Telangana Culture & Festivals PDF

Telegram Channel: https://t.me/akhil_buddhi YouTube Channel: https://youtube.com/@akhil.buddhi INTRODUCTION – HISTORICAL OVERVIEW The word “Telangana” originated from the word “Trilinga” which Is used to identify Telugu people. Godavari is known as “Televaha” and...

Telegram Channel: https://t.me/akhil_buddhi YouTube Channel: https://youtube.com/@akhil.buddhi INTRODUCTION – HISTORICAL OVERVIEW The word “Telangana” originated from the word “Trilinga” which Is used to identify Telugu people. Godavari is known as “Televaha” and a result, people living in its valley were called as Trilingas The word “Telangana” is mentioned in Tellapur inscription, Sangareddy Geographical location of TS – - 150551 - 190551 N latitudes - 770221 – 810231 E longitudes - Area – 1,12,077 sq.km (3.41% of India’s landmass) - 79% of Godavari & 69% of Krishna flow in TS Godavari river is also known as “Rhine of India” Western Ghats enter TS through Adilabad and are known by different names which are as follows – - In Adilabad – Nirmalgattu - In Karimnagar – Rakhi ranges - In Warangal & Khammam – Kandikal ranges Old names of districts during Nizam are – - Yelagandla – Karimnagar - Palamuru – Mahaboobnagar - Induru – Nizamabad - Metuku – Medak During the time of Nizam, the Hyd State was divided into 16 districts of which 8 (presently in TS) JATARAS IN TS – 1. Edupayala Jatara: - Every yr on Mahashivaratri - At Nagasanipalli (V), Papannapet (M), Medak - Principal deity – Vana Durga Devi - It got its name because Manjeera splits into 7 streams 2. Nagoba Jatara: - On every full moon day of Maghamasam. On this day, ppl sing & dance @Bheemadeva temple & worship Adiseshu - Worshipped by Mesavam clan of Gonds 3. Velala Jatara: - Every year on Mahashivaratri - At Velala of Chemur taluq of Adilabad district - Worship Lord Shankara 4. Siddulagutta Jatara: - At Amoor (M), Nizamabad - Worship Shiva is the form of Siddhalingeswara Swamy (believed to be established by Navanadhas – 9 great saints) 5. Sammakka – Saralamma: - Celebrated once in 2yrs by Koya tribe - At Medaram ranges of Tadwai (M), Warangal - Considered as the 2nd largest congregation (`1st – Kumbhmela) 6. Inavolu Jatara: - Worship Mylardeva, Warangal - Held every yr for almost 20 days These notes are made by our community member Gopika with a lot of effort. The source that she referred to is Telugu Academi. She is kind enough to share her notes with all our student community. I really appreciate her kindness.  7. Koravi Jatara: - Worship Sri Veera Bhadra Swamy - Every yr on Mahashivaratri for 20 consecutive days - At Koravi (V), Warangal 8. Nallakonda Jatara: - At Nallakonda (V), Kondimyal (M), Karimnagar - Every yr on full moon day of Maghamasam (for almost 3-4 days) - Worship Nallakonda Narasimha Swamy 9. Komaravelli Jatara: - At Komaravelli (V), Cheryal (M), Warangal - Worship Mallana Deva (Mallikarjuna Swamy) 10. Tuljabhavani Jatara: - At Peddaminigal (V), Chandampet (M), Nalgonda - Held as part of 9-day Navaratri celebrations during Dasara - Participated mostly by Lambadas - All the priests including the Chief priest fast during these 9 days & end it on 9th day 11. Kurumurthi Jatara: - At Atmakur, Mahaboobnagar - Held as part of annual brahmotsava celebration of Sri Venkateswara Swamy 12. Gadwal Jatara: - At Chennakesava temple, Gadwal town, Mahaboobnagar - Held in Vaishnavite tradition 13. Maldagul Jatara: - At Maldagul (V), Mahaboobnagar - Also known as Thimmappa Jatara - Worship Sri Venkateswara Swamy (as Sri Thimmappa) 14. Mannemkonda Jatara: - At Mahaboobnagar - Place famous for – Sri Venkateswara Swamy, Sri Sitaramchandra & Bhakta Anjaneya Temples - Jatara is held as a part of annual brahmotsava celebrations 15. Chevella Jatara: - Worship Sri Lakshmi Venkateswara Swamy - Held in Chaitra masam 16. Joginadhuni Jatara: - At Jogipet, Medak - Worship Lord Joginadha (Jodu lingalu) 17. Kethaki Sangameshwara Swamy Jatara: - At Jharasangham (near Zaheerabad), Medak - Held every yr from Magha Bahula Dasami to Phalguna Shudda Padyami for abt a week day as part of 9- day brahmotsava festivities 18. Nageeshu Jatara – Gonds 19. Sheetala Bhavani - Sharabhaiah Jatara – Banjaras 20. Garala mysamma – Bhagwantaru Jatara – Chenchus “Golconda Kavula Sanchika” (collection of poetry of 354 famous poets) – by Suravaram Pratap Reddy Bruhattara (1st literary work in Telugu) – by Gunadya Challappa Commission – appointed to study the social & economic status of Khaiti Lambadas & Valmiki Boyas for recognising them as STs  Harijan Sewak Sangh – formed by Harishchandra Heda & Jnana Kumari Heda against the social evils among Dalit Bahujan classes ART FORMS, TRADITIONAL SKILLS & HANDICRAFTS – 1. Nirmal Artware – - Known as Nakash - Includes – (a) Nirmal toys & handicrafts (b) Furniture (c) Paintings 2. Wood carvings in Bhuvanagiri – Nalgonda 3. Cheriyal scroll paintings – - Drawn on cloth narrating the scenarios of folklore - @Warangal - Artists are known as Nakashis 4. Silver filigree – - @Karimnagar - Silver & gold lining 5. Asia Rhumal (Theliya Rhumal) – - @Pochampalli & surrounding areas of Nalgonda - Made with complex weaving form (Ikkat) - Usually used as turban 6. Gadwal – Kothankota sarees – Mahaboobnagar 7. Pembarthi sheet metal works – Jangaon TRIBAL COMMUNITIES – 1. Gonds – - Generally, live in TS, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh - Royal dynasty ruling the forest tracts – Raj Gonds - Subtribes: (a) Marias (b) Konda Marias (c) Bishohar Marias - Occupation: Agriculture - Worship: Nagoba & Persipen goddess 2. Kolam – - Also known as Kolavars - Practice both podu cultivation & settled cultivation - In Ayakamatha Ganadevatha temple, they worship the goddess - Expertise in soothsaying 3. Nayakpods – - Till 1990s, they followed podu cultivation 4. Pardhans & Thoti – - Make musical narration of brave stories of Gond leaders - Thoti – render musical narration, stories, songs & soothsaying, and agri & cattle rearing  5. Konda Reddis – - @Khammam & Warangal - Occupation: Agriculture, Podu cultivation, food gathering & cattle rearing - They never used ploughs - Set of people known as Vijju (magicians) are among the mems of the tribe 6. Koyas – - @Warangal, Khammam, parts of Nalgonda - Worship sun & moon - Also known as Konda doras (lords of hills) - Render soothsaying with the help of parrot 7. Chenchus – - Enjoy perfect equality in family structure b/w husband & wife - Gather forest produce beside doing agriculture - Inhabit Nallamala forests of Mahaboobnagar, Nalgonda, Guntur & Kurnool - Worship Garala Mysamma 8. Lambadas – - @Nalgonda, RR, Medak - Practice nature worship & multi theism - Worship “Sevalal” as their Guru ARTS & ART FORMS IN TS – - Adrakh ke Panjer – by Babbhan Khan. It is a comedy drama - Panditaradhya charitra – by Palkuri Somnadha - Perinishiva Tandavam – Its details are mentioned in Nritya Ratnavali (by Jayapasenani, bro-in-law of Ganapatideva) Credit of reviving it in modern time goes to Nataraja Ramakrishna “Drupada” beat – rhythemic beat of mrudangam for this dance form It is warrior dance with the movement of all physical elements of body in rhythm & relevant postures to attain divine blessings of Siva by imaging proximity of warrior with the divine - Play “Maa Bhoomi” – which has the song “Bandenaka Bandikatti” became popular FOLK ART: TYPES – 1. Kathaganalu (epic narration) – narration of a story with music to attract attention of commoners (a) Jangam Devaralu: - Narrated by a separate sect of Shaivites - Mostly live in Medak, Mahaboobnagar, RR (b) Burra Katha: - Also known as Tambura Katha/ Tandnan Katha - Main role is narrating & 2 other supporters - Trumpets carried & played by supporting artists are known as Gummettlu (Vanthalu) (c) Asadhi Katha: - Sub caste of Madiga community undertake the narration of Yellamma Katha - Use musical instruments like Javiki & Chedika (d) Oggu Katha: - Epic musical stories - Among them, Uggu Gollalu & Yerra Gollalu narrate epic stories with musical dance  (e) Baindla Katha: - Specific communities of TS narrate the stories of village deities (f) Pitchikuntla Katha: - Stories centred around the narration of legends & other familiar histories different castes & communities in the State 2. Individual Dances - (a) Namala Singadu: - Seen in Jataras where the individual decorates himself & make musical rhythms to dance – he considers himself as servant of God) (b) Garuda Sthambha Dasari: - They have pic of Lord Hanuman as necklace - Dance for devotional songs - Lamp pedestal is known as Garuda Sthambham - Artists are classified as – i. Shankha Dasari (cone holding artist) ii. Garuda Sthamba Dasari (lamp pedestal holding artist) iii. Tambura Dasari (artist holding stringed instrument) (c) Gaddesani: - Holds stringed instrument & renders sooth saying 3. Collective dancing (rhythmic stepping) - (a) Kolatam: - Rhythmic stepping of grp of ppl in circular form - Also known as Danda Narthanam/ Dand lasyam (b) Chekka Bhajana: - Making musical notes with the help of pieces of wood by a grp of ppl while singing devotional songs - Generally, narration is made on Ram, Krishna on Sri Ramanavami (c) Pandari Bhajan: - Popular in Medak, RR, Hyd - Devotional songs in praise of Panduranga of Pandaripur (d) Guru vayyalu: - Some mems of Kuruba community become Guruvayyas - They hold a Damarukam on 1 hand & trishul in other (e) Beerappa Dollalu: - Subsect of Kuruba community - Dance according to the