PNR Telangana EM 4th PDF

PNR PUBLICATIONS TELANGANA HISTORY, MOVEMENT - STATE FORMATION, ART & CULTURE Best book for: Group - I, II, III, IV, Sub Inspector, Constables, D.L, J.L, Forest Department, A.E, AEE, PCB, TRT, TET, DAO, Panchayatiraj Secretaries, Gu...

PNR PUBLICATIONS TELANGANA HISTORY, MOVEMENT - STATE FORMATION, ART & CULTURE Best book for: Group - I, II, III, IV, Sub Inspector, Constables, D.L, J.L, Forest Department, A.E, AEE, PCB, TRT, TET, DAO, Panchayatiraj Secretaries, Gurukula Board and all other Competitive exams Author: Dr. Naveen Reddy Pailla M.Sc., Ph.D. (OU) i TELANGANA HISTORY, MOVEMENT - STATE FORMATION, ART & CULTURE First Edition: July - 2018 Second Edition: July - 2018 Third Edition: March - 2019 Updated Third Edition: January - 2021 Fourth Edition : February- 2024 Price: Rs. 640/- Special thanks to translators: P. Anusha G. Taruni M. Keerthi For copies contact: PNR Publications, Cell: 961 811 5645, 955 000 86 80 E-mail: [email protected] Typesetting: Bhandari Arts ‘N’ Printers Gandhi Nagar, Hyderabad. Disclaimer: No part of PNR Publications may be transmitted (or) reproduced in any form (or) any means i.e., recording, photocopying, electronic (or) otherwise without the information of the above mentioned publishr of the book. Information contained in this book has been obtained by author from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither publishers nor its author bear any responsibility for any error, omission or damages arising out of use of this information. ii  FOREWORD All the notifications released by Telangana recruitment agencies are giving high priority and weightage to the Telangana Literature & Culture and History & Movement. Aspirants must be attentive and realize that, there is a huge competition for any competitive exam in the current scenario. On an average for every 1000 posts, 8 lakhs aspirants are competing in Telangana. Half of the aspirants are convenient and affordable to get the coaching from renowned institutes across the state, but at the end only 1000 aspirants can only be successful. Out of the 1000 many are successful without any coaching. This can only be possible with a right choice of material and a systematic plan of preparation. So aspirants are advised not to waste the time in reading the books which are out of syllabus. Aspirants must choose the standard books/material and should revise as many times as possible. This book has been compiled from pre-satavahana age to the Telangana Formation Day i.e., 2nd June 2014 by referring all the authentic sources information to cater the needs of different competitive exams. A complete and detailed explanation is given about the dynasties of Telangana, writers, literature, architecture and culture. This book enables the aspirants to cope up to face all kinds of questionnaire in the exam. Success is always recognized by the achievement not by the efforts. This book has been brought by a Job Achieving strategy by a winner of multiple competitive exams. And certainly it helps you to be successful if you can work systematically and strategically. – PNR Publications iii  About myself (Author) At present I am working as Deputy Tahsildar in Revenue Department. I have been successful in different competitive exams like TSPSC Group-II, selected as a Deputy Tahsildar, Telangana State Level Police Recruitment Board (TSLPRB), Selected as a Sub Inspector of police. Also was the 31st ranker of the Nationwide CSIR (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) JRF (junior research fellowship) and successfully completed the Ph.D in Chemistry from Osmania University. All of these have been achieved by self-preparation by choosing the right choice of books and by preparing self-running-notes and without any coaching. At the time of my preparation, as the syllabus was new related to Telangana Literature & Culture and History & Movement, there were no exact books found relevant to the syllabus. So I have referred and gone through multiple Literature & Culture and History & Movement books written by different eminent historians and writers of Telangana and prepared my own notes according to the syllabus. Now as the time is less to the aspirants to refer multiple books, I’ve come up with latest publication of Telangana Literature & Culture and History & Movement by adding detailed and complete information to my existing notes to contain every element of syllabus. This book will certainly help the aspirants to complete the syllabus within a short span of time by covering every element of syllabus. Wishing you all the best. Yours Dr. Naveen Reddy Pailla iv  INDEX Chapter Page No. I. Cultural History of Telangana 1. Era / Period before Satavahanas 1 2. Satavahanas 7 3. Ikshvakus 24 4. Vakatakas 31 5. Vishnukundina’s 33 6. Chalukyan Age 40 i) Badami (Western) Chalukyas ii) Eastern (Vengi) Chalukyas iii) Kalyani Chalukyas iv) Kanduru Chodas 7. Vemulawada Chalukyas 44 8. Mudigonda Chalukyas 51 9. Kakatiya Dynasty 54 10. Period After Kakatiya’s 80 i) Musunuri Nayakas ii) Padma Nayakas (Velama Nayakas) 11. Qutubshahi’s Dynasty 90 12. Mughal Rule in Telangana 105 i) Sardar Sarvai Papanna 13. Asafjahis (Nizam Kingdom) 107 i) Reforms of Salarjung – I v 14. Important Organizations / Parties emerged during Nizam Period 135 i) Majlis-e-Ittahad-ul-Muslameen (MIM) 135 ii) Hyderabad State Congress 137 iii) Vandemataram Movement in Osmania University 140 iv) National Movements in Hyderabad Province 141 15. Samsthanas in Nizam Kingdom 144 16. The Rule of the Asafjahi’s. Land ownership & 147 Land revenue policies 17. Prominent Gadi’s (Fortresses) in Telangana 150 18. Telangana’s Vetti and Baghela System 151 19. Socio – Cultural Revival / Renaissance in Telangana 152 i) Arya Samaj ii) Brahma Samaj iii) Theosophical Society iv) Other Organizations v) Students Organizations vi) Women Organizations vii) Labour Unions viii) Caste Associations 20. Telangana Adi-Hindu Movement 157 21. Andhra Mahasabha 161 22. Literary, Library Movement 164 i) Library Movement ii) Telangana Literary Organizations 23. Newspapers 168 vi 24. Literary Researchers and important poets 172 who did work for development of literature in Telangana and their writings 25. Telangana Peasants and Tribal Rebellion 176 26. Telangana Peasants Armed Struggle 180 27. Operation Polo – End of Nizam Rule 186 i) J. N. Chaudhari Military Rule ii) M. K. Vellodi Civil Government II. History of Telangana Movement and State Formation The Idea of Telangana (1948 – 1970) 1. Telangana Society, Arts & Crafts 193 i) Unique Culture of Telangana in Hyderabad State 193 ii) Telangana State Geography and other factors 193 iii) Religions & Caste’s in Telangana 195 iv) Dependent Caste’s in Telangana 197 v) Scheduled Tribes in Telangana 199 vi) Telangana Festivals 204 vii) Telangana Jataras (Fairs) 212 viii) Telangana Handicrafts and Specialty 217 ix) Geographical Indications (GI) 220 x) Folk Dances of Telangana 221 xi) Telangana Folk Art Forms 225 xii) Important Tourist Places, Heritage Sites in 230 Telangana (District Wise) vii  xiii) Forts in Telangana 246 xiv) Buddhist & Jain Centers in Telangana 246 xv) Social Evils in Telangana – Position of Women 246 2. Mulki Movement and Emergence of Mulki and Non-Mulki 249 i) Employment and Civil Services Rules under Mir Osman Ali Khan, 7th Nizam’s Farmana of 1919 and Definition of Mulki ii) Nizam Subject League- 1935 iii) Violation of Mulki Rules from 1948-52 during Military and Vellodi Rule 3. Hyderabad State in Independent India 257 i) The formation of cabinet under the leadership of Burgula Ramakrishna Rao ii) Bhoodan Movement 4. 