean Air Act 1970: CAA, a federal law that regulates air emissions from stationary and mobile sources. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Goals: set and achieve NAAQS in every state to address the public health and welfare risks, state implementation plans (SIPs), “Major sources” are stationary sources or group of stationary sources that emit or have the potential to emit 10 T/year or more of a hazardous air pollutant or 25 tons per year combination of hazardous air pollutants An “area source” is any stationary source that is not a major source. Clean Air Act of 1990: legislation designed to curb three major threats as acid rain, urban air pollution, and toxic air emissions. monoxide (CO). Title I: Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance of NAAQS the urban air pollution problems of ozone (smog), carbon monoxide Title II: Provisions Relating to Mobile Sources: cars and trucks still account for almost half the emissions of the ozone precursors VOCs and NOx, and up to 90% of the CO emissions in urban areas Title III: Air Toxics: Toxic air pollutants are those pollutants that are hazardous to human health or the environment but are not specifically covered under another portion of the CAA. carcinogens, mutagens, and reproductive toxins. Title IV: Acid Deposition Control What is Acid Rain? Acid rain, or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms. When sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are emitted into the atmosphere and transported by wind and air currents. The SO2 and NOX react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. These then mix with water and other materials before falling to the ground.  Burning of fossil fuels to generate electricity. 2/3 of SO2 and 1/4 of NOX in the atmosphere come from electric power generators.  Vehicles and heavy equipment.  Manufacturing, oil refineries and other industries. Dry deposition. The acidic particles and gases may deposit to surfaces (water bodies, vegetation, buildings) quickly or may react during atmospheric transport to form larger particles that can be harmful to human health Title V: Permits The purpose of the operating permits program is to ensure compliance with all applicable requirements of the CAA and to enhance EPA’s ability to enforce the Act. Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate Protection Class I chemicals be phased out on a schedule similar to that specified in the Montreal Protocol-CFCs, halons, and carbon tetrachloride by 2000; methyl chloroform by 2002 Class II chemicals (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) will be phased out by 2030. Title VII: Provisions Relating to Enforcement: administrative penalty orders up to $200,000 and field citations up to $5000 for lesser infractions. Civil judicial penalties are enhanced. Criminal penalties for knowing violations are upgraded from misdemeanors to felonies, and new criminal authorities for knowing and negligent endangerment will be established. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA): provide federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use. All pesticides used in the United States must be registered (licensed) by EPA. FIFRA mandates that EPA regulate the use and sale of pesticides to protect human health and preserve the environment. (1) strengthen the registration process by shifting the burden of proof to the chemical manufacturer, (2) enforce compliance against banned and unregistered products, and (3) promulgate the regulatory framework missing from the original law. EVABAT Economic Viable Application of Best Available Technology to control environmental impacts without causing an organization financial hardship with respect to pollution prevention, soil columns are classified by Particle size RoHS restricts what chemicals? lead, mercury, cadmium, Hexavalent Chromium, polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, Bis(2- Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP, Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) P / U = commercial chemicals K = hazardous wastes from specific industries/sources F = Hazardous wastes from non-specific sources D = materials exhibiting a hazardous waste characteristic (ignitiability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity) The National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA) was signed into law on January 1, 1970. Its major focus was to require the federal government to use all practicable means to create and maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in productive harmony. 3. NEPA establishes the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ), which is specifically appointed to oversee the provisions of NEPA. 4. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) is the primary policy of the US governing the disposal of solid and hazardous wastes. 5. RCRA specifically covers solid and hazardous waste, universal waste, used oil management, and underground storage tanks. 6. Solid waste means any garbage or refuse; sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility; and other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities. Solid wastes include both hazardous and nonhazardous waste. 7. Universal wastes include items such as batteries, agricultural pesticides, and thermostats. 8. The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) provides EPA with the authority to require reporting, record-keeping and testing requirements, and restrictions relating to chemical substances and mixtures. 