rhythmic beats of Dholak (f) Oggudolu: - While performing/ narrating epic stories with devotional songs (g) Dappu dance: - Also known as Tappeta/ Kanaka Tappeta/ Palaka - A rhythm “Jaganakam” sound makes a reverberating echo in different forms & patterns known as Kopulu - Rhythmic stepping in accordance with drum beat echo is an integral part to dance (h) Mara gallu: - Long wooden/ steel frames are tied to legs to stand in an unusual height & make rhythmic stepping in accordance with the drum beats (i) Madili: - Played during Peerla Panduga - Ppl dance around fire to motivate young women to walk on fire in a criss-cross pattern  (j) Chindu dance: - Rhythmic stepping with drum beat - By madiga community - Some artists narrate stories of Bhagavatham & hence dance known as Chindu Bhagavatam “Palle Kanneru peduthundhi” song is by Sri Goreti Venkanna FESTIVALS – - Anantha Chaturdasi – Ganesh Nimajjanam - Mahalaya Amavasya – Peddala Panduga - Sadar Panduga – Mahisha Panduga 1. Boddemma Panduga – - Children’s festival - Celebrated in Bhadrapada masam from Bahula Navami to Amavasya for 9 days - On last day, rice procured in all 9 days is used for cooking sweet rice with ghee 2. Bonalu – - Celebrated expressing gratitude to native goddess for protecting ppl - Whole process of Bonalu panduga & its religious rituals = Uradi (Ura Panduga) - People worship “Bodrai” – boulder decorated with pasupu & kumkuma - In Hyd, celebrated in Ashadam on every Sunday - starts @Golconda fort – Lal Darwaja (old city) – Secunderabad Ujjain Mahakali temple - 1st to start Bonalu – Narasaiah - Rangam - Women priests belonging to Mudiraj community observe fasting on the first day of Bonalu & foretell the future on next day - Pochavva – goddess that blesses against measles - Katta Mysamma – goddess that protects forts & water tanks - Yellavva – goddess that protects ppl in 4 borders across all the sections - Poleramma – goddess that resides on the outside of villages & blesses ppl - Uradavva – goddess that protects the village - Eedulamma – goddess that protects palm trees - Oddevva – goddess that protects paddy - Bhommavva – goddess that protects agricultural lands & crops - When Mysamma is situated: (a) On the banks of village water ponds – Katta Mysamma (b) If in Gandi – Gandi Mysamma (c) If in Gold shine – Bangaru Mysamma (d) If in King’s court – Darbar Mysamma - Pothu Raju – considered to be the male sibling of village goddess 3. Dhana Trayodasi (Deepavali) – - Marks the victory over Narakasura - Kubera Pooja & Laxmi Narayana Pooja (2 days before festival) 4. Sadar festival – - Celebrated 2-3 days after Deepavali - Usually celebrated by Yadavas - Belief that its celebrations would distances away yamagandas both for humans & animals (coz Buffalo is the vehicle of Yamadharma raju) 5. Bathukamma – For 9 days during the full moon day of Ashwayuja masam 6. Haritalika – - Celebrated a day before Vinayaka Chaviti on Bhadrapada Shukla Vidiya - Ppl fast during the day & at the night Siva & Parvati are worshipped 7. Karthika Deeparadhana – - Karthika masam starts from the next day of Diwali - Deeparadhana on full moon day 8. Polala Amavasya – - On the last day of Shravana masam & beginning day of Bhadrapada masam - People observe this on new moon day - Imp form of nature worship 9. Peerla Panduga – - People who bring perees in a procession are honoured by cleaning their palms 10. Bakrid – Milad Un Nabi – Sheep are sacrificed 11. Deccan festival (in Hyd) – Feb 12. Lumbini festival – in Apr-May (on occasion of Buddha Jayanti) 13. Kakatiya festival in Oct 14. Kite festival in Jan 15. Satavahana festival – celebrated in Karimnagar  SALARJUNG REFORMS Hyderabad – largest of the Princely States when India achieved Independence. Area – 82698sq miles Asaf Jahi rule: 1724 – 1948, ruled by 9 rulers Though Nizam-ul-Mulk formed an independent kingdom in 1724, they declared themselves as subedars of Mughal rulers even up to 1758 & described so in official documents Asaf Jahi rulers came to be called as “Nizam” from the reign of Nizam Ali Khan SALARJUNG (1829 – 1883) – Salarjung (title given by Britishers) Actual name – Nawab Turab Ali Khan Received honorary Doctorate from Oxford University, London He served as PM under 3 kings – Nasir-Ud-Daulah, Afzal-Ud-Daulah & Mir Mahabub Ali Khan He learnt about administrative systems from English administrator Diton William Digbi said “Salarjung brought about Renaissance in Nizam’s kingdom” Wahid Khan appreciated him as 1 of the most outstanding statesmen among Indian rulers of 19th century His PS – Sayyad Hussain Bilgrami SALARJUNG REFORMS – Reforms were classified into 3 phases – 1. 1st Phase (1857 – 1864) – Reforms were slow. Tried to endear himself to British rulers first & they have firm grip 2. 2nd Phase (1864 – 1880) – Reforms were implemented swiftly 3. 3rd Phase (1880 – 1883) – Reforms carried out with the support of 6th Nizam & Britishers Administrative Transport Economic Currency REFORMS Revenue Police Law Educational 1. ADMINISTRATIVE REFROMS – PM is the Head of the Administration Deputy PM was British Resident He divided the State into 5 Subahs & 17 districts and districts were divided into Taluks Governing officers for – - Subah – Subedar - District – Collector - Taluk – Tahsildar He appointed youngsters as Ministers & established a Board called “Majlis-e-malguzari” in 1865 to protect Talukadar system In 1868, he constituted “Sadar Ul Mahath” & appointed 4 Ministers (Police; Law; Revenue; Social welfare, Education, Health & local bodies) who worked under Central Govt guidelines Established 14 Depts Among 14 Depts, 7 were governed by Ministers named after “Sadar-Ul-Miham” Along with these Ministers, a Dep Minister – “Semi-Sadar-Ul-Miham” played a key role in collecting taxes 2. ECONOMIC REFORMS – Reduced number of Nizam State soldiers (as there was no threat from Maratha & Mysore rulers) He was against Sepoy mutiny & supported Britishers Satisfied with his support, British released Raichur & Osamanabad which were occupied in 1853 5th Nizam Afzal Ul Daulah was awarded “Star of India” Award 3. REVENUE REFORMS – Reconstituted Revenue system in 1864-65 Made a New Revenue Policy “Jila Bandi Policy” – Acc. To this, he divided Nizam State into 17 revenue districts & each district into 5 Regional Councils Regional Revenue Zones – (a) Northern Region – Nizamabad, Karimnagar areas (b) Southern Region – Gulbarga, Sholapur, Raichur (c) Western Region – Beedar, Nanded areas (d) Eastern Region – Warangal, Nalgonda, Khammam areas (e) North West Region – Aurangabad & neighborhood areas Subedar is responsible for collection of taxes in districts In 1864 – Revenue Board is constituted (Prez & 4 mems to regulate revenue in State) In 1867 – Revenue Board was replaced by “Sadar Mahake Emel Gujari” (Central Revenue Dept) headed by officers “Muhathamim” & “Rakun” In 1868 – this was replaced by Revenue Ministry He removed auction system and the middlemen who collected taxes Farmers were given rights on their lands & Land tax to be renewed every 30yrs basing on size, fertility etc. Inaam land system was abolished & salaries were paid to them In 1875 – Survey Settlement Department was established to survey lands 4. LAW REFORMS – Courts were established at Taluka and District Level Judges – Municif & Meer Adil 3 Courts (1 Criminal – “Shanjadar Adalath”, 2 Civil – “Bujungi Devani Adalath & Artha Devani Adalath”) in Hyd  Appeal of district court judgement can be made in HC – “Adalath-e-Padushahee” in Hyd (1 CJ + 4 Judges). This court can punish criminals with exceptions of death & life term imprisonment CJ is called “Naazia” In 1862 – Law Secretariat was established – headed by PM to coordinate all the Courts 5. EDUCATIONAL REFORMS – Paid much attention to start schools & educational institutions in taluks & districts In 1855 – “Daarul Salaam”, a higher educational institute was established Introduced Western educational system where Arabic, Urdu & English were taught He established – - City High School in 1870 - Engineering college in 1870 - Chadarghat High School in 1872 - For children of nobility & elite – Madarsa Alia in 1873 - For children of nobles & officials – Madarsa – e – Aizza in 1878 - Gloria Girls High School in 1881 Nizam College established in 1887 (merging intermediate section of Chadarghat School & Madarsa Alia) 6. POLICE REFORMS – Separated Revenue & Police Depts Established Police Dept – “Mahakay – e – Kothwali” He appointed – - SP (for each district) - Inspector (to every 2 small Talukas combined) - Inspector (to big talukas) Divided the police officers based on their ability & behavior into different categories & decided their pay Started – - Special Police Force to control robberies & thefts – “Nizaamata” - Special Police to protect Govt treasury, Public Offices at Taluks & Districts – “Sovers” Scheme of giving “auxiliaries promotions” based on merit & ability is still continuing in police department 7. CURRENCY – Established Govt mint & Central Treasury in Hyd & local treasuries in districts Removed Mughal names printing on coins (done prior to 1858) & started printing Nizam’s name In 1861, Stamp paper office was established in Hyd & Berar. It worked under the supervision of “Munshikhana” Due to increase in govt affairs, it was separated from revenue board & established a Special Dept headed by “Superintendent of Stamps” from 1870 8. TRANSPORT – Chanda Railway Agreement signed in 1870 – railway line