1952 Gair Mulki Movement, City College Incident 265 & Formation of Jaganmohan Reddy Committee 5. 1953 – Demand for Separate Telangana State, 269 early discussions and formation of State Reorganization Commission (SRC) i) B. R. Ambedkar’s View on SRC and 273 Formation of Small States ii) Responses of various leaders on SRC Recommendations 274 6. The Emergence of Andhra Pradesh – 1956 276 i) Gentlemen’s Agreement 279 ii) Telangana Regional Committee 282 7. Violations of Telangana Safeguards between 1956-1969 286 viii 8. 1969 Telangana Movement 294 i) Reasons for the movement ii) Roots of the Telangana Struggle, Protest in Kothagudem and other areas iii) The beginning and the Progress of the movement iv) Results of the Movement v) The Role of various parties in the movement vi) Important dates in 1969 movement vii) The major events of the 1969 movement which happened for the first time viii) Women who participated in 1969 movement ix) Martyr’s Stupa inauguration and its specialties 9. Major Events took place in 1970 and later period 338 i) Telangana United Front i) Telangana Praja Samithi as Political Party ii) Lok Sabha Elections (1971) iv) Organizations during early phase of Movement- Founders Mobilisational Phase (1971 – 1990) 10. Court Judgements on Mulki Rules 345 11. Jai Andhra Movement 350 i) Five-Point Formula 12. 6 Points Formula Program 356 13. Article 371-D, Presidential orders 357 14. Officers Committee - 1984 359 (Jaya Bharath Reddy Committee) Report ix 15. G.O.610 - 1985 359 16. J.M. Girglani Commission 360 17. Naxalite Movement in Telangana, Anti-Landlord Struggle 362 in Jagityala – Siricilla, North Telangana i) Alienation of Tribal and Adivasi Lands 18. Rise of Regional Parties in 1980’s and changes in the 379 Political, Socio-Economic & Cultural Fabric in Telangana, Suppression of Telangana Identity i) World Telugu Conferences (Prapancha Telugu Maha Sabhas) ii) Establishment of Telugu Desham Party iii) Measures taken by N.T. R to suppress Telangana existence iv) Regional Parties – its Founding Members v) Expansion of New Economic Policies in Hyderabad and other Telangana Regions vi) Dominant Culture and its implications on Telangana self-respect, Dialect, Language & Culture 19. Economic Reforms in 1990 and 389 their Consequences & Regional Disparities 20. Quest for Telangana Identity – Intellectual discussions & 397 debates – Political Ideological efforts i) Himayath Nagar By-Elections - 1983 ii) Telangana Democratic Front - 1983 iii) Telangana Party x  iv) Telangana Jana Sabha v) Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha Commission on Telangana vi) Telangana Supporters March (Padayatra) to Delhi vii) Telangana Porata Samithi viii) Velichala Jagapathi Rao efforts for creating awareness on Telangana ix) Telangana Legislative Forum x) O.U Forum for Telangana (1987) xi) Telangana Sangarshana Samithi (1989) xii) Prolonged Discussions on Telangana in Assembly Meetings (1992) xiii) Discrimination and Under development of Telangana Towards Formation of Telangana State (1991-2014) 21. Public Awakening & Intellectual reaction against 400 discrimination – formation of Civil Society Organization, Articulation of Separate Telangana Identity i) Telangana Information Trust 400 ii) Telangana Liberation Students Organization (TLSO) 401 iii) Telangana Mukti Morcha 402 iv) Telangana Praja Samithi Conference 403 v) Resignation of Legislative Assembly 403 Member Pranay Bhaskar vi) Dev Gowda’s Uttarakhand declaration 403 xi  vii) Nizamabad Advocates Meeting 403 viii) Warangal Meeting 403 ix) Manjeera Writers Association Meeting 404 x) Mallepally Rajam Trust Meeting 404 xi) Hyderabad Forum for Freedom of Expression 404 xii) Prolonged Discussion on Telangana in State Assembly 404 xiii) Bhuvanagiri Sabha - 1997 404 xiv) Centre for Telangana Studies 406 xv) Telangana Pragathi Vedika 406 xvi) Telangana Mahasabha – Suryapet 407 xvii) Jai Telangana Party 408 xviii)Telangana United Front (1997) 409 xix) Warangal Declaration 411 xx) Telangana Jana Sabha 411 xxi) Telangana Students Front 412 xxii) Telangana Studies Forum 413 xxiii) Telangana Jana Sanghatana 413 xxiv)Essays written in Newspapers on the Discrimination 413 in the Irrigation Sector xxv) Efforts of Telangana Congress and B.J.P to 413 highlight the issue of Telangana 22. Establishment of Telangana Rashtra Samithi in 2001, 415 Political Realignment xii  i) Alliance for 2004 elections, 419 Later stage of Telangana Movement ii) Pranab Mukherjee Committee 420 23. 2009 Elections-Alliances-Telangana in election Manifestos 425 i) The Agitation against Hyderabad as Free-Zone 427 ii) Fast Unto death by K. Chandra Shekar Rao 430 with the demand of Separate State iii) Formation of Telangana Joint Action Committee 434 iv) All – Party Meeting (5th January, 2010) 436 v) Formation of Sri Krishna Committee 437 vi) Organizations and Political parties formed with 442 the aim of Telangana State- Table 24. Role of Political Parties in Later Phase 444 of Telangana Movement i) Dalit Bahujan Organisations, 451 Grassroots Movement Organisations and other JACs ii) Public Protests – Suicides for the cause of Telangana 453 25. Cultural Revivalism in Telangana, 455 Other SymbolicExpressions in Telangana, Literary forms – Performing arts and other cultural expressions 26. Role of Various groups and cultural organizations 457 in changing the struggle into a public movement i) Manjeera Writers Association ii) Telangana Samskruthika Vedika (Cultural Forum) xiii  iii) Telangana Writers Forum iv) Telangana History Society v) Telangana Cultural Federation vi) Telangana History Congress vii) Telangana Singidi Writer’s Association viii) Telangana Language and Culture Council ix) Writers, Poets & Singers in Telangana Movement x) Role of Intellectuals in Telangana Movement xi) Role of Students in Telangana Movement xii) Role of Journalists in Telangana Movement xiii) Role of Employees in Telangana Movement xiv) Role of Advocates in Telangana Movement xv) Role of Doctors in Telangana Movement xvi) Role of NRI’s in Telangana Movement xvii) Women in the Telangana Movement xviii) Role of Media in Telangana Movement xix) Role of Civil Society groups, Organized & Unorganized sectors, Castes and Communities in Telangana Movement 27. Intensification of Telangana Movement, 496 Forms of Protest and Major events i) Non-Cooperation Movement ii) Million March xiv  iii) Sakala Janula Samme iv) Sagaraharam v) VantaVarpu vi) Manava Haram vii) TJAC Bus Yatra viii) Palle Palle Pattala paiki ix) TJAC Singareni Yatra x) Samara Deeksha xi) Sadak Bandh xii) Samsad Yatra- Chalo Delhi xiii) Chalo Assembly 28. Date-wise important events during later phase 504 Telangana movement 29. Parliamentary Process for the formation of 507 Telangana State, First Government of Telangana i) Antony Committee ii) Group of Ministers (GOM) 30. 