9. The purpose of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) is to provide federal control of pesticide distribution, sale, and use. 10. The Clean Air Act of 1990 was designed to curb three major threats to the nation’s environment, including acid rain, urban air pollution, and toxic air emissions. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980) CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund, to clean the waste or spill from site, comprehensive environmental response compensation and liability to identify the responsible party, the responsible person is /are individual /organisation’s current or past owner, operators, transporter, or generators Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act of 1986 SARA Title III Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (1986) after the catastrophic accidental release of methyl isocyanate at Union Carbide’s Bhopal, India facility in December 1984, and a later toxic release from a West Virginia chemical plant protect public health, safety, and the environment from chemical hazards. This is done by requiring federal and state governments, local agencies, tribal nations, and industries to partner in implementing emergency planning and preparedness. Adiabatic lapse rate: Change of temperature with a change in altitude of an air parcel without gaining or losing any heat to the environment surrounding the parcel Cap and trade” or “allowance trading,” is an approach to reducing pollution that has been used successfully to protect human health and the environment. Emissions trading programs have two key components: a limit (or cap) on pollution, and tradable allowances equal to the limit that authorize allowance holders to emit a specific quantity (e.g., one ton). People of color and the poor are exposed to more pollution Bad O3-Ozon Generation: Aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. In contrast, an anaerobic organism is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth. The analytical sensitivity is the determining factor when calculating the required sample volume. Vinyl Chloride is a typical Volatile Organic Compound (V.O.C.) The volume of a cylinder = π(3.14) r2 h Wind roses are graphical representations of wind direction The environment must be considered in designs for product safety because: The ambient environment (temperature, humidity, corrosivity) will affect the condition and operation of the product  the operation of the product (noise, particles, toxic vapors, liquid effluent) would, without proper controls, pollute the environment Product disposal, should it contain hazardous materials (mercury, lead, and beryllium) has the potential to contaminate soil and groundwater. Aesthetics are not part of a product safety environmental assessment. Manifest: manifest number, EPA ID number, and total quantity of waste Legal instruments that are available to plaintiffs in toxic tort suits for damages: Negligence, nuisance and trespass, and strict liability for ultra-hazardous activities Phase I environmental site assessments: 1. Inspect the property, review environment records, and assess chemical handling and disposal practices 2. Aerial photo search and review of past ownership 3. Determine whether the subject or surrounding properties are identified on any government lists of contaminated sites, or lists of sites requiring investigation, clean-up, and/or enforcement. 1. Historical review of the uses(s) and improvement(s) made to the subject site 2. An investigation of the subject and neighboring properties with respect to environmental enforcement actions and/or listing on federal or state contaminated property lists 3. Evaluation of whether present or past owners or tenants have managed hazardous materials or wastes on-site UTS: Universal treatment standards Hazardous waste that is destined for land disposal must meet all applicable treatment standards prior to land disposal. Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than 30 minutes during a workday Hazardous waste determinations are to be performed at the point of generation H2S is not a criteria pollutant National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) is associated with the Clean Air Act program. POTW, SPCC, and BAT are all terms associated with the Clean Water Act program. CERCLA stands for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, known also as Superfund. The Superfund law was written to force clean-up of sites contaminated with toxic materials. Money is set aside to clean these sites up if the responsible parties cannot be found or refuse to clean. Leakage, spillage, or general mismanagement (particularly the lack of a good hazardous waste removal plan), and then identifying the responsible party. The next (and most important) job-at-hand is clean-up (and to try to ensure the party responsible for the mess is also held responsible for the clean-up). Drivers of any size vehicle transporting hazardous materials: must pass the pre-trip skills and written test to obtain a commercial driver's license (CDL). The EPA enforces TSCA: the Toxic Substances Control Act: regulates existing or new chemicals, required reporting, record-keeping, testing for manufacturing or imports, BUT food, drugs, cosmetics and pesticides are excluded The manifest system was developed by RCRA to track hazardous waste from the originator to the final resting place. PCB, or polychlorinated biphenyls, is not indoor air pollution 20 cfm/person Standard for an office environment fresh air outdoor/office Secondary containment: 1. 