Plant Cell Biology PDF

‫‪Plant cell PART 2‬‬ ‫املصدر‪ /‬الكتاب الجامعي‬  Plant cell Vacuole: Plastids: ✓ Young cells have undifferentiated plastids ✓ it occupies around 3...

‫‪Plant cell PART 2‬‬ ‫املصدر‪ /‬الكتاب الجامعي‬  Plant cell Vacuole: Plastids: ✓ Young cells have undifferentiated plastids ✓ it occupies around 30% of the cells volume in (proplastids), which can multiply by simple mature cells. division. ✓ It is surrounded by a single-layered membrane, ✓ Mature cells develop into the various kinds which the tonoplast. are classified by the primary pigment they ✓ The vital function apart storage is sustain turgor contain: pressure against the cell wall. 1. Chloroplast: (photosynthesis site). ✓ Vacoule consist of cell sap , its mixure of salts , 2. Leucoplast: Such colorless plastids contain enzymes & other substances. storage products, which include oils, protein.  Plant cell Plastids: Mitochondria & chloroplasts are energyconverting 3.Chromoplast: These plastids are colored red, ✓ The energy a cell obtains from its environment is orange, or yellow, depending on the pigments they usually in the form of chemical energy in food contain. (such as glucose) or in the form of light energy. ❖ Chloroplast: (photosynthesis site). ✓ Mitochondria & chloroplasts grow & reproduce ✓ Shape : It is oval-shaped & is surrounded by a themselves. double membrane.Components : ✓ They contain small amounts of DNA that code for ✓ A -Sac-like structures called thylakoids. proteins found in these organelles. ✓ A stack of thylakoids is called a granum. ✓ mitochondria & chloroplasts, both originated via ✓ contain green chlorophyll pigments. symbiogenesis. ✓ with proteins use light energy to make simple sugars from CO2 & H2O. ✓ contain accessory pigments, carotenoids, & xanthophylls. ✓ B. Stroma, which is the liquid phase, it is contain proteins, DNA, RNA, oil droplets, ribosomes, & some starch grains.  Plant cell Mitochondria make ATP through cellular respiration ✓ The outer mitochondrial membrane is smooth and allows many small molecules to pass through it. ✓ All eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, fungal, and ✓ the inner mitochondrial membrane has numerous protist) contain complex organelles called folds , called cristae (sing., crista), extend into the mitochondria (sing., mito chondrion). matrix. Cristae Increase the surface area. ✓ Are the site of aerobic respiration, an oxygen- ✓ proteins are synthesized by mitochondrial or requiring process that includes most of the chloroplast ribosomes. reactions that convert the chemical energypresent ✓ ribosomes are similar to the ribosomes of in foods to ATP. prokaryotes. ✓ During aerobic respiration, carbon & oxygen are removed from food molecules, such as glucose, & converted to CO2 & water. ✓ mitochondrion enclosed by a double membrane, which forms two different compartments within the organelle: 1. The intermembrane space: is the compartment formed between the outer and inner membranes. 2. The matrix space : is the the compartment enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane, contains enzymes that break down food molecules.