between Bombay & Madras via Hyd 1st railway line between Secunderabad & Wadi – completed in 1878 9. OTHER REFORMS – Abolished Sati in Hyd society Established Postal Dept in 1862 Announced Urdu as official language  Mohammad Gawan (PM of Bahmani dynasty) established Beedar University Issue of Mulki – Non mulki became a problem during 5th Nizam, Afzaluddaula due to the following reasons – 1. After 1857 revolt, people who lost their positions in Mughal ruled provinces migrated to Hyd. They occupied higher posts in administration within a short span & deprived Mulkis of their positions 2. Salarjung reforms to modernize Hyd required intellectuals & educated people. They came from N India and started occupying higher posts Mulkis frustrated with the domination of Non-Mulkis submitted a memorandum to 6th Nizam & as a result a letter was issued seeking the details of employees, which resulted in issuing Employees List in 1886 Civil List of Employees 1886 Civil List of Employees 1894 Released by Salarjung II Released by Salarjung III Mulkis – 52% (wages – 42%) Total number of Gazette Officers – 680 Non-Mulkis – 48% (wages – 52%) Mulkis – 33% (233) Non-Mulkis – 66% (447) Nizam issued 1888 Gazette in response to this Nizam issued various Farmans to resolve the Mulki issue, they are – 1888 Gazette 1919 Farman 1933 Farman Issued by 6 Nizam – Mir th Issued by 7th Nizam – Mir Issued by 7th Nizam Mahaboob Ali Khan Osman Ali Khan Provisions – Provisions – Provisions – 1. Should be born in Hyd 1. Word “Mulki” was used 1. Only Mulkis should be 2. If anyone lived in Hyd for for 1st time appointed in Govt jobs 15yrs (permanent 2. People settled in Nizam 2. Born in Nizam State are resident) submits an rule at least for 12yrs treated as Mulkis undertaking that he 3. All jobs in the State 3. Those who lived in Hyd wouldn’t leave Hyd was should be given to continuously for 15yrs & also treated as Mulki Mulkis according to were unwilling to leave 3. If the parent of a newly their qualifications Hyd were treated as born child was Mulki, 4. If Non-Mulkis were to Mulkis then child is also Mulki be given jobs, they had 4. Children of those who did 4. In case of death of a Non- to obtain special job in Hyd State for 15yrs Mulki husband of a Mulki permission from PM are also treated as Mulkis woman, she was treated 5. Wife of Mulki is also as Mulki if she migrated It didn’t have the provision Mulki to Hyd. But her children of who will issue Mulki weren’t treated as certificate Declaration Certificate Mulkis. If they fulfilled the As it is Gazette, it doesn’t should be obtained from conditions, then Mulki have legal backing like higher officer of “Collector” status is applicable to Farman Cadre them also Issue of Mulki certificate was delegated to “Collector” Cadre officer If the information in the Mulki application is found to be incorrect, then he should apply to Subedar & his decision is final  Maha Raja Kishan Parshad – - Appointed as PM by 6th Nizam in 1901 - Supported Mulkis - Cason Walker – Finance Minister supported Non-Mulkis - Due to the humiliation faced by Mulkis (in terms of language), they started an agitation. Kishan Parshad supported this - A lower cadre employee – Mohammad Meen (working in Home Dept) wrote poem on Non-Mulkis addressing it to Cason Walker - The agitation was partially successful Osmania University – - Established in 1918 - The North Indian Lucknow Urdu was taken as medium of instruction in publication of books (instead of Deccani Urdu) Nizam Subjects League – - Also known as Nizam Peoples Association & Jamiyath Rimayaye Nizam - Established in 1935 because of success of Mulki movement - President – Nawab Nizamath Zung (he acted as Political Affairs Min in Nizam Cabinet) - Vice Prez – Dr. Lathif Sayeed & Ramachandra Nayak - Secretary – BRK, Syed Abid Hasan, Srinivasa Sarma - Slogan – “Hyderabad for Hyderabadis” - Mems – Kashinatha Rao Vaidya, Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Janardhan Rao, Mandumula Narsinga Rao, Lathif Sayeed, Sayeed Ali, Rana Chandra Naik, Noushir Chenoy - Goals – (a) Being obedient to Nizam ruler & fight for Mulki rights (b) Contributing for development by honoring culture & traditions (c) Fight for protection of local language (d) Seeking the unity of the people of all communities & working towards upliftment of downtrodden (e) Govt on the lines of responsible Parliamentary Govt - Dissolved in 1939 (coz the term “responsible Govt” brought severe from Nizam) Aravamudur Iyyengar Committee (in 1937) – to study about implentation of 1933 Farman. Constituted coz of pressure of NSL  NON-POLITICAL ORGANISATIONS IN TELANGANA Since Nizam didn’t allow political parties in the Nizam state, several non-political organizations emerged to support Telangana society Various Movements developed by Public Organizations in Telangana: 1. Chanda Railway Movement – In 1870 – British Govt & Hyd State Govt signed agreement to construct railway line from Wadi to Hyd (on the existing Madras – Bombay line) & extension of existing Hyd – Vijayawada via Warangal & Dornakal By extending it to Badrachalam, they tried to create demand for Singareni coal mines In meantime, new coal mine was discovered @ Chandrapur (Maharashtra) These facts weren’t informed to people but people believed in the rumors that the proposed project would be uneconomical & that it bring heavy loss to Nizam state Intellectuals formed as Association to study Chanda railway scheme & formed Committee which asked the Council of Regency to give total info to them & people (In the history of Nizam rule for the 1st time such a request was made) Association mems – Aghoranath Chatopadhyaya, Mulla Abdul Qayyum, Dastur Hoshnag & Ramachandra Pillai Few members were expelled from their service which led to the subsidence of the movement In 1886, Railway line from Wadi – Secunderabad to Vijayawada was completed It laid the base for public movements in Nizam State 2. Mulki Movement – “Mulki” – Urdu word. Meaning – Locals. They are the people who are born & brought up in Hyd Mulkis were Sunnis while Non-mulkis were Shias Contention between Mulkis & Non-Mulkis has history of > 600yrs – - Mohammad Gawan (Non-Mulki) was killed because of the conspiracy of Mulkis - Madanna (PM of Qutub Shahis, a Mulki) was murdered Contractors – are called Guttedars Urdu was declared as official language in 1880 – led to migration of people Dr. Abdul Hak – Father of Urdu – nourished North Urdu – nourished by the institution “Idare Adbeath” Dr.Khader Mohiuddin Jore – led Deccan Urdu – nourished by the institution “Anjumane Tarakki Urdu” 3. Hindu Religious Reform Movement – Movements arose in 19th century to eradicate the probs of Hindu religion In 1882 – Theosophical Society branch was estd by Ramaswamy Ayyar at Chadarghat Brahma Samaj Hyd Unit – worked under Prof Narayanagunaji Velinkar Jeeva Raksha Gnana Pracharaka Mandali – worked under Seth Lalji Meghji Educational institutions – Name of the institution Demands/Works Founder & Year Young Men’s Improvement It ran libraries, provided reading rooms & 1879 at Chadarghat Society conducted several lectures on different problems of Nizam state Albert Reading Room To spread of education. Hindu Social Club Secunderabad Maalyala Sabha passed a resolution demanding increasing Hyderabad Hindu Social club minimum marriage age of girls to 14yrs Chadarghat  Hyderabad Educational To spread education. Presidents – Sir Moulvi Mohammad Conference Akbar Hyderi, Nawab Yemadul Mulk, Murtaja Nawab Mohammad Yaar Jung, Nawab Sadar Yaar Jung Hyderabad Young Men’s Union To develop education Vaman Nayak Vice Prez - Moulvi Mohammad Murtaja Secretaries – BRK, Mandumula INC was formed at Sir Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay in 1885 Formation was supported by – - Mohammad Hussain – editor of Moulim (a Shafik paper) - Syed Akhil – editor of Hazar Dastan PM Sir Ali Imam wanted to bring reforms on the lines of 1919 reforms, so “Roy Bal Mukund enquiry Committee” was appointed. To submit recommendations to it, Hyd State Reforms Association was formed. Members – Raghavendra Sharma, Keshava Rao, Vaman Nayak, Asghar Hussain. Nizam didn’t implement it 4. Khilafat Movement – Mohammad Asghar, Askari Hasan, Vaman Nayak & Keshava Rao led the Khilafat movement Nizam issued Farmana against Khilafat movement Titles of Nizam – - Protector of Muslim religion - Mubarak Asaf Jahi – Nizam – Ul – Mulk - Loyal friend to British Govt Swadeshi League – formed by Srivajalu, Sri Hanuman & Padmaja Naidu to favour use of swadeshi goods Hindu Standing Association – formed by Kashinadh Vaidya in 1932 to oppose increasing despotic rule of Nizam Arya Samaj – - Estd in 1875 by Swamy Dayananda Saraswathi - Worked to eradicate false traditions, wrong beliefs in Hindu society & to counter wrong propaganda against Hinduism by other religions & stopping religious conversions - Hyd Branch started in 1892. Prez – Kamatha Parshad, Secretary – Mahathma Lakshman Dasji - Suddhi Sabha - to reconvert into Hinduism - Satyardha Prakashika - main book of Arya Samaj, translated into Telugu by Pandit Keshava Rao (He advocated widow remarriages) & the Bill was passed by the efforts of his son Vinayak Rao Vidyalankar - Gastinishan Thirpan (GO 53) in 1926 – to suppress Freedom of Speech & Expression - At Sholapur meet, 1938 – resolution was passed to celebrate “Telangana Liberation Day” on 20-01-1938 - Satyagraha was decided to be conducted in Hyd under Mahatma