90-day container accumulation areas 2. Chemical and waste loading and unloading areas 3. Virgin product storage areas and tanks Secondary containment is recommended as a best management practice. Secondary containment manages the risks and costs associated with chemical releases. Requirements for secondary containment can be found in both RCRA and CWA regulations. The fines, clean-up costs, and litigation expenses associated with oil and chemical releases indicate the necessity for secondary containment. Secondary containment means the tank and piping have an inner and outer barrier with an interstitial space that is monitored for leaks and includes containment sumps when those sumps are used for interstitial monitoring of the piping. Replaced for a tank means to remove a tank and install another tank Asbestos waste is commonly landfilled. Small quantities of chemicals would then require lab packs. Temperature inversions serve to concentrate air pollutants near the ground. The EPA has recommended the level of 4.0 picocuries/l air as a maximum safe level of exposure to radon in the home environment Radon Pel-TWA 100 pCi/l (over 18 years old) worker exposed 40 hrs over 7days MCL's represent maximum permissible levels of specified contaminants in water which is delivered to any user of a public water supply system. Primary MCL's refer to : Maximum levels of contaminants allowable in public water systems MCLG's refer : Non-enforceable concentrations of drinking water contaminants that are protective of health with a margin of safety POTW : a publicly owned treatment works Industrial dischargers to the sewer permit cases : 1. Potential bans on new sewer connections 2. Potential additional or more stringent retreatment requirements 3. Potential liability for contamination of sewage treatment plant sludge the products of combustion would contain oxygen in combination with other elements. Organochlorine pesticides are relatively persistent in the environment. DDT was an organochlorine pesticide The carbamate and organophosphate insecticides are degraded relatively rapidly in both the environment and the mammalian body Treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) sites are required by OSHA, TSCA, and CERCLA to have an emergency response plan for all emergencies involving hazardous substances. Beer's Law Spectrophotometry is A = kC, where A is the absorbance of a solution, C is the concentration of the analyte, and k is a constant biomagnification the accumulation of a chemical by an organism from water and food exposure that results in a concentration that is greater than would have resulted from water exposure only and thus greater than expected from an equilibrium Food chain BOD stands for Biochemical Oxygen Demand represents the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria and other microorganisms while they decompose organic matter under aerobic (oxygen is present) conditions at a specified temperature Efficiency: cyclone is 80% while the ESP is 95%. A chelating agent is a chemical compound capable of forming multiple chemical bonds to a metal ion. A buffer is a substance that reduces the change in hydrogen ion concentration (pH) Aldehydes and ketones incorporate a carbonyl functional group, C=O. These are organic compounds with structures -CHO and RC (=O)R’, where R and R’ represent carbon-containing substituents respectively. Moles = volume/molecular weight (18 for H2O) Water is the most prevalent all-around solvent Fibres are particles which have a length that is at least 3 to 1 Mass spectrometry (MS) is Gas chromatography (GC) excellent separation technique for many organic compounds nitrification converts ammoniacal nitrogen to nitrate ion during the aeration of waste water. Isotopes of the same element have the same charge but different nuclear masses. Alkenes (olefins) are unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds. Alkanes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with only single carbon bonds. Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more triple bonds. 970 Btu/lb is the latent heat of the vaporization of water Pyrolysis is the breakdown of materials due to heat. A common technique used to convert plastic waste into energy, in the form of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels In the last 15 years, air pollution emissions have: Decreased Automobiles are the greatest source of urban air pollution Diesel engines produce more pollutants than comparable gasoline engines Transportation, including private automobiles, accounts for approximately 60% of the air pollution in USA Spectrophotometry is a group of analytical techniques which utilize electromagnetic radiation to conduct qualitative or quantitative analysis of various substances, uses absorption in the ultraviolet, infrared, and visible Silane, or silicon tetrahydride, is SiH4 Catalytic combustion technology was introduced to speeds up a chemical reaction, lower the temperature required to oxidize pollutants. Coliform bacteria as an indicator of microbial contamination. Measure the water quality Hazardous waste disposal, Leachate is a combination of groundwater or surface water that has infiltrated the hazardous solid waste and suspended solid matter microbial waste products, heavy metals Garbage" refers to food waste, and rubbish refers to non-hazardous / non-food waste. The critical pressure of a substance is that pressure at which no liquid-vapor phase transition occurs for any temperature. Impurities will lower and broaden the melting point of a material Settling velocity is directly proportional to particle density; ppm = (mg/m3 * 24.45) / MW (at 25ºC and 1 atm) P total pressure of mix gases = P1+P2..