2014 Elections, First Government of Telangana State 515 31. Andhra Pradesh Re-organization Act, 2014 517 31. Committees formed in Telangana Region 524 during different occasions xv III. Telangana Additional Information 1. Telangana State Official Symbols 527 2. Popular Films on Telangana Backdrop 527 3. Important Persons of Telangana 532 i) In Film Industry ii) Popular Painters of Telangana iii) Prominent Sports persons from Telangana iv) Noted Personalities in Other Fields 4. Literary Genres Born in Telangana 542 5. Prominent Persons of Telangana – their Awards 543 6. World Telugu Conferences 544 7. Telangana Sahitya Academy 545 8. Telangana Poets – Their Pen Names 545 9. Telangana Prominent Persons – Original Names 546 10. Titles 546 11. Telangana Dialects 547 IV. Previous Papers 1. Sub-Inspector Prelims (07-08-2022) 551 2. Sub-Inspector Mains (09-04-2023) 552 3. Constable Prelims (28-08-2022) 555 4. Constable Mains Paper (30-04-2023) 555 5. TSPSC Group-I Prelims (16-10-2022) 555 6. TSPSC DAO Paper-I (26-02-2023) 557 7. TSPSC Group-IV (01-07-2023) 558 xvi  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Cultural History of Telangana 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 Era / Period before Satavahanas 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567 Study of past through literature is known as The people who lived in surroundings of this “History”. Thelivaha river were known as “Trilingulu” later Study of past through Material remains is known this changed as Trilinga desham and finally into as “Archaeology”. “Telangana” Ancient history can be studied based on two things: Starting from king Indra varma’s “Purli inscription” of ganga dynasty till different kings 1) Literary evidences: of Kakatiya dynasty used the words “Trilinga”, The books written by different poets during Tilinga and Telinga as synonyms. different periods, will tell us about the living According to another opinion, after the fall of the conditions of different kings, social situations and kakatiyas, the Warangal region ruled by Malik the administration of the state. Maqbool, the Wazir of Delhi Sultans, was known 2) Archaeological evidences: ‘Trilingan’. Some historians claim that the name Telangana arrived from the name of this Important sources are inscriptions, coins, “Trilingan”. monuments, pictures and sculptures. The Greek ambassador ptolemy’s treatise “The Engraving text or Pictures on hard rocks is called Guide to Geography”, mentions that Godavari river inscription. as “Telivaha river”, Tailangas who live on the In Archaeology study of inscriptions is known as banks of the Telivaha river in Telangana. “Epigraphy”. Telanganite name came to this Tailangas tribal In Archaeology study of coins is known as people. “Numismatics”. The credit of making the word “Telangana” These inscriptions and coins will tell us about the popular goes to different poets after the Kakatiya victories and governance of kings. period. 1st inscription and coins related to Telangana According to P. Sri Rama Sharma, the word history are found at “Kotilingala” of Velagaturu “Telangana” came into usage between the period mandal in Jagityal district. of “Amir Khusroo to Abul Fazal” (i.e., between the period of Alauddin Khilji to akbar). The names of Kings found on the coins in Kotilingala are Gobada, Siri Kamvaya, Siri Inscriptions with the word vayu, Siri Narana and Sama Gopa. Script found on the inscription of Kotilingala is “Telangana” “Brahmi Script”. 1.“Thellapur inscription” (B.C.1417) in Sangareddy district : in which “Telangana Origin of Word Telangana puram” is mentioned. Word Telangana is an most ancient word. 2.Velicharla inscription of Pratapa Rudra According to the Archaeologist “Parabrahma Gajapati (A.D.1510). Sastry”, the place where telugu people lived is 3.“Tirumala” & “Chinakanchi” inscriptions described as “Trilinga desham”. of Sri Krishna Devaraya. The important source of water to Telangana is Godavari river, it is an Perinnial river. The Tellapur Inscription states two persons Godavari river is described as “Thelivaha” in named Nagoju and Laiyyaloju built a stepwell in ancient period. Telanganapuram. PNR Publications 1  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture During kakatiya’s period, some section of The book named “Research on the land of Brahmins were called as “Telagaanyulu” it Telugu”, which was written by means they belong to Telangana. B.Subramaniyam is the basis for the study of The Telangana word “Aanemu” means country. pre-historic period in Telangana. According to Suravaram Pratap Reddy, the Pre-historic period is divided on the basis of tools usage of Telangana language was prominent during used by the humans, they are Golconda rule also based on the word “Aanemu”. 1) Paleolithic age : (old stone age) According to the available sources , history (From B.C. 2,00,000 to B.C 8,500) is divided into 3 parts. 2) Mesolithic age : (Middle stone age) 1. Pre- historic period : No written literature is (From 8,500 B.C to 3,000 B.C) available during this period. 3) Neolithic age : (New stone age) 2. Proto historic period: Written literature of this (From 3,000 B.C to 1,500 B.C) period is available but it cannot be deciphered. 4) Megalithic age : (From 1,500 B.C to 300 A.D) Ex: indus valley civilization. 1) Paleolithic Age: 3. Historic period: Written literature is available The paleolithic weapons were found in Telangana and can be deciphered. are similar to the ones which were found in Africa’s Pre-Historic period Acheuleon. The study of pre-historic period in Telangana was The tools used in this period are stone tools such done by Sir Robert Brucefoot in the mid- as small scrapes, choppers, stone hammers etc. nineteenth century in Nalgonda district Remains of tools from this period are found “Valigonda” (presently in Yadadri district) in abundance in Telangana at places like Sirpur- the tombs of Megalithic period. Kagaz Nagar, Mancherial, Nirmal, Badrachalam, Hyderabad State Archaeological department Boath (Adilabad district), Chandraguptapattanam which was established in the year 1914 have (Nagar-Kurnool district), Wankidi (Asifabad scientifically identified different pre-historical sites. district), Ekkala and Selibaka villages located in the forests of Eturunagaram. In the year 1953, Hyderabad state archaeological department have published a book “Antiquarian 2) Mesolithic Age: remains in Hyderabad state”, which named This is also known as Microlithic Age. 118 places as protected places. In this period small stone tools i.e; microliths were Note: Salvage Archaeology or Rescue used. Archaeology is the study of Ancient excavations In the Excavations conducted at the memorial in the places which are in the danger of imminent stone that is lying at the main entrance of the destruction. University of Hyderabad and Nagarjuna The retired secretory of archaeological department Konda, many microlithic tools made of V.V.Krishna Murthy have identified different Chertstones were Unearthed. Among them pre-historic sites, especially the places where Scraping Stones, backed blades were important. paintings & pictures are present. In areas like Eleswaram (Nalgonda district), K.Thimma Reddy, Professor in Telugu Basara (Nirmal district), Asifabad etc. In University of Srisailam have brought Pre-historic Telangana, Settlements belonging to the middle sites (which are present on the left side of Krishna stone age have unearthed. river) into lime light. During this period , humans started drawing and Raja Ram Singh have identified many sites in painting on the rocks. Northern Telangana from Basar to Bhadrachalam First generation pictures of Mesolithic age in the Godavari valley. He proved that Telangana were found in the caves of Mahabubnagar has evidences from the first phase of evolution of district “Sanganoni Palli”. The important Man kind. pictures in this were “deers”. In recent times, Dyanavalli Satyanarayana have Paintings of this age are also there in the rock cut identified ten pre-historic sites. 