Narayan Swamiji - In 1942 – at Udgir meeting, 12 resolutions were passed (Imp – Constitutional reforms) - 250 people died at open fire by police on 2-9-1947 when they planned to hoist National Flag at Parakal - It established “Keshav Memorial School” in 1939 & “Vedic Adarsh” paper in 1934 Anjuman Tablig-ul-Islam – worked for conversions Majlis-e-Ittehadul – started by Bahadur Yar Jung. Propagated that “Every muslim has the responsibility to protect Asaf Jahi as it is the symbol of Muslim rule”. Slogan “Anal Malik” which means “Every Muslim he himself is a King”. Also worked for conversion  Newspapers in Hyderabad State – No Name Editor/ Founder Year Works 1 Sarojini Vilas Srinivas Sarma 1912 Started in Mahbubnagar 2 Andhra Matha Swamy Venkat Rao 1917 Concerned with spiritual works & rarely gave political opinions 3 Nilagiri Shabnavees Venkata 1922 1st full-fledged political paper Narasimha Rao (Nalgonda) (weekly) 4 Tenugu Voddiraju Seetha 1922 (Inugurthy village, Ramachandra Rao & Raghava Warangal) Rao brothers 5 Andhrabhyudayam & 1920 Deshabandu 6 Shaiva Pracharin Mudigonda Veera Badra Sastri 1923 Monthly paper 7 Nedu Bhaskar 1925 Telugu, English bilingual paper 8 Golconda Suravaram Pratap Reddy 1926 9 Sujatha P S Sharma 1924 10 Andhra Kesari Adusumilli Dattatreya Sharma 1927 Telugu, English bilingual paper 11 Desha Bandhu Bellamkonda Ramanuja Monthly paper Charyulu & Narasimha Charyulu (Vaddepally) 12 Andhra Vani B S Sharma 13 Hyderabad Bulletin Bukka Pattanam Ramanuja 1929 Charyulu (Hyd) 14 Bhagyanagar Bhagya Reddy Varma 1925 Converted to Adi Hindu weekly 15 Vibudhi Veerabadra Sarma 16 Shobha Devulapally Ramanuja Rao 17 Telangana Ramanuja Charyulu 1942 A column “Charminar gossips” is famous in Telangana daily 18 Deccan Chronicle Ramanuja Charyulu & 1937 It became a daily paper in 1939 Rajgopal 19 Garrison Ramanuja Charyulu 1939 He published this after he gave up relations with DC 20 Daily News 1947 21 Deccan Kesari Dattatreya Sarma 1934 Bilingual 22 Telugu Talli Rachamulla Satyavathi Devi 1936 23 Divya Vani Ayyappa Shastri 1937 24 Tarani Challa Subba Rao 1945 25 Andhra Kesari Communists 1945 26 Sandesham (Telugu) Khaja Abdul Gafar Payaam (Urdu) 27 3 papers – Telugu, Ghulam Mohammad English – supported Nizam Govt Urdu, English Calcuttawala Urdu – supported Razakkars Telugu edition editor – Adavi Telugu – supported movement Bapi Raju against Nizam State 28 Rayat Mandumula Narsinga Rao 29 Imroj Shoabullah Khan He was against Razakkars atrocities for which he was murdered 5. Library Movement – Helped in educating culturally, educationally & politically suppressed people Libraries established – Name Establisher Place Year Asafia State Library Abdul Qayyum Afzulgunj 1886 (now called State Central Library) Moulvi Syed Hussain Bilgramy Imadul Mulk etc. Gunavarthaka society Nationalists Laldarwaja 1895 Sri Krishnadevaraya Andhra Munagala Raju Sultan Bazar 1901 Bashanilayam Kommaraju Venkata Laxmana Rao Ravichettu Ranga Rao Adipudi Somasekhara Rao Mylavaram Narasimha Sastry Andhra Samvardhini Library Secunderabad 1905 Raja Raja Narendra Andhra Basha Secretary – Madapati Hanumantha Rao Warangal 1908 Nilayam Andhra Vignana Prakashana Suryapet 1917 Library Andhra Sarasawathi Library Nalgonda 1918 Godavari Vachanalayalu Warangal, Karimnagar, Adilabad Ana Libraries Veldurthi Manikya Rao with the help of KC Gupta’s 1939 Gundavarapu Hanumantha Rao. it published 1st House book on “Hyd Constitutional Reforms” Deshoddaraka Library Vattikota Alwar Swamy 1941 Vignana Niketan Library Kodati Narayana Rao Khammam Shabdanusasana Library Warangal Gnana Vidwath Praja Wahini Secunderabad Basha Andhra Sarasvardhini Library Shaddanushasana Library Warangal Gnana Vidwath Praja Wahini Khammam Basha Nilayam Siddi Malleshwari Library Redimicharla Bala Saraswathi Andhra Library Gowliguda Vemana Andhra Basha Nilayam Nampally Vignana Chandrika Libraries With the efforts of Munagala Raja, House of Nayani Venkata Ranga Rao, Gadicherla Hari Komarroju Venkata Laxmana Rao, Sarvothama Gadicherla Hari Sarvaothama Rao, Rao, Residency Ayyedevara Kaleswara Rao Bazar, Hyd Dupati Venkata Ranacharyulu – proved that Pothana’s birth place was Warangal Veldurthi Manikya Rao – translated reforms by Nizam from Urdu to Telugu. Published “Ryuthu” book which explained the problems of farmers. It was prohibited by Nizam In 1932, Hyd Sahithya Parishad was started in Hyd. Prez – Acharya Rayaprolu Subba Rao. Secretary – Acharya Kuruganti SitaRaman  Sadhana Samiti – started in 1939 with the efforts of BRK, Nellore Keshava Swamy, Veldurthi Manikyala Rao. it published “Kanda kavyalu, kathanikalu & Sahitya Vimarshalu” Grandhalaya Mahasabhas – 1. 1st Mahasabha – On 22 Feb 1925, at Madhira, Khammam under leadership of Pingali Venkata Ram Reddy. To develop cooperation between libraries & work for development of libraries 2. 2nd Mahasabha – 31 May 1929, at Suryapet, under Vaman Nayak. It was the last Nizamandhra Jana Sangham – - It gave importance to probs of common people - It originated coz of insult to Telangana (Telugu people) at Hindu Society Reform Meeting at Viveka Vardhani College on 12 Nov 1921 - Intolerance was shown to Telugu speech of Madapati Hanumantha Rao & Allampally Venkata Rama Rao - Decision to form separate organization for Telangana people was taken at Tekumala Ranga Rao’s residence in 1921 - To unite all branches of the Sangham, “Central Committee” was decided to be formed. Sri Madiraju Ramakoteswara Rao was decided to draft bye laws of the Committee - Inaugural speech by – Ramakoteswara Rao. Presided by – Rao Bahadur Sayala Venkat Reddy - It conducted 8 meetings – Meeting Presided by Location Year 1st Madapati Hanumantha Rao’s house 1923 2nd Rao Bahadur Venkata Reddy Shabnavis Venkata Rama Narasimha 1924 Rao’s Office 3rd Industry of Pingali Venkata Ram Reddy, 1925 Khammam 4th Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy 1928 5th Jogipet 1930 6th Devarakonda 1931 th 7 Khammam 1934 8th Siricilla, Karimnagar 1935 th - In 8 meeting, the bye laws of Nizamandhra Mahasabha were approved after which Nizamandhra Jana Kendra Sangham became organ of Nizamandhra Mahasabha - Kendra Sangham published books – Varthaka Swathantryam, Vettichakiri, Grandhalayalu, Mana Vakswantryamu, Madyapanam, Runabara Nivarana etc. - Initially, started to study language, historical institutions etc. & later started movements on farmer’s problems, bonded labor, untouchability, widow marriages & women problems etc. - Business Associations of Nizam period worked against feudal lords & supports revolting against them - “Sarbarahi” means businessmen should give groceries to Nizam’s employees. Jana Sangham opposed it - Bhedakhal – illegal occupation of poor people’s land - People like Sri Susarla Sri Rama Narasimham (belonging to Andhra) advised to conduct Mahasabhas involving entire Telangana - When Mahasabha organizers requested to conduct meeting, then permission was given adhering to following conditions – (a) Non-mulkis shall not preside over the meeting (b) Shall not insult, humiliate other religions (c) Shall be a non-political meeting - Women Nizamandhra meetings were conducted simultaneously along with Nizamandhra meetings for first 9 meetings. They tried for women development, women education, training to women to face atrocities. Resolutions not passed in Nizamandhra Mahasabha were passed in Women Mahasabhas  Nizamandhra Mahasabha meetings – Meet Year Location Presided by Works 1st 1930 Jogipet (Medak) Sri Suravaram Pratap Confined to non-political aspects, opposed Reddy (also known as child marriages & passed resolution on Telangana Vaitalikudu) widow remarriages Vaman Nayak played imp role 2nd 1931 Devarakonda BRK Social issues were discussed. In Telugu (Nalgonda) Keshava Rao & Vaman Nayak played an imp role 3rd 1934 Khammam Pulijala Venkata Ranga Rao Farmer problems discussed (Govt restricted discussion on social issues along with political issues) It constituted a Sub-Committee to decide rules of Sabha 4th 1935 Siricilla Madapati Hanumantha Sub Committee report submitted 1936 (Karimnagar) Rao Rule 31 – All affairs, resolutions & speeches of Sabha should be in Telugu 5th 1936 Shadnagar Sri Konda Venkat Ranga Demanded total prohibition of liquor (Mahabubnagar) Reddy Attended by Maratha & Kannada representatives but couldn’t speak in Telugu 6th 1937 Nizamabad Mandumula Narasinga Ravi Narayan Reddy clarified that Rule 31 Rao shall be waived to national leaders Requested Ayyangar Committee for formation of “representative govt”. it was for 1st time a political resolution was passed 2 other resolutions were passed which are: (a) Allowing speakers to speak in other languages besides Telugu & that Mahasabha shall work not only for Telugu people but also for development of all people living in Nizam State (b) Work for formation of “responsible government” The Org which started as social movement became a political one 7th 1940 Malkapur Mandumula Narasinga Decided to boycott Ayyangar Committee (Hyderabad) Rao recommendations basing on which the Sabha was split into 2 groups – (a) Extremists (b) Moderates (old leaders) Demanded reduction of taxes on the lines of Madras (25%) Demanded to repeal differences between Diwani & Surf-e-Khas regions 8th 1941 Chilkur Ravi Narayan Reddy Took new issues – Ill effects of Capitalist (Nalgonda) system, freedom of women, women economic independence, WW II. Rule 31 was removed 9th 1942 Dharmavaram Madiraju Rama Koteswara