= Hg =torr V = hA , h is the height and A is the cross-sectional area A Btu 1/180 of the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of water from 32ºF to 212ºF Physical adsorption is characterized by electromagnetic forces attracting a chemical to a media. Beer's Law : chemistry upon which visible and ultraviolet spectrophotometry Molality refers to the number of moles of a solute dissolved per 1,000 grams of a solvent. Henry's Law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas- liquid interface. 0°C + 273.15 = 273.15 K PH = -log [hydrogen ion concentration] Halon is an ozone depleting agent that was banned by the Montreal Protocol The formation of trihalomethanes by water chlorination is an adverse byproduct Hopcalite catalyst is a mixture of copper and manganese oxides used. National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (NSDWRs): are non-enforceable guidelines regulating contaminants that may cause cosmetic effects (such as skin or tooth discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color) in drinking water. EPA recommends secondary standards to water systems but does not require systems to comply with the standard. Total coliforms is non harmful bacteria is indication to adequacy of water treatment and integrity of distribution Wastewater treatment: Preliminary Treatment: three separate processes; screening, pumping, and grit removal. Primary Treatment: to settle material by gravity, removing floatable objects, and reducing the pollution Secondary Treatment: biological treatment occurs, this process is called activated sludge. The “activated” part of activated sludge is the microorganisms that consume the pollution in the water. When the water arrives at the secondary treatment process, microorganisms are added to the water by introducing Return Activated Sludge (RAS) Methyl iso-cyanate was the toxic chemical released during the Bhopal disaster Johnson & Johnson's handling of the Tylenol scare is considered an excellent example of effectively dealing with a major crisis. Bolychlornated biphenyl found in transformers , Azides become high explosive mixing with metals Economics available application of best available technology : EVABAT The environmental response is: planning, PPE, mitigation and decontamination Environmental life cycle assessment is a systematic process for evaluating impact of product and service The most commonly cited violation is mislabeling chemicals and waste The chemical release model is plume and puff The problem of UTS: piping failure, corrosion and overflow/spill Flange parallel to the exhaust reduces the speed by 25 % Green mean environmentally friendly, LEED New building construction working with environmental management Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Business interest is most driven in environment then by law and regulation Sustainable development meeting the needs of world and new generation Closed loop cycling is for storage and distillation of spent solvent Environmental system, is principle, tools to achieve objects, management programs, framework Waste minimization is used to control or reduce the risk and toxicity of waste Decrease waste without treatment through source reduction System life cycle: governmental program, concept, system development, production and development, sustain and disposal Generator waste send to another if the sender vsqg and the other lqg, the are managed by the same person Clarifier used to remove solids from wastewater effluent Cobot is a collaborative Robot Cap and trade is a government regulatory system designed to give companies an incentive to reduce their carbon emissions Carbon sequestration: geologic and biological, the process by which trees and plants absorb CO2, release the O2, and store the carbon. Geologic sequestration is one step in the process of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), and involves injecting CO2 deep underground where it stays permanently. 1st step of shipping paper is to determine proper shipping name PSN Adsorption: removing gas or mix of gaseous from a solid bed, activated charcoal is adsorbent REACH is Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and restriction of chemicals is EU union regulation Hydrolytic conductivity is to measure aquifer to water Boundary between saturated and unsaturated zone called potentiometric surface Stabilization: reduce the solubility of hazard Two acceptable method for CO2 estimate, direct measurement, fuel input analysis Spill safe distance upwind of the spill Just in time mean reducing the quantity of stored hazardous materials What is a Bioreactor Landfill : A municipal solid waste landfill (MSWLF) in which liquids are added to help bacteria break down the waste. The increase in waste degradation and stabilization is accomplished through the addition of liquid and air to enhance microbial processes.  Aerobic - In an aerobic bioreactor landfill, leachate is removed from the bottom layer, piped to liquids storage tanks, and re-circulated into the landfill in a controlled manner. Air is injected into the waste mass using vertical or horizontal wells to promote aerobic activity and accelerate waste stabilization.  