2 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture caves at Kokapeta in Rangareddy district, Ash is produced by burning the dung of animals. Ramagundem in peddapalli district, Hastalapur So by this According to Alchin, it is known that in Medak district, Pandavulagutta in Jayashankar there is a lot of animal husbandry here. Bhupalpalli district, Narsapur in Warangal district. In some Neolithic age sites terracota (baked 3) Neolithic Age: earth) figures, stone figures and stone paintings In this period, human started to do cultivation by have come into light indicating the improtance that setting at one place. was given for animal husbandry. Human beings during this age, have moved from Colour paintings and line drawings of this age are food-gathering stage to food production stage, this found at places, such as Budagavi in Karimnagar development has been regarded by Gordon childe district, Pandavulagutta in Jayashanker as “New stone age Revolution”. Bhupalapally, Rachakonda in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri Tools and weapons were made up of Bones. ditrict, Nallamudi in Khammam district, Duppadgattu and Dumpalagattu in Vikarabad From this period, humans started using Copper district. & Bronze tools. Deer, cows, goats, peacocks, butterflies, geometric The first stage of settlements of Neolithic age used patterns, anthropomorphisms are depicted in the to be there either on granite hills (or) on the flat ‘Pandavulagutta’. surfaces on the hills (or) in the lower parts of the valleys. Many settlements such as Togarai, In this period, the dead bodies were buried by Kadambapur and peddabankur were there in keeping their head towards North. Two infants the coast of Maneru river which is flowing in the were buried in a pot evidences were found Godavari valley area. in Nagarjuna Konda. At Togarai (in erst while Karimnagar district) 4) Megalithic Age: settlments near the granite hills that looked rising In this period from B.C 1500 to A.D 300, straight, place (or) industry where tools were Telangana people used to bury the dead body in manufactured was seen. the mud burial box or they used to bury in a cave At Kadambapur in peddapalli district, at Aija in like structure. Big stones were kept in circular Gadwal district. Stones on which axes were form surrounding this burial ground known as sharpened are seen. Such sharpened stones are Megaliths. Hence this period is known as there on a hillock which is there in the Jurisdiction megalithic age. of Pedda Revalla village in Mahbubnagar district. These Megaliths were known by locals as There is a village with the “Sanabanda” Pandavula Gullu, Veerlapadulu. (Sharpener stone) in Velgatur mandal of The people used to bury food grains, agricultural Jagityala district. tools and ornaments along with the dead person. In addition to the above areas, tools of the Neolithic By this articles we can say that people were age have been found at Chinnamarur of civilized. Wanaparthi district, Kokapet of Rangareddy In Telangana, the civilization of people started with district. megalithic age. Twisted Mustache Copper Swords were found In this period, iron tools were used for the first at Rimmanagudem in Siddipet district (erst while time, hence it is also called as “Iron Age” Medak district). As there was resemblance between these copper swords and copper swords The megalithic burial ground which was found in Iran, Allchin, the historian has stated excavated in the premises of Hyderabad Central that the people from the latter have come here. University was the 1st in the country. The food grains present in this, dated back to 4,250 years. They started cultivating millets like Jowar , Ragi and legumes like horse gram and black gram. The burial grounds were divided into 4 types based on its Megaliths construction. Piles of ash which belonged to Neolithic period was found at Utnoor (Utkoor) in Narayanpet 1. Pit burials 2. Cyst burials district. 3. Dolmen 4. Rock cut burials PNR Publications 3  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 1) Pit burials: Ivory beads and bangles at Nellimalli of Khammam The dead body was kept in the burial box which district, Clay beads used for decoration, paddy, was made up of mud or granite, then this box is barley, blackgrams, Foxtail millet at Virapuram in kept in a pit and covered. Big rocks were kept Gadwal district and Finger millet in the burial in around this burial ground in circular form. Hyderabad central university have been noticed. 2) Cyst burials: The dolmens found in the hills of Mallur in the forests of Eturnagaram of Mulugu district, The stone burial box was not completely buried, reached higher level in those days art of but some part is kept open above the ground construction. Their huge volume, in smoothly surface. carved stone compounds which were erected 3) Dolmen: around them, palnadu sand stone containers inside A dolmen is a type of single chamber megalithic the rooms of the burial, hollow structures on the tomb, consisting of two or more vertical megaliths front side stone sectors of the burial and three supporting a large flat horizontal capstone or table fort walls which are there among hundreds of the 4) Rock cut burials: burials was showing the Urbanization of that time Caves were cut from the rocks and the dead and the foundations of city states. bodies were buried in this. Kadambapur, Peddabankur in Peddapalli district, Food grains, iron tools, red & black pottery, Pullur in Siddipet district, Rudramakota in gold ornaments and beads were found in this Khammam district, Uppalapadu in Gadwal district, burials called as megaliths. Singapur of Karimnagar district, Janampet, Dongatogu, Polishetty tank in Bhadradri Areas in which Megalithic tombs have been Kottagudem district, Phanigiri of Suryapet district discovered in Telangana: like in other areas Megalithic tombs have been In Telangana earliest Megalithic tombs discovered unearthed. by “Robert Bruce Foote” at Valigonda in In the Iron age (Megalithic age), people essentially Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district. took up animal husbandry and agriculture and In Eleshwaram of Nalgonda district, a burial stored food grains. Therefore, there was no box in the shape of elephant was found. Along necessity to work always for food-gathering. As with this 4 burial boxes were found. a result, they got leisure time, Thoughts evolved, At one burial site Eleshwaram, a man’s skeleton thirst for art grew and the art of painting was learnt is found on top of women’s skeleton. with the help of red, black and white colours that Thousands of grave yards were found in are available in the nature, they have drawn figures Narkatpally of Nalgonda during the excavations in hill caves. made by Meadows Taylor. Rock paintings of this era are there at places like Narsapuram in Warangal district, Kokapet in The red & black pottery were found in Utnoor Rangareddy district, Mudumala in Mahabubnagar tombs. district, at Ramachandrapuram and Nallamudi in At Moula Ali of Hyderabad, the bangles made Khammam district, Bollarum near Secunderabad, up of clay and golden beads were seen in the Sivaru Venkatapuram, Wargal, Eddanur, Regonda, grave yard. These grave yards were present in Budigipalli in Siddipet district. 