Last simultaneous meet with Women (Warangal) Rao (moderate) Sabha It was divided into 3 groups – (a) Congress (b) Communists (supported farmers) (c) Moderates (supported landlords) 10th 1943 Hyderabad Konda Venkata Ranga For 1st time, election conducted to elect Reddy Prez Introduced resolution on interim people’s govt but defeated 11th 1944 Bhongir Ravi Narayan Reddy Struggle for ownership of land began (Nalgonda) Called as “Communist Mahasabha” Called as “Janasangham” From now on, activities of Communists were conducted in the name of Mahasabha Kaloji, Raja Bahadur Goud & Polkampally Venkata Rama Rao played imp role Played key role in driving people towards armed struggle 12th 1945 Madikonda Mandumula Narasinga Called as Nationalist Group of Mahasabha, village Rao Revivalist Mahasabha, Congress (Warangal) Mahasabha & Rebel Mahasabha (efforts were started by Nationalist (Congress grp) to revive Nizamandhra movement) Passed a resolution to – Take action against illegal activities of Nizam, Eradication of corruption, Stopping forceful procurement of food grains, Independence to India, Standing Council members should always wear Khadi & Lifting the ban on Congress 1945 Khammam Ravi Narayan Reddy Called “Communist Nizamandhra Sabha” Decided to support TS Armed struggle (Nizam kept a watch on Communists, hence they went underground & the next meet couldn’t be held) Standing Council meet was held later – Baddam Yella Reddy (Prez) & Ravi Narayan Reddy (Secretary) 13th 1946 Kandhi (Medak) Jamulapuram Keshava Rao Worked on wide range of aspects like international scenario, Indian politics, education, citizenship, health etc. Last Nizamandhra Sabha meet (coz Nizam lifted ban on Congress, hence Mahasabha was merged in State Congress party) 14th 1947 Jadcherla Held after merger in Congress, hence not (Mahabubnagar) treated as an independent Mahasabha - Meetings were held in all TS districts except Adilabad & Atraf Balda 6. Vandemataram Movement 1938 – Madapati Hanumantha Rao – called as Andhra Pitamaha Students used to sing Morning Prayer praising Nizam – “Tha Abdh Malik Aakam Aeriasath Rakkhe, Thujko osman basdh Ijlal salamath rakkhe”. Meaning – “God bless Nizam State, Nizam shall always have blessings of the God” OU “B” Hostel students sang “Vandemataram” at Dasara festival gathering Circular was passed against it, “Vandemataram Movement” was started in response. Students were rusticated On 28 Nov 1938, Nizam banned singing of Vandemataram song Nagpur University Vice Chancellor, Kedhar accepted to give admissions to the students Studs - PVR, Nukala Rama Chandra Reddy, Arutla Ramachandra Reddy, Hayagreeva Chary, M Chenna Reddy Student Movements spread coz of Comrade Maqdhoom Mohiuddin, Omkar Prasad & Javvad Razvi Maqdhoom began Trade Union movement Comrades Association – - Formed by people having “Socialist ideology” - Mems – Mohiuddin, Rajbahadur Goud, Syed Ibrahim & Aalam Kund Mini - Demands – “Azad Hyderabad” (Independence to Hyd) during police action, later withdrew the demand Nizamandhra Yuvathi Mandali 1935 – - Idea mooted by Smt Yella Pragada Sita Kumari at 4th Nizamandhra meeting - Formed by Sita Kumari, Anantha Laxmi Devi (wife of BRK) & Gadwal Maharani Adi Laxmi Devi - Started activities at “Reddy Hostel - Boggulakunta, Hyd” - Established Bhavan school in 1952 - Sishu Vihar in 1955 7. Dalit Movements – (a) Bhagya Reddy Varma (1888 – 1939) – - Father – Madiri Venkataiah, Mother – Rangamamba - Changed name – Ramulu - Established “Jagan Mithra Mandali” in 1906 to bring awareness among Dalits - Started a school @ Isamiyabazar in 1910 to give education in telugu medium & awareness - Started “Adi Hindu Social Service League” in 1911 - Annual meetings held between 1921 – 1924 – (a) 1st – 1921 – Harijan leader Papanna from Belgaum presided over it (b) 2nd - Justice Keshava Rao (c) 3rd – Vaman Nayak (d) 4th – 1924 – Raja Dhanraj Gir - Fought against bad customs in Dalits - 1st Adi Hindu meeting was held at Vijayawada under his leadership in 1917 - Malapally – novel written by Unnava Laxmi Narayana inspired by speech of Varma - Conducted “Adi Hindu Sammelanam” in 1919 & estd Kula Panchayati (dispute settlement within caste) - Started “Bhagyanagar” newspaper in 1925, later name changed to Adi Hindu paper - Represented “All India Lower Class meeting” as S Indian representative. It sent Ambedkar to attend RTC - Requested Nizam to call them Adi Hindus, in response they are registered as “Adi Hindus” in 1931 census  - His last meeting – Adi Hindu Mahasabha in 1933 - Worked for – widow remarriages, child marriages, abolition of Jogini system & drunkard free society - Started “Jeeva Prachara Sabha” against animal sacrifice - Started “Arogya Seva Dal” to cremate dead bodies - Award of “Varma” is given by Arya Samaj volunteer Baji Kishan Rao recognizing his services - Manya Sangam became Social Service League in 1922 (b) Harijana Seva Sangham – in 1932. Prez – Ghanshyamdas Birla. Sec – Ambedkar. Prez of Hyd branch – Vaman Nayak. Harijan Yatra started in 1934 8. Tribal Movements – Railway lines constructed – - Hyd to Palwancha in 1844 - Chanda to Balarsha in 1929 (a) Ramji Gond revolt – Ruled Chattisgarh, Utnoor, Chennur, Niramal & Asifabad & Gond Kingdom was called “Janagao” Nizam signed agreement with British in 1853 to give away his areas. Tribes were made slaves Forces of Gonds included Rohillas & Marathas also Suppression of revolt given to Col. Robert who planned to kill Ramji Was attacked on 9 Apr 1857 near Nirmal. He along with 1000 mems was caught & hanged Tree is named as “1000 hanged Banyan tree” It is the 1st rebellion against Britishers (even before 1857 revolt) (b) Komaram Bhim revolt – Born in 1900 to Komaram Chinnu & Sombai in Adilabad Family migrated to Kerimeri mandal, Sardapur village Nizam imposed tax to enter forest for their livelihood Nizam’s Jagirdar Siddiqui occupied Bhim’s land for which he killed Siddiqui Started revolt with Slogan – “Jal, Jamin & Jangal” He used Guerilla warfare & organized “Komaram Bhim Guerilla military force” in Jodeghat forest Kurd Patel helped Nizam in killing Bhim at “Babejhuri” Full moon day after Dasara is celebrated as ‘death anniversary’ of Bhim by tribes After his death, Nizam Govt passed 1/70 tribe law & decided to study tribe problems Prof Christoph von Furer – Haimendorf (Known as Father of Gond tribes) was appointed to study tribal problems. Because of his research & initiation for tribal development, he is regarded as “God” by them  NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN NIZAM STATE Founder of Asaf Jahi dynasty – Mir Qamruddin Khan in 1724 Titles given by Aurangazeb – Nizam-Ul-Mulk, Chi Kilieh Khan Kanoon Cha Mubarak (1st Royal Charter issued by Mir Mahabub Ali Khan) in 1892. It led to formation of a Cabinet Council & Legislative Council in Hyd State Executive Council (named as Babe Hukumat) formed in 1919 (as per directions of British Govt) In 1948, population of Hyd State – 1.6cr (1.3cr – Hindus, 21 lakh – Muslims) Subahs in Telangana – 2/5 (Medak & Warangal) & 9/17 districts Main occupation – agriculture (84%) Literacy rate – 4.8% 7th Nizam received the title “the most loyal” MOVEMENT IN HYD – Vivek Vardhini School – started in 1906 by Kesavarao, Vamanarao Naik & Ganapatirao Hardikar. It later became ‘Education Society’ Farman 46 of 1920 – it prohibited establishment of any place of worship without prior permission of Govt 17-5-1926 – Khilafat Day celebrations at Hyd, Medak, Karimnagar & Jangaon 1923 INC Session was held at Kakinada Nizam Civil Society – formed in 1935 under Chairmanship of Nizamath Jung. It drafted a model Constitution & expressed displeasure on the declining number of Mulkis in Govt jobs Hyderabad State Congress (HSC) – Objectives – (a) Establishment of Responsible Govt (b) Merger of Hyd Princely State into Indian Union 1938 Haripur session of INC declared “Princely States are integral part of India”. Encouraged by this, Standing Committee (chaired by Sri Ram Kishan Doot) of People’s Convention proposed formation of HSC Ban on HSC on 7-9-1938 (3 days before elections) Reasons for ban – (a) Communal (b) Outside Organization Goals – Unity of the nation & Communal harmony It noted “In a responsible govt, it is the duty of the majority to preserve the special identity of the minority in maintaining their religious, economic & social rights. In the same way, it is the obligation of the minority to extend their full cooperation to their majority brother-in” Seeds of responsible govt were sown in 1919 reforms PM of Nizam State during HSC formation – Sir Akbar Hydari Executive Action Committee formed under leadership of Sri Govindarao Nanal & declared establishment of HSC on 24-10-1938 Satyagraha – on 24-10-1938 by Govindarao, Ram Kishan Doot, Ravi Narayan Reddy, Janardhan Rao Desai etc. at Putlibouli On 24-12-1938, mems of 18th division declared end of Satyagraha On 26-7-1944, Nizam issued Farman stating that it was not possible to establish responsible govt in place of representative govt in Hyd as it has many treaties with Britain  Sing – Jung meeting (Mandamula Narasinga Rao & Nawab Ali Yavar Jung) to settle conflicting views Joint Statement was issued by Kasinath Rao Vaidya, Sirajul Hasan Tirmizi, BRK, Janardhan Rao Desai & G. Ramachari opposing the “Theory of Muslims Prominence in the Princely State” Ayyangar Committee – to report on Constitutional Reforms for Hyd. Report submitted on 31-8-1938 Govt also appointed