Anaerobic - In an anaerobic bioreactor landfill, moisture is added to the waste mass in the form of re- circulated leachate and other sources to obtain optimal moisture levels. Biodegradation occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobically) and produces landfill gas. Landfill gas - primarily methane - can be captured to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and can be used for energy projects.  Hybrid (Aerobic-Anaerobic) Types of Landfills:  Municipal Solid Waste Landfills (MSWLFs) – Specifically designed to receive household waste, as well as other types of nonhazardous wastes.  Industrial Waste Landfill – Designed to collect commercial and institutional waste (i.e. industrial waste), which is often a significant portion of solid waste, even in small cities and suburbs.  Hazardous Waste Landfills - Facilities used specifically for the disposal of hazardous waste. These landfills are not used for the disposal of solid waste. Spill Safety Zones Safety zones specify:  The type of operations that will occur in each zone;  The degree of hazard at different locations within the release site; and  The areas at the site that should be avoided by unauthorized or unprotected employees. The three most frequently identified zones are below: 1. The exclusion zone (or hot zone) is the area with actual or potential contamination and the highest potential for exposure to hazardous substances. 2. The contamination reduction zone (or warm zone) is the transition area between the exclusion and support zones. This area is where responders enter and exit the exclusion zone and where decontamination activities take place. 3. The support zone (or cold zone) is the area of the site that is free from contamination and that may be safely used as a planning and staging area. Command posts established for managing hazardous spill may include: Radio, phone, MSDS and NOT spill equipment clean up Nuisance Nuisance as a tort means an unlawful interference with person's use or enjoyment of land or some right over or in connection with it. Acts interfering with comfort, health or safety are the examples of it. The interference can be noise, vibration, heat, smoke, smell, fumes, water, gas, electricity or disease producing germs. Kinds of Nuisance 1. Public Nuisance (Common Nuisance) Public nuisance is an interference with the right of public in general and is punishable as an offence. Obstructing a public way by digging a trench is an example of public nuisance. Although, such obstruction may cause inconvenience to many person, but none can be allowed to bring civil action for that, otherwise there may be hundreds of action for a single act of public nuisance. To avoid multiplicity of suits, the law makes public nuisance only an offence punishable under criminal law. In Rose v. Miles, the defendant wrongfully moored his boat across a public navigable creck. This blocked the way for plaintiff's boat and the plaintiff had to incur considerable expenditure in unloading the cargo and transporting the same by land. It was held that there was special damage caused to the plaintiff to support his claim. 2. Private Nuisance (Tort of Nuisance) A private nuisance is an interference with a person's enjoyment and use of his land. The law recognizes that landowners or those in rightful possession of land have the right to the unimpaired condition of the property and to reasonable comfort and convenience in its occupation. Superfund national priorities list: list of sites of national priority among the known releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants throughout the United States and its territories. The NPL is intended primarily to guide the EPA in determining which sites warrant further investigation. Radioactive waste: handled through long-term storage in a remote location. Shipping clerks, truck drivers, and receiving clerks shall receive training, they are considered hazmat employees Inversion aloft: The cap is a layer of relatively warm air aloft (above the inversion). Air parcels rising into this layer become cooler than the surrounding environment, which inhibits their ability to ascend. Air near the ground cools more quickly than air aloft. Safe drinking water Act SDWA: Federal law, ensure safe drinking water for the public, whether from the ground or underground sources. National Ambient air quality standards: are limits on atmospheric concentration of six pollutants that cause smog, acid rain, and other health hazards. (CO), (Pb), (NO2), (O3), (SO2) and Particle Pollution(PM) RCRA recognize hazard waste as: D001 ignitability, D002 corrosively , D003 reactivity and D004 Toxicity – ICRT EPA universal wastes: batteries, pesticides, mercury-containing, and fluorescent lamps, defined as hazardous waste and 1st priority is recycled by the waste destination facility. Hazardous air pollutants: toxic air pollutants are 187 compounds or substances, Ar, Pb, Cd, pollutant gases, solvents and pesticides, air contaminant and suspected to cause cancer, serious health effect and adverse environmental effect. Biomagnification: is the bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals in tissue such as DDT and PCBs in fatty tissue Such as fish accumulate high mercury and transfer to human through food chain Endemic: infection is constantly maintained at a baseline level in a geographic area without external inputs. For example, chickenpox is endemic in the UK Epidemic: is the rapid spread of disease to a large number of patients among a given population within an area in a short period of time and at the same time such as AIDS Pandemic: “an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people.” Leachate: fluid that dissolved, percolated or entrained environmental hazardous substances that may enter the environment, cause threat to the surface water and ground water and contaminate the drinking well or tape pipes DDT: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, insecticide, colorless, tasteless, banned 1972, DDT to control of mosquitoes that spread malaria outside USA , DDT cause effect on kidney, liver and immune system Paul Müller won the Nobel prize discovery of insecticidal qualities and use of DDT in the control of vector diseases Clean Water Act 1972: primary federal law to protect the water from any source of pollution by preventing/eliminating the pollution discharge in the navigable water. Nonpoint source of pollution: diffuse contamination of water or air that does not originate from a single discrete source. oil, pet waste, pesticide, herbicide, fertilizer, road salt, bacteria, sediment, and any other contaminant that ends up on the ground naturally or from human activity, a great impact on the health and economy of upper north America, Great Lakes region Activated sludge: aerobatic active bacteria suspended in the sludge that consume and break down organic containment such as benzene to water and CO2 Methane natural gas is lighter than air, methane absorbs the sun’s heat and warms the atmosphere make it a greenhouse gas causes global warming, potential than CO2 Innocent landowner defense, narrow window where the buyer can avoid liability if he performs due diligence Environmental due diligence is the process of assessing real estate for any potential risk of environmental contamination. Facility response plan, sustainable harm to the environment if it discharges oil into navigable water Environmental management guidelines a set of principles, tools to achieve environmental objectives, management programs, a management framework. Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator (CESQG) Generated Less than 100 kg/mo of any hazardous waste. Less than 1 k^mo of P-listed (acutely hazardous) waste. Less than 100 kg/mo of cleanup waste Accumulated. Less than 1000 kg of any hazardous waste Less than 1 kg of P-listed (acutely hazardous) waste Less than 100 kg of cleanup waste Small Quantity Generator (SQG) Generated. 100 and 1000 kg per month of hazardous waste. No more than 1 kg of acutely hazardous waste Have limitations on accumulation as follows:. Accumulation time without permit is lessthan or equal to 180 days. Accumulation quantity is limited to 6000 kg. Accumulation is allowed in tanks or containers only Large Quantity Generator (LQG) Is subject to full Subtide C regulation Generates more than SQG and CESQG More than 1000 kg/mo of any hazardouswaste. More than 1 kg/mo of acutely hazardous waste Accumulates more than SQG and CESQG More than 6000 kg of hazardous waste. More than 1 kg of acutely hazardous waste. More than 100 kg of contaminated soil, waste, or debris Eight sections of RCRA 1. Identification 2. Labeling/packing/transportation 3. Disposal facilities 4. Permitting of disposal facilities 5. State programs 6. Facility Inspections 7. Civil and criminal penalties for violators 8. LQGs (1000kg or more/month), SQGs (100 to 1000kg/month), and CESQGs (less than 100kg/month) Operations for environmental spill response include: 1. Planning 2. PPE 3. Mitigation 4. Decontamination polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) : found in Transformers, capacitors, and fluorescent light ballasts Environmental site assessment: process that seeks to characterize a physical property or operation from an environmental view with an overall objective of understanding site-specific conditions. Environmental Audit: Process that seeks to verify documented expectations, typically regulation and policies, by conducting interviews, reviewing records, and making firsthand observations Azides :energy-rich molecules with many applications. Sodium azide, for example, is used as a preservative, mutagen, biocide, and assay reagent. Should never be poured down the sink because they can decompose explosively on heating and can form shock sensitive and highly explosive mixtures if exposed to other heavy metals or hydrogen EVABAT: Economic Viable Application of Best Available Technology to control environmental impacts without causing an organization financial hardship LCA : environmental Life Cycle Assessment, Systematic set of procedures for compiling and examining the inputs and outputs of materials and energy and the associated environmental impacts directly attributable to the functioning of a product or service system throughout its life cycle. ISO 14040 : The Life Cycle Assessment Guideline Vapor-cloud dispersion models : Studies the airborne release of hazardous materials into the surrounding atmosphere The two primary types of vapor-cloud dispersion models are: 1. Plume - describes the steady state concentration of material released from a continuous source. 2. Puff - the temporal concentration of material form a single release of a fixed amount of materials. LEED: Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design The certification process for new building construction and renovations that include a rating system designed to guide and distinguish high performance buildings that have less of an impact on the environment and are healthier to work within. 1. Sustainable sites 2. Water efficiency 3. Energy and Atmosphere 4. Materials and Resources 5. Indoor Environmental Quality 6. Innovation and Design