30 to 40 acres of land. In the linear drawings that were carved on cave Horse skeleton was found in the grave yard of stones, mainly Trident, Trident that could pass Pochampadu in Nirmal District. Combs and through the outer cover and spear are seen. At beads made of animal horns were found. Ramachandrapuram near Lankapalli in Telangana, Beads made up of bones were found in figures of bees, anthropomorphic figures and linear Hasmatpet, outskirts of Hyderabad. Right here drawings are visible Abundantly. plowstick was found. Historic Period In the graves of Chinnamarur, Peddamarus of The period in which written literature is present Nagar Kurnool district, objects made of fishing and which can be deciphered is known as historic hooks, beads and animal horns have been found. period. 4 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture In India, this period started from Aryans but in Jains believe that our country got the name Telangana it started from 6th Century B.C. Bharatadesham after the name of Bharata. In the Arayan culture which was present in north india 10th century, Mahamantri Chamunda Rayalu introduced in Eastern india by “Vaideha”. erected a 58 feet statue of Gommateshwara at “Agastya” introduced Aryan culture in Shravana belagola in Karnataka. In the inscriptions Southern india. Mahabharata states that he mentioned that he saw the largest idol of Agastya, for the sake of gods, had crushed the Gommateshwara in Podana. arrogance of Vindhya and reached the southern A king “Mahapadma Nanda” of Nanda dynasty india and drank the entire water of the oceans. It have won over Asmaka kingdom. He was the 1st king could be said that Aryans reached Southern India to win over southern india in the history of india. from land and sea. After Mahapadma Nanda, the Mauryan kings of In 6th century B.C, Buddhism, Jainism and like Maghada made Andhra Pradesh and Telangana wise 62 other religions started against the as their feudatory states. domination of Brahmins. In the 13th rock edict of Ashoka, it was mentioned Buddhist scriptures are known as Tripitakas. that, to the south of the Ashoka’s empire the They are: kingdoms of Kalinga, Andhra, Bojaka, Rattika 1. Sutta pitaka were there which followed his dharma. Kalidasa, 2. Vinaya pitaka and in his “Malavikagni mitra” has stated the last 3. Abhidhamma pitaka mauryan emperor Brihadrada was killed by his The 16 mahajanapadas formed in the 6th century senani Pushyamitra sunga and came into power B.C, were for the 1 st time mentioned in the in 187 BC and as the Andhras opposed the buddhist scripture “Anguttara Nikaya”. conspiracy and rose in rebellion against him, they Out of these 16 mahajanapadas, only one maha- were defeated by the Sungas. janapada “Asmaka” is present in Telangana In the Deccan, after the downfall of Mauryan region. Remaining 15 are present in Northern india. empire and before the rise of satavahanas, in the “Asmaka Mahajanapada” was present in second and first centuries B.C.E, there were petty today’s erstwhile Nizamabad, Karimnagar and kingdoms ruled by the local kings. the inscriptions Adilabad districts. and coins of pre-satavahana rulers were found in the regions of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The capital of Asmaka was potana or Podhana (present day Bodhan) in Nizamabad district. The Datukaranda inscrpitions found in the bhattiprolu stupa of 3rd century BC, speaks of king A buddhist monk “Bhavari” of asmaka kongdome named Kubhiraka who ruled with the help of has introduced Buddhism in Andhra Pradesh and Nigamasabha and Gostis. The vaddemanu Telangana. inscrpitions mentions the names of Rajasomaka, According to Bhavari Vruthantham in Suttanipada Guntupalli and Velpuru inscriptions mentions the of sutta pitaka, Asmaka kingdom and Mulaka names of Sarisada, Mahasada, Ashokasada, kingdome were present on both the sides of Shivasada, Shivamakasada. Godavari river. These were known as “Andhaka Later, Sri Mukha have founded Satavahana Ratta” (Andhra State). Capital of Mulaka dynasty and ruled over Anhra Pradesh and kingdom- Prathistanapuram (paithan). Telangana. Panini, in his Astadyaya text of fifth century B.C Kotilingala in present day Jagityala district was mentioned that in South India Asmaka and a great historical place in the Telangana region Kalinga kingdoms were there. Asmaka was during that period. Excavations here have yielded treated as Assaka in pali language in minted copper, lead and potin coins of pre- Gathasaptasati, written by Hala, Satavahana king. satavahana kings. On these coins the names of The Asmaka kingdom was ruled by Rishabha- pre-satavahana kings like Mahatalavara, natha, the first Jain tirthankara, it is learnt from Gobada, Samagopa, Narana, Kamvayasiri jain scrpitures. Rishabanatha was succeeded by were sculpted in Brahmi script. The name his sons Gommateshwara (Bhahubali) and “Satavahana” is reprinted on Samagopa coins. Bharata. PNR Publications 5  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Acharya P.V. Parabrahma Sastry opined that the of the pandavas, defeated the Andhras as part of Satavahanas usurped power by serving as military his southern expedition. generals near samagopa. Accroding to him, the The Buddhist scripture Sherivanija Jataka satavahana kingdom was founded in Kotilingala. mentions the existence of a town called Andhra At veerapuram also coins of Sivamahastin and nagari on the “Telivaha river”. But according Sivaskandahastin have been found. to Acharya Parabrahma sastri, Andhra Nagari Excavations have revealed that before the is the Kotilingala on Godavari river and P.C. Roy satavahanas, the Sabaka kingdom was prevailed chaudary’s argument is that Andhra Nagari is the in Dhulikatta, Pedda Bankur areas of peddapalli Dhanyakataka on the banks of the Krishna river. district of present Telangana. The coins found here In Ashoka’s rock inscrpitions also there is a bear the name of satavahana’s predecessor references about the tribes like Andhras, pulindas, ‘Shilakasudu’ in Brahmi script. Later the kingdom sabara etc. Andhra originally existed as a race was conquered by the Satavahanas. (or) tribe in South India according to various Similarly, inscrpitional evidences shows that before sources. Saptashetakam