Hyd Praja Parishad – under Madapati Hanumantha Rao to suggest on reforms but its suggestions were not considered by Ayyangar Committee Reforms were opposed by – (a) MIM – as it was against interests of Muslims & warned Govt against its implementation (but subsided after assurance of Jinnah) (b) HSC – as it has no provision for responsible govt (c) Gandhi – not progressive enough to be implemented (d) Nehru – meant for vested interests of landlords Jinnah welcomed the reforms saying they are for welfare of the people Elections held in Feb 1947 Lift of ban on HSC on 3-6-1946 Join India Movement – Also known as Movement for Integration, Hyd Liberation Movement Lord Atlee announced “British rule would end in India in 1948” President of Chamber of Princes – Nawab of Bhopal Cabinet Mission met Representatives of Princely States (Chairman – Nawab of Chattari) HSC Conference – - At Musheerabad playgrounds - BRK introduced a resolution - Slogans – Mahatma Gandhi Ki Jai, State Congress Zindabad & Let Hyd join the Indian Union etc. Presided by Swami Ramananda Tirtha “Join the Indian Union” call was given by HSC Executive Committee on 7-8-1947 (week before independence) Mems of Executive Committee – PVR, KV Narsinga Rao, Hayagriva Chari etc. National Flag was hoisted at Sultan Bazar on 15-8-1947 Movement intensified & Revenue of Govt affected. Revenue sources include – (a) Abkari – revenue from different types of palm trees (b) Karodgiri – tax on milk, curd, veggies, fruits & other daily needs which came to State from outskirts Nizam issued Farman on 14 Aug 1947 – declaring himself independent Comrades Association worked as a wing of Andhra Communist Party against inhuman social practices & landlords MIM – To counter the impact of NCM, Khilafat movement on people of Hyd, MIM was formed in 1927 Started as an organization that protects the culture & heritage of Muslim community but turned to politics It praised Nizam as the representative of Muslim pride & Hyd State as the State for Muslims Anal Malik = I am the King Idea of “Razakkars” under Bahadur Yar Jung was mooted by Mohammad Hasan in 1940 Razakkars as a military wing was formed on 27-10-1947 by Yar Jung. President – Qasim Razvi STANDSTILL AGREEMENT – GOI made a policy to solve the issue of Princely States by taking signs in both Instrument of Accession & Standstill Agreement simultaneously Mir Laiq Ali – PM of Hyd Signed on 29 Nov 1947 It had 5 sections Defense, Foreign Affairs & Transport – under GOI To remain in force for 1yr Criticism against the Agreement – (a) Free Press Journal – Agreement has made people of Hyd to be at mercy & generosity of Nizam & that ‘Munich Agreement’ is revoked (b) Andhra Prabha – Nizam wouldn’t simply keep quite in the entire year (c) Maatru Bhoomi – nothing but ‘Munich betrayal’ (d) Jayaprakash Narayana – it has no provision which insisted Nizam either to accede his State to Indian Union or transfer the authority to people through democratic norms (e) Qasim Razvi – it implies the end of rule of Hyd State Agent General in Hyd State – KM Munshi. To supervise the agreement Shoebulla Khan (editor of Imroz) was murdered by Razakkars OPERATION POLO – Orders issued for Police Action on 10 Sept 1948 Started on 13 Sept 1948 Termed as “Police Action” by C Raj Gopal Chary On 17 Sept 1948 – Nizam surrendered Military General of Hyd – Gen El Edroos surrendered to Major General of India – Jayanth Nath Chaudhary JN Chaudhary & MK Vellodi Rule – 4 officials appointed to aid & advise military govt. administrators include – (a) JN Chaudhary – military & police (b) DS Bhakhale - Political Affairs, Home & Railways (c) Nawab Yar Jung & Rajadondi Raj – held many other affairs of the Govt On 6 Dec 1948, Nizam issued Farman dissolving Hyderabad Legislature In Nov 1949, another Farman issued which stated that Hyd would be under Constitution of India On 24-11-1949, MK Vellodi (Sec of State Affairs) was appointed as CM in place of Chaudhary His Council of Ministers included – Nawab Yar Jung, M Seshadri, CVS Rao, BRK, VB Raju, Pulchand Gandhi & Vinayak Rao Vidyalankar On 25 Jan 1950, Representative of Nizam & GOI signed a “Treaty” – which stated that all parts of the Constitution of India would be applicable to Hyd State. It has 4 sections. Nizam can retain the titles acquired prior to 15 Aug 1947 (exemption to Art 18) State Legislature in Hyd was summoned on 23 Mar 1952 (formation of Civilian Govt under BRK) System of Raj Pramukh ended in 1956 (after passage of State Reorganization Bill) Nizam died in 1967  TELANGANA PEASANT ARMED STRUGGLE Took place during 1946 – 1951 Under the leadership of Communist Party Imp aspect – Land distribution Around 10 lakh acres of land were distributed to landless agricultural laborers & small farmers Around 5.35cr acres of land was under agriculture during Nizam rule Classification of agricultural land under Nizam – (a) 60% - under Govt revenue system (known as Diwani/ Khalsa land) (b) 30% - under Jagirdari system (c) 10% - Sarf-e-Khas lands People & Associated place – (a) Bandagi – Kamareddygudem, Jangaon taluk (b) Chakali Ailamma – Palakurthy village (c) Doddi Komaraiah – Kadivendi village Death of Doddi Komaraiah on 4 July 1946 ignited the anger among Telangana peasantry Possessions took place after Komaraiah’s death. Slogans – “Ban the Zamindari system, stop the help of the police to zamindari exploitation, put an end to compulsory levy collection, vetti & bribery & doddi Komaraiah Zindabad” In Oct 1946, Nizam imposed ban on Andhra Maha Sabha Demand of Communists in 1947 – Ban of Nizam rule as well as dissolution of princely State to merge different linguistic areas with the respective regions in the Indian Union. It also demanded the federation of Linguistic States Andhra Maha Sabha & Communist Party slogan – “Land to the tiller” Village administration was run by the Committee elected by the eligible voters of the village Military rule issued ban on Andhra Maha Sabha, Communist Party & Trade Unions Outcomes – (a) Equal rights to women (b) Eradication of untouchability (c) Cultural progress (d) People’s Govt was established in around 3000 villages Communists were accepted as “Cheekati Doralu” by Nizam Song on Rami Reddy became a war song in entire TS Attack on Ravulapenta camp – 1st incident after formation of armed squads Gopal Reddy of Nalgonda became a lion against Nizam army. Song on him – “Sy sy Gopal Reddy …” People called him as “PV” Sheshagiri Rao started Coal Miners’ Union in Kothagudem on the orders of the Communist Party. He was killed at Thummala Cheruvu “I’m handing over the rifle to you, don’t let this go into the hands of police” – Erra Sathyam Shop keepers – called as Baniyas  HYDERABAD STATE IN INDEPENDENT INDIA BRK Govt formed in March 1952 Imp probs resolved by it – (a) Land issues – Abolition of Zamindari-Jagirdari system & ensuring livelihood & land to masses (b) Implementation of Mulki rules Abolished Jagirdari system & brought all the lands of Jagirdars & Sarf-e-Khas lands under district revenue administration Mulki Agitation 1952 – Called as “Non Mulki go back” movement Started on 28 Aug 1952 Slogans – Idli Sambar go back, Gongoora go back Justice Pingali Jaganmohan Reddy Committee – on firings in City College, Hyderabad BRK – Contribution to literature – (a) Translated Umar Khayyam’s Rubayees into Telugu (b) Saraswatha Mukhthawali (c) Krishna Shathakam (d) Panditaraja Panchamrutham (e) Kanakadharastawam (f) Pushpanjali (g) Naramad Geethalu (h) Malayala Bhasha Sahityalu (i) Telugu Sahityamulo Pracheena Yugakarthalu Secretary for 1st Nizam state political conference in Maharashtra Was Revenue & Education Minister in MK Vellodi administration Elected from Shadnagar constituency Awarded Doctorate of Literature from AU & OU in 1953 & 1956 respectively BRK Govt - His Cabinet includes – (a) Digambar Rao Bindu – Home (b) KV Ranga Reddy – Excise & Forests (c) Vinayak Rao Vidyalankar – Commerce & Industries (d) GS Melkote – Finance & Statistics (e) Mehdi Nawaz Jung – Public health & Public works (f) MC Reddy – Agriculture & Planning (g) Annarao Jnanamukhi – Rural reconstruction & Education (h) Shanker Dev – Social welfare Achievements of his Govt – 1. Economic Stability – Implementation of Gorwala Committee recommendations – - Suggested administrative & economic reforms - By 1952, Hyd state achieved economic equilibrium in the State Budget  2. Abolition of Jagirdari system – Protection of Tenant farmer’s rights – - 3 imp legislations were made between 1949 – 1954 which include: (a) Jagirdari Abolition (Regulation) Act 1949 – Under Jagirdari system, State is divided into Jagirs. They are to collect land revenue & maintain law and order in villages. They also used to assist Nizam army, perform police functions & special service assigned by Nizam. This Act is intended to abolish intermediaries. Land tax – 12.5%. interim relief to Jagirdars for 6 months @ (41.6 – 75) % (b) Hyderabad Tenancy & Agricultural Lands Act 1950 – if tenant farmers hold land for 6yrs & paying, they are termed “Protected”. They have permanent right to continue over those holdings. “Economic holding” = Holding that would sustain a cultivator & his family (of up to) 5 persons. No person was to be allowed to hold land >5 times the size of an economic holding (c) Hyderabad Tenancy & Agricultural Lands (Amendment) Act 1954 – Concept of Economic holding extended to “Family holding” – Families were assured enough land to earn 800/- after deducing costs of cultivation. None of the existing land holders would be allowed to acquire land that was 3 times the family holding at present. Area of 1/3 of family size = Basic holding. Defined rent ceilings of the tenant farmers 3. Land reforms – - “Owned & Cultivated” land in TS registered increase from 79.7% (1948) to 82.3% (1953) - Growth rate of investments of tenants was higher than the growth rate of investment of owners - Hyd Govt did survey of land holdings in 1954 - Land holdings data in Telangana (1954) – Types of farmers Size of land holdings % of holdings % of total area (in hectares) Marginal (24%) < 1 hectare 24 8 Small (16%) 1–2 16 8 Middle (20.5%) 2–4 20.5 15 Large (33.5%) 4 – 20 33.5 47 Big (6%) > 20 6 22 4. Dealing Communism with an iron hand – - JN Chaudhary Govt adopted Suppression of Disturbances Act (known as Disturbed Areas Act) passed by Madras State Assembly - Activities of Communists declined by 1952 - Ban on Communists lifted in 1952 - Govt also reorganised police force (to weed out pro-Razakar elements & to provide representations to all sections of society) 5. Resolution of Mulki rules dispute 6. Creation of trust & confidence in matters of law & order Employment policies of military administration & Vellodi Govt – 1. Employment composition – - During Nizam, > 90% of police & civil jobs were occupied by Muslim community - Therefore, it expected that by 1 Jan 1954, 60% of jobs are to be represented by different sections 2. Language – - Govt decided to give priority to Telugu language in administration because it was the language spoken by majority of people - Therefore, Telugu people were employed in certain Govt jobs  3. Revenue administration – - After abolition Jagirdari system, land reforms are being implemented. To implement this, State has done special recruitment drive for recruitment 4. Fiscal stability – - To solve the financial mismanagement & financial crisis, around 200 special officers (ICS) were recruited from N India 5. Corruption prevention – - Officers involved in corruption during time of Nizams were removed from jobs as a part of administrative reforms - Govt appointed MA Rehman to do independent inquiry - After inquiry, officers who were mistakenly removed were taken back into jobs 6. Political & Military reforms – - Vellodi Govt introduced certain political, police & military reforms - Army strength decreased from 17k to 10k - In appointment of police & army, all sections of society got proportional representation 7. Rehab directorate – - Soldiers & army officers who retired after WW II are appointed in other alternative jobs by Rehab Directorate Office - This office continued even after integration of Hyd into India 8. Employment exchanges – - Created by Govt to facilitate recruitment in Govt & Pvt sectors - Established in Hyd, Warangal & Aurangabad 9. Employee Skill Development Centre – - Bikanur training centre was established to upgrade skills among youth - Every year, it trained around 1200 mems in 20 different types of professional activities Bhoodan Movement – Started by Vinoba Bhave (Sarvodaya leader) Padayatra was started on Sri Rama Navami, 11 mems participated in this, on 3rd day reached Nalgonda Started on 18 Apr 1951 at Pochampally, Nalgonda All India Sarvodaya Sammelan – at Sivarampalli with an objective to spread Gandhian principles of peace & non-violence 1st to donate land – Sri Vederi Ramachandra Reddy donated 100 acres 1st phase – - Covered 51 villages, 12000 acres - 1st phase Padayatra concluded at Adilabad For judicious distribution of land, Committees were constituted (Soonya Committee). Mems – Ummethala Kesava Rao, Ketireddy Kodanda Ram Reddy & Sangam laxmi Bai “A lean man is fulfilling the (Noble) mission that was even 50000 armed could not perform in TS” – Nehru Bhoodan movement expanded into Gramadans, Blockdanas In 15yrs of Bhoodan movement, 42 lakh acres of land was procured all over India Hyd Bhoodan Yagna Samithi → Bhoodan Yagna Board Tahsildar would investigate all the matters related to charity land & monitors issues like public loans, tax arrears etc. such lands are categorised as “Khareej Khata” The receiver of the land had to have membership in the village cooperative society  Within 2yrs after receiving the land, receiver of the land had to start agricultural operations basing on cultivability Maddi Narayana Reddy formed a trust – Sarvodaya Ashram Sarvelu Sangam Laxmi Bai used to translate the speeches of Vinoba Bhave in the evening Swami Sita Ram established Sevashram at Manchiryal 2nd phase – started in 1955. Started at Yerrapalem, Khammam. In charge - Kethi Reddy. Entered Rayalaseema from Mahabubnagar Silver Jubilee march – - Organised by Yagna Mandali Vice Prez – Manikya Rao - Commenced on 19 Apr 1975 - Ended on 18 Apr 1976 & concluded at Tirupathi - Covered 2500 kms in 15 districts - Procured 5000 acres - Started by Indian Prez Fakruddin Ali Ahmed - Training camp was held at Yadagirigutta Bhoodan movement by Jayaprakash Narayan- - Started in 1952 by Narayan & his wife – prabhavati devi - Toured Mahabubnagar - In charge - Ketireddy Kodanda Rami Reddy  FORMATION OF ANDHRA PRADESH In Madras State, 40% of population & 58% of area was of Telugus 1st Andhra Maha Sabha was held in 1913 in Bapatla – demanded for separate Andhra State Andhra State Congress – constituted in 1918. Chairmans – Nyapathi Subba Rao & Konda Venkatappaiah 1921 INC – recognised language as the basis of reorganisation of States as its policy Nehru Report 1928 – gave recognition to reorganisation of States on linguistic basis SK Dhar Commission 1948 – - Nominated by Constituent Assembly. It reported against the Reorganisation of States in the immediate future JVP Committee 1949 – - It recommended that prior to formation of different states on linguistic basis, Andhra State should be separated from Madras On 15 Aug 1951 – Swami Seetharam began fast unto death. For 35 days. Vinobha Bhave interfered & got Swami give up his fast On 19 Oct 1952 – Potti Sriramulu started fast unto death & died on 58th day of fast PM’s announcement on Andhra formation – 25 March 1953 (Andhra was formed based on KN Vanchu Report) Fazl Ali Committee 1953 – to examine the reconstitution of States - Mems – Fazl Ali, HN Khunzru & KM Panikkar - It submitted that country can be divided into 14 States & 6 Union territories - It suggested that just as the “Sri Bagh Agreement” was forged between the Sarkar & Rayalaseema districts, agreement should be made in accordance with ratio of population Vs developmental strategies, employment opportunities & such other issues were a vital condition for the merger of the States - It recommended that in view of benefit of the States, Telangana region which was then recognised as Hyd State should be formed as separate State, & that in 1962 elections if in the Hyd legislation 2/3rd majority voted for merger, then Telangana could be merged with Andhra Opinions of people – (a) Swami Ramananda Thirtha – Telugu speaking areas should be merged in Madras (b) Reorganisation of Hyd was supported by Congress, Communist Party & Socialist Party (c) Reorganisation of Hyd was opposed by Muslim section (d) BRK – supported Vishalandhra in the later stages (e) KV Ranga Reddy & MC Reddy – sought separate Telangana (f) Mems of PDF threatened to resign if separate TS was to form (g) Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy & Gouthu Lacchanna firmly asserted Vishalandhra Slogan of Swami Ramananda – “root out” royalty & bring down the feudal structure By 1947, around 75% of jobs were secured by a total population of 12.5% of Muslims, while 86.5% Hindus got only 20% jobs To control TS armed struggle, special armed forces were deployed under Cap Nanjappa Patel remarked that he would not spare a single Communist. Proclaimed at Fatehmaidan, Hyd in 1950 On 22 Oct 1955, CM’s last meeting was held at Delhi, CM of Andhra & TS suggested merger of both regions without waiting for elections Congress High Command Committee – Prez: VN Dhebar. Mems – Nehru, Azad, Pant & Dhebar Nehru at a meeting in Nizamabad remarked that “formation of Vishalandhra is like performing the marriage between an innocent girl & mischievous boy and a divorce could be taken any time GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT – Also referred to as “Peddha Manushula Oppandam” Signed on 19 July 1956 by 8 members It is a 14-point agreement AP leaders include: (a) Bezawada Gopal Reddy (CM) (b) Neelam Sanjeev Reddy (c) Gouthu Lacchanna (d) Satyanarayana Telangana leaders include: (a) BRK (CM) (b) MC Reddy (c) JV Narsing Rao (d) KV Ranga Reddy Features of the Agreement – 1. Central & General expenditure to be borne in proportionate ratio between TS & AP 2. Implementation of liquor prohibition should be as per the decisions taken by the TS Assembly mems 3. Educational facilities prevalent in TS should be available for TS students only. Educational access should be developed or 1/3rd of educational facilities including technical education should be accessible for TS 4. If employment is to be reduced, it should be done in proportionate ratio 5. Population of the 2 regions should be the criteria to fill jobs in future 6. For administrative & legal sector, official correspondence in TS should be continued in & under for 5yrs. Regional Committee could be constituted for review. There should not be a condition of Andhra Telugu for joining a job, however it may be