mentioned about the the satavahanas there was mahishaka kingdom Pulinda’s and puranas mentioned about “Andhra in Nalgonda and Mahabubnagar districs. But this Nation / Andhra Jatiyam”. kingdom must have been conquered by In 1030 A.D., Alberuni in his writings mentioned Kharavela who ruled kalinga, we learnt this from about Andhra. He wrote that the language spoken his little “Mahamahishakadipathi”, after him in South India was Andhra, his book “Kitab ul this kingdom was occupied by satavahanas. Hind” describes the customs and traditions of the Eventually Telangana became a merging point Andhra desha / Country at that time. for North and South India. Chronology of prominent dynasties ruled The word “Telangana” came into usage from the over Telangana region from Ancient period of Delhi sultanates. Amir Khusroo used period to Modern period: the word “Telangana”. Satavahanas-(220 B.C to 225 A.D) During Delhi sultanates period, the places of Ikshvakus (220 A.D to 300 A. D) Telangana, Andhra, Tamilnadu were all together Vishnukundins (358 A.D to 569 A.D) known as Telangana. Vemulawada Chalukyas-(750 A.D to 973 A.D) Later during Golconda Qutub Shahis period, the (parts of North-West Telangana ) present day Telangana along with coastal Andhra Mudigonda Chalukyas-(850 A.D to 1200 A.D) was known as Telangana. (parts of Khammam & Warangal) From Nizam’s period, the telugu places in Kakatiyas Hyderabad state were known as Telangana. – as feudatory Kakatiyas (956 A.D to 1162 A.D) Buddhist Jataka stories (B.C 600 to 400): the – Independent Kakatiyas (1163 A.D to 1323 A.D) place between Godavari and Krishna rivers was Musunuri Nayakas-(1325 A.D to 1368 A.D) known as Andha padam & Andha ka Rattam (parts of Khammam district) (Andhra Rashtram). Velama Nayakas-(1325 A.D to 1475 A.D) The earliest mentions of the Andhras: (Parts of Nalgonda, Mahabubnagar) Aitareya Brahmana of Rig-veda have mentioned First time about the people of Andhra. Qutubshahis-(1518 A.D to 1687 A.D) The Andhras are portrayed as Descendants of Asafjahi’s-(1724 A.D to 1948 A.D) Vishwamitra in the Shunashhepuni story told in this text. The Mahabharata states that the Andhras fought on the side of the kauravas and were defeated by the pandavas in the battle of kurukshetra. The Mahabharata also mentions that sahadeva, one 6 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Satavahanas 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 (B.C 220-225 A.D) 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 1234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901 Satavahanas were the first dynasty which had Satavahanas established vast kingdom in Telangana and south 1 st Capital: Kotilingala (Jagitial district, india. erstwhile Karimnagar district) During the Mauryan rule, the Satavahanas who were feudatories of the Mauryans in Dakshina 2nd Capital : Pratishtana puram (Paitan) Padham declared their independence in the next 3rd Capital : Dhanyakatakam (Amaravati) Kanva dynasty period. Progenitor : Satavahana In Deccan, after the fall of Mauryans before the Founder of dynasty : Simuka (Sri Mukha) Satavahanas local kings ruled small, kingdoms in Official language : Prakrit the second and first centuries B.C. Ruling language : Prakrit (The language in Their reign began as feudatories during the which instructions were given to public) Mauryan rule, after the fall of Mauryans, “Satavahana” removed Samagopa raju who Emblem : Sun ruled the Telangana region before Satavahanas Greatest king : Gautamiputra satakarni and it can also be said that Satavahana founded Foreign traveller : Megasthenes the first empire in south India. The Satavahana empire spread from Arabian sea Origin of Satavahanas: in the west to the Bay of Bengal in the east and it According to B.S.L. Hanumanth Rao, extends to the Ganges river in the North. The satavahanas are Aryans. Satavahanas occupy a place in the history of the According to R.S. Sharma, satavahanas are Deccan similar to that of the Mauryans in the Dravidans. history of India. Varna of satavahanas: The places ruled by them: According to the ancient texts (puranas), the Telangana Andhra Pradesh founder of dynasty Srimukha was described as Karnataka Maharashtra Sudra (Vishala) According to “K.M.Phanikkar”, Sathava-hanas According to ancient literature Pracheena have played important role in cultural integration between south india and Aryavarta (ancient name Vajmayam they are sudras. of Northern and Central india). According to “Kathasaritsagara” written by Various names of satavahanas are Shalivahanas, Somadeva suri, satavahanas are born to yaksha Andhra-Bhritya, Andhras and Satakarni. by name shatha and to a brahmin lady. Hence satavahanas belong to yaksha class. Progenitor of Satavahana dynasty is “Satavahana” According to Nasik inscription of Goutami Balasri, In Nasik and Kanheri inscriptions there is a saying she described herself as Rajarshipatni “Satavahana kula (Caste)”. Sivaskanda Kshatriapatni, hence some historians describe Varma’s Maidavolu inscription of 4th century A.D them as kshatriyas. mentioned that the chief town of Andhapadha (Andhra Padham) is Said to be Dhanya Katakam. Some are opined that they are Brahmins, because Satavahana means the one who have vehicle. in Nasik inscription Gauthami Putra Satakarni is mentioned as “Eka Brahmana”. In Kannada, Satavahana means “farmer”. According to the scripture Kalpapradeepa of In ancient texts, Satavahanas were described as Jinaprabhasuri, Satavahanas were the offsprings “Andhra-Bhrityas”. (Naga sect) of Brahmin woman and Nagaraju Satavahanas ruled between 220 B.C to 225 A.D (Male of Naga sect). approximately. PNR Publications 7  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture According to a book “Dvatrimsika Puttalika”, Satavahanas ruled with Dharanikota/ progenitor of the Satavahanas was born to a Amaravathi as their capital Brahmin widow and king of Naga sect. because 5. The ruins of a metropolis was uncovered in of these reason some scholars opined that Kadambapur in Karimnagar district. Therefore, Satavahanas were belongs to Naga sect. Etukuri Balaramamurthy is of the opinion that Dispute regarding birth place of this is one of the capital of Satavahanas. Satavahanas: 6. G. Rambabu, B.N. Shastri, Mallampalli There is difference of opinion regarding the Somasekher Sharma, Sri Ram Sharma have birthplace of satavahanas. described Telangana as the birthplace of satavahanas. Different historians have given different places. Karnataka : According to V.S.Sukthankar, the Evidences Related to History of birth place of satavahanas is bellary in Satavahanas Karnataka. 1) Literary Sources: Reason: Myakadhoni inscription of Foreign books: Pulomavi 3 and Hirahadagali inscription of The Greek Ambassador Megasthenes in his pallava shiva skanda varma are found in book Indica (in Greek) have stated that king of Bellary.. Andhra’s tribe have 30 fortified cities , one lakh Vidarba: According to V.V.Mirashi, satavahanas army, two thousand cavalry and one thousand belong to Vidarba of Maharashtra. elephantry. Maharashtra: P.T.Srinivas Iyengar, Few fortified cities of Telangana out of 30 K.Gopalachary and D.P.Sarkar. according to cities which were mentioned in Megasthenes these, the birthplace and capital of satavahanas is Indica are: Bodhan, Kotilingala, Dhulikatta, Pedda Pratishtana Puram. Bhankuru, Kondapur, Phanigiri, Gajulabhanda and Coastal Andhra : R.G. Bhandarkar, V.A. Smith Indrapuri. and I.J. Rapson have described “Andhra” as the A roman historian named Pliny, written a book first birthplace of satavahanas. “The Natural History” in Latin language at 72 According to them, capital is Dhanyakatakam AD, in this book he described about the international trade and military power of the According to the “Serivanija Jataka” of Satavahanas. Buddhist philosophy, D.R. Bhandarkar said The books “Periplus of the Erythraean Sea” that Andhranagari on Telivahi river was the first written by unknown sailor and “the guide to capital of the Satavahanas. geography” written by Ptolemy described about Telangana : The following historians, have the foreign trade and ports of the Satavahanas. decided “Telangana” as the birthplace of Native / Regional books: satavahanas. Puranas, Jataka stories of buddha and jain books. 1. According to P.V. Parabrahma Sastry, Satavahanas have started ruling from Vayu, Brahmanda, Vishnu, Bhagavata, Mtsya Telangana. puranas described the genealogies of the Andhras. The “Kali Yuga Raja Vruttantham”, which is a 2. Kambampati Satyanarayana: Satavahanas part of Bhavishya purana contains details about have started ruling from Telangana and the genealogy of the Andhras. expanded into West, North and Southern directions. A scholar named Pargiter translated the puranas into English under the title “Dynasties of Kali 3. According to Dhame Raja Reddy, the coins Age”. and inscriptions of simukha are found in Kotilingala so thier 1st capital is Kotilingala. 2) Inscriptions: 4. The famous historian Jaishetty Ramanaiah, 24 inscriptions related to satavahanas are stated that the first capital of the early available. Satavahanas was Kotilingala, followed by Inscriptions are written in prakrit language and Paithan. He is also said that the later brahmi script was used in it. 8 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 3. Coins: In Peddabankur three brick forts of the Sata- Coins are issued in prakrit and desi languages. vahana period, one pot was found in farmer’s field According to historians, Telugu language has which contained 22 thousand satavahana coins. evolved from desi language. 22 fresh water wells which were built with bricks A postal employee named Sanganabatla and one well which was made with clay bangles Narahari Sharma collected the coins found in is found here. Kotilingala and handed over them to noted The coins of Roman emperors Augustus, epigraphist Dr.P.V. Parabrahma Sastry in 1970. Caesar and Tiberius found here. Coins of Kings like Srimukha Satavahana, Beads, bangles, Terrakota prints were found in Satakarni and as well as local kings Gobada, excavations. Iron axes, nails, swords, sickles, Narana, Kamvaya Siri, Samagopa etc, who chisels etc., were also found. Furnace of Black ruled before the Satavahanas have also been found smith was also found in Peddabankur. in Kotilingala. Coins of Vassal kings like Dhulikatta-Peddapalli district (Erstwhile Mahatalavara, Mahasenapati, Sebaka have also Karimnagar district) been unearthed in Kondapur, Hyderabad, V.V.Krishna Shastri has found out the buddhist Kotilingala. stupa which belonged to Satavahanas time. there 4) Excavations: are some inscriptions in Brahmi script on the stone Kondapur-Sangareddy district (Erstwhile slabs around the stupa. Medak district) Dhulikota (Mud fort) is pronounced as Dhulikatta. In 3rd Century B.C only, Kondapur was developed Palaces, wells, granaries and ramparts were found as a city. Before satavahanas only , Kondapur inside the fort. Iron weapons, tools, terracotta was the capital for the “Ashika kingdom” figurines, ivory comb, pottery found here. (Ranga Reddy, Hyderabad and Medak districts). Punch marked coins of Mauryan period were also Approximately 4000 coins related to Sathavahanas found. are found in Kondapur. Mallampally Somasekher Sharma have described Satavahanas Political History Kondapur as “Mint city of satavahanas”. Historians have different opinions regarding the In the South, Kondapur was the main centre number of kings who ruled over Satavahanas for trade with the Roman empire. kingdom and their time period. Necklace made up of Roman scptaria with According to Matsya purana, there were 30 the symbol of Tiberius Caesar (emperor) was kings who ruled for 456 years. found in Kondapur. According to Vayu Purana, there were 17 Kotilingala-Jagityal district (Erstwhile kings who ruled over 272 years. Karimnagar district): Important Satavahana rulers: It is present at the meeting point of Godavari and Srimukha / Simukha: Peddavagu. It is the first capital for satavahana He is the founder of the satavahana kingdom/ kingdom. dynasty and contemporary to Ashoka. The pillar made up of sandstone was found In inscriptions, he was called as Chimukha and here on which the words “Nagagopinikaya” in Sindhuka. brahmiscript were written. Vayupurana – Sindhuka On Munulagutta near kotilingala Jains “shilachchadalu” were founded. Matsya purana-Balipuchaka, Bali. Viddanki coins and coins of srimukha , early Simukha’s 8 coins were found at Kotilingala. satavahanas and of rulers before satavahanas His capital was Kotilingala. Coins bearing the were found in kotilingala. names ‘Siri Chimuka’, ‘Siri Satavahana’, ‘Siri Peddabankur-Peddapalli district (Erstwhile Chimuka Satavahana’ were found. Karimnagar district): In Nanaghat inscription of Devi Naganika , there It is present on the banks of Hussain miya water is a mention about the king Simukha that “Raya stream. Simukha satavahana Sirimatho”. PNR Publications 9  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Earlier he patronised Jainism, later he turned to Naganika’s father – Maharathi Tranakayiro Brahmanism (Vedic religion). Naganika describes herself as “Yajna hutana Important jains tourist site during his period – sugandhaya digavuta sindaya” in Nanaghat Munulagutta (Karimnagar) inscription. The name on the coins issued by Srimukha- Nanaghat inscription has revealed the idols of Ranagobhadra, Rana Goswamy. following persons, Srimukha, Satakarni-1, The 13 Rock edict of Ashoka mentions that th Maharathi Tranakayiro, Naganika, Vedaksha Simukha as feudatory of Mauryans. Ashoka has Satakarni , Shatasri (sons of Satakarni-1). given title “Raya” to Simukha. According to puranas, the titles of Satakarni-1 Ashoka has named Satavahanas as “Satyaputra” Mahan Mallakarna (Matsya Purana) in his inscriptions. According to Nanaghat inscription Satakarni-1 Srimukha has defeated the leader of “Rathika” has performed two Ashwamedha yagas and one clan i.e., Maharathi Tranakayiro and married Rajasuyayagam and other 20 rituals. During this his daughter “Naganika” to Simukha’s son occation, Satakarni-1 has donated many Horses, Satakarni-1 Cows, Elephants and villages to Brahmins he was According to jain texts, people revolted against the first to donate lands in india. This was him due to his cruel administration. mentioned in Nanaghat Inscription. Later, Krishna brother of Simukha became the He issued