made imperative to pass the prescribed Telugu test within 2yrs of job 7. Candidates should have resided in TS for 12yrs to claim a job in TS 8. Sale of agricultural lands in TS should be regulated by Regional mandals 9. Regional Committee should be formed for the development of TS 10. Composition of TRC – 20 mems 11. It should be recognised by the State Govt & it shall deal with developmental issues, water supply etc. Any difference of opinion between TRC & State Govt shall be submitted to Indian Govt for resolution 12. Only when agreed upon by an ombudsman, the issues shall be reviewed once in every 10yrs 13. Ministry shall be proportionately represented – AP (60%) & TS (40%) 14. If CM is from AP, then Dep CM should be from TS. At least 2 of the sectors from Home, Finance, Revenue, Planning & Development, Communication & Industries should be allocated to Ministers from TS BR Ambedkar’s view – he observed that existence of smaller States in the South & bigger States in the North could lead to crisis in future. He pointed that SRC was not according significance to consequence of diverse geographical areas of merging States. For efficient administration he said that there should not be more than 2cr people in a State. One language, One State – even though States are organised on basis of language, people speaking the same language could form several States for administrative convenience  TELANGANA REGIONAL COMMITTEE TRC was called as “Telangana People’s voice” Rayalaseema Development Board established in 1949. Abolished on 1 Oct 1953 In SRC’s recommendation of separate Telangana, it had 10 districts (which includes Bidar) SRC recommended that, if necessary, after 1962 Assembly elections of Telangana, Vishalandhra can be formed if 2/3rd mems of Telangana Assembly accept it Union Home Minister in 1956 – Govind Vallabh Pant TELANGANA REGIONAL COMMITTEE – 9th point in Gentlemen’s agreement – formation of Telangana Regional Council Parliament enacted “Note on Safeguards” Bill to provide Statutory backing to Gentlemen’s Agreement Telangana Regional Council was changed as Telangana Regional Committee in Formation of AP State Act TRC was formed through Presidential Order in 1958 But Neelam Sanjeev Reddy (CM) did not form Executive body of TRC, mems were appointed by Damodaram Sanjeevaiah (the CM in 1960) 4th, 5th & 7th points of Gentlemen’s Agreement are related to Govt services In 1969, power of TRC increased (as per 5th pt of 8-pt formula) TRC was abolished on 21 Sept 1973 (as result of declaration of 6-pt formula) Structure – - It has 20 mems - Election process: (a) 9 mems – represent 9 districts. Elected by TS MLA’s (b) 6 mems – TS MLAs/MPs. Elected by TS MLA’s (c) 5 mems – mems who are not MLA’s. elected by TS MLA’s (d) Telangana Ministers were ex-officio mems Chairman & Dep Chairman – - Notification for election of Chairman & Dep Chairman is issued by Governor - Chairman & Dep Chairman lose their membership if they lose their MLA seat - Elected by MLAs of Telangana through Open Ballot System - Mems can be removed by Special majority (none was removed) Meetings – - Meetings will be organised by Chairman - Quorum – 1/3rd mems - Held at State Legislative building - No Question Hour - As per the agreement, it should be reviewed after 10yrs Powers & functions – 1. Its permission is necessary for sale of agricultural lands in TS 2. To observe powers of district boards, development institutions, General plan etc. enacted by Legislature 3. To observe development of primary & secondary education 4. Regulates admissions in Telangana educational institutions 5. Cottage & small-scale industries, agriculture, cooperative societies, markets etc. are under its control 6. Supervises job recruitment process in TS region - Draft Bills should get its approval (exempted to Money Bills & Bills which are extended to both regions) - Non-Financial Bills are called Regional Bills (power to decide it is with Governor) It provided grant for Nature Cure Hospital (Prakruthi Chikistha Hospital) @ Ameerpet  Working – - To have elaborate discussions on the Bills, it can form Sub-committees. They are – 1. Standing Sub-Committee – to discuss a particular aspect. 3 were formed. They are – (a) Standing Sub-Committee on Local administration, public health (b) Standing Sub-Committee on Education (c) Standing Sub-Committee on Development plans 2. Ad-hoc Sub-Committee – Formed on special issues. Abolished after completion of the work - Number of mems in Sub-Committees = 9 - Quorum = 4 - They have the right to call even govt officers by issuing a summon List of of Chairmen & Dep Chairmen TRC – Year Chairman Dep Chairman 1960 - 64 K Achyutha Reddy Masuma Begum 1964 - 67 T Hayagriva Chary T Ranga Reddy 1967 - 72 J Chokka Rao K Raja Mallu 1972 - 73 K Raja Mallu Sayyed Rahmat Ali  VIOLATION OF SAFEGUARDS OF TELANGANA On 25 Nov 1955 – complete hartal was observed in twin cities (for separate TS) Acc. to KV Ranga Reddy, Telangana leaders opposed merger for 2 reasons. They are – (a) All the TS people strongly opposed merger (b) Fear of domination & exploitation by the rulers of Andhra Congress Party passed a resolution stating that re-organisation shall be completed before 1957 elections Some imp sections of AP Reorganisation Act 1956 – - Sec 108(2) – Projects which are under construction & projects which have Central Govt approval shall not be stopped without approval of the Central Govt - Sec 115(5) – for unification of AP employees, & to do justice to all, Central Govt will appoint advisory Committee - Sec 115(7) – Service conditions of the employees should not be amended in the manner, which may cause loss to them Various Violations – Violated sector Proposals agreed Implementations Regional Council As per GA, TRC has the power to Central Govt proposed Telangana prepare plan for TS Regional Committee instead of Council It can make only non-financial recommendations Became advisory It did not have the supervisory powers of Mulki rules & no power to supervise higher education CM -Dep CM If was agreed that if CM is from CM refused to appoint Dep CM (to be Andhra region, Dep CM would be from TS) citing it as 6th finger of a hand from TS & vice versa Imp portfolios were not given to TS At least 2 out of 5 imp portfolios to MLAs and moreover portfolios were be given to Telangana Region MLAs divided into 2 or 3 minor Portfolios TPCC should continue till 1962 TPCC abolished in 1957 itself Irrigation Pochampadu Project – multipurpose TS received only 197 TMC out of the project on Godavari. Also known as allotted 1050 TMC Sriram Sagar project. Designed to Water sources in – store 260 TMC & to cultivate 20 lakh - TS – 16.6% acres. Construct 2 reservoirs @ - AP – 48% Kadem, Lower Maneru Dam 80% of TS land under wells & tanks Nagarjuna Sagar – Nizam & Madras Pochampadu Project – AP Govt combinedly made a survey to constructed it with 66 TMC capacity & construct project @ Nandikonda on to cultivate around 5.7 lakh acres Krishna. Started in 1955 as per Nagarjuna Sagar – AP Govt changed recommendations of Khosla project design. Irrigated area through Committee. It was to provide water Left Canal was reduced from 10 lakh to 18.5 lakh acres to Guntur, Nellore acres to 5 lakh acres. For Right Canal it through Right Canal and to 10 lakh was increased to 21 lakh acres. By acres to Nalgonda, Khammam 1968, Andhra got 5.6 lakh acres land through Left Canal under irrigation while for TS it was only 0.9  Agriculture Expenditure to be in 5:4 ratio for AP, Expenditure made in 2.2:1 ratio TS Electricity During 1956-68, Govt spent 98cr for rural electrification in which only 10cr was spent in TS Increase of revenue Land tax from TS (1962) – 5.01 cr AP Govt amended Revenue tax against Land tax from AP (1962) – 13.26cr the will of TS leaders It reduced tax burden in Andhra but increased burden on TS Land tax from TS (1967) – 5.2cr Land tax from AP (1967) – 12.01cr Employment Continuation of Mulki rules is 1 of Despite the protections, several the imp points of GA people were recruited. Reasons – Art 16(3) – Parliament has the (a) Non locals were recruited due to power to make to decide the lack of availability of locals residential conditions for (b) Spouse case employment (c) Compassionate ground Parliament approved employment appointments (Residential law) in 1957 (d) Some are made in the pretext of It gave power to Centre to impose temporary requirements conditions related to residential (e) On the ground that excess people eligibility concerned to TS, Manipur, are working in Andhra Tripura & HP regions acc. to Sec 3(A) Regional quota was imposed in & Sec 3(C) promotions, acc. to which 2 out of 3 15yrs permanent residence is the promotions should be given to Andhra criteria to apply for local govt jobs employees Exemptions may be given in special occasions but reasons should be explained in writing List of such employments made must be published in Gazette every 4 months Electricity Board For promotions. Exams should be By 1 Apr 1968, all posts were occupied conducted separately by non-locals AP Govt decided to conduct 1 exam for both the regions which was in the pattern of the exam conducted in Andhra Since AP employees already wrote the exam, they need not write it again which led the TS employees to remain backward in promotions Surplus funds As per GA, general & administrative What constitutes general & expenditure should be borne administrative expenditure is not