Ashwamedha coins, his coins king. contained the symbols of elephant and Ujjain Kanha / Krishna: city. In inscriptions, he was named as “Kanha”. Contemporaries of Satakarni-1 are: He was the first Satavahana king to issue Magadha : Pushyamitra shunga inscription – Kanheri inscription. Kalinga (Orissa) : Kharavela He engraved Nasik and Kanheri caves for the Northwest India: Demetrius (Indo-Greek Buddhist monks. King) He appointed special officers “Dharma As a mark of victory against Pushyamitra Shunga, Mahamatya” for the welfare of the buddhist Satakarni-1 have issued coins with the symbol of monks. “Ujjaini Town”. Kanha patronized “Bhagavatha religion” during The kalinga king who invaded the Musika city of his period Bhagavatha religion has spread from Satavahanas during Satakarni-1 was North India to Deccan. “Kharavela”. This was revealed from Satakarni-1: kharavela’s Hathigumpha inscription. He is the son of Simukha. According to Hathigumpha inscription , Kharavela He married Devi Naganika daughter of have destroyed the city of Pithunda with donkeys and he won Mushika city and gained title ‘Maharathi Tranakayiro’ as part of his imperial “Mushikadhipati”. expansion, the marriage with Devi Naganika enabled the Satavahanas to expand their empire Historians opine that the Mushika city is the present towards the west coast. day Kondapur in Sangareddy district and Pithunda He occupied Maurya held western Malwa, city is present day “Guntupalli”. Vidarbha in the Narmada river valley and assumed But according to Chulla Kalinga Jatakam, the title of emperor. Satakarni-1 have defeated Kalinga king His wife Naganika has issued Nanaghat “Kharavela” and expanded his kingdom towards inscription (it is decorative inscription). It is in east. “Prakrit”. Note: According to the inscription found in May Titles given to Satakarni-1 in Nanaghat inscription 2011 in the outskirts of Mukkatrav peta village are: Dakshina padapati Ekaveera of Kotilingala, “Huku Sri” Satavahana is the Apratihita chakra Shura son of Naganika and Satakarni-1. A Lead ingot 10 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture found at Veerapuram in the Kurnool district bears Gunadhya has burnt his book. At present only one the name Huku sri on one side, the name and chapter of Brihat Katha is available. figurine of the roman emperor Tiberius is written The main character in brihat katha was “Kubera on the other side. / labbika”. After the death of Satakarni-1, his wife Naganika Based on Brihat katha, 4 Sanskrit literary works took up the responsibility of administration till her were done in 10th & 11th century. son attained adulthood. 1. Somadeva Suri – Skandasthambi: Kathasaritsagaram (Sanskrit) Invasions of Greek were started during his period. 2. Kshemendra – Brihat Katha Manjari Satakarni-II: 3. Hari sena – Brihat Katha Kosham He built a gateway to the southern side of Sanchi 4. Varahamihira-Brihat Samhita Stupa. Gunadhya’s Brihat Katha was translated into Amongst Satavahanas, Satakarni-II have ruled Sanskrit by king Durvinita of Ganga dynasty. for longest period of 56 years. Based on Brihat katha, Vishnu sharma wrote During his period, Satavahana kingdom expanded Panchatantram. towards north india. He raised an unlimited army According to Somadeva Suri’s Kathasarit- and occupied the kingdoms of Magadha, Kalinga sagaram, there were differences between Sharva etc., and was glorified as an emperor. He occupied Varma and Gunadhya. Malwa from Saka’s. According to Krishna Shastri, Gunadhya’s He conquered Magadha capital “Pataliputra” in residence was Kondapur. the Northern India. According to Vatsyayana’s Kamasutra, Kuntala From his period, Saka-Satavahana conflict Satakarni caused the death of his wife Malayavathi started. due to the sexual position named “ Karirtha” According to Gargi Samhita, he annexed Vidisha Kamasutra was translated into telugu by which was the second capital of Shungas. Aadi Narayana Shastri His court artist was Vashishta putra Ananda. Pulomavi-I: Kuntala Satakarni: He was the 15th ruler of Satavahanas. He was the 13 ruler. th He invaded Magadha in North India and defeated He changed the official language as Sanskrit Kanva king Susharma and annexed his kingdom. in the place of Prakrit. Coins of Pulomavi-I are found in “Kuhrama / His title was Vikramarka. Kuharam” near pataliputra (Bihar). Court poets and their work during his period: Gaurav Krishna Gunadhya – Brihat Katha He was responsible for the disintegration of the (Paisachi Prakrit language) Andhra kingdom. So he was degraded and named Sarva Varma – Katantra Vyakarnam as “Aristakarma”, “Vai Krishna”, “Rikta Vatsyayana – Kamasutra, Nyaya Bhashyam varnudu” in puranas. Kuntala Satakarni married princess of North India Hala – Malayawati. He was the 17th king of Satavahanas. He ruled Kuntala satakarni learned Sanskrit language only for 5 years. through Sarvavarma because he felt embarressed Hala was the Telangana’s first written great before his queen who knew Sanskrit. poet among kings. He had titles “Kavi Vatsala” Sarva Varma wrote Katantra Vyakarnam which and “Kavi Raja”. was a grammatic book in Sanskrit. Through this His period was described as the Golden era for book Kuntala Satakarni learnt Sanskrit. prakrit. Gunadhya wanted his literary work Brihat Katha Hala was the author of “Gatha Saptashati to be dedicated to the king but king refused. So, (Satthasayi)” in Maharashtri prakrit language. PNR Publications 11  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture This book contains 700 romantic love stories Titles of Gautami putra Satakarni according to which reveals the rural social conditions of that Nasik inscription: period. This book describes the importance of Eka brahmana Aagama Nilaya marriage traditions, betel leaves and parani (which Dvijakula Vardana Eka Shura is applied by women on their feet during marriage) Chaturvarna Shankara and also describes about festival Holi. Kshatriya Darpamana Vardhana Women like Anulakshmi, Anupalabda, Reva and Varna Saankarya Nirodaka Madhavi have helped in the writing of Eka Dhanurdara Gathasaptasati. Language, beautiful description of Sakayavana Pahlava Nishudhana nature and rural life are there in it. Bhenakataka Swamy Gatha Saptashati is similar to the book Trisamudra toya peetavahana (one whose “vajjalagga” written by Svetambara jain Monk horses drunk the water of 3 seas) “Jayavallabha”. The sovereign title “Rajoran” Bana in his book Harshacharita have mentioned Kshaharata Vamsha Niravaseshakara. that Hala has written Gatha Saptashati. In Kutuhala’s “Leelavati Parinayam”, it was According to the Nasik inscription Gauthami putra mentioned that Hala has invaded Simhala satakarni, son of Gautami Balashri was the head (Srilanka) and married Simhala Princess Leelavati. of the regions like Asika, Asoka, Mulaka, Suratha, According to this book, they were married in Kakura, Aparantha, Akara, Avanthi, Vidharbha. Bhimeshwara temple near Sapta-Godavari. Gauthami putra satakarni has the title i.e., head of According to Dr. Sanganabhatla Narsaiah, this the mountain regions like Vindhya, Achavata, place is Bhimeshwara temple on the banks of Pariyatra, Sahya, Kanvagiri, Siritana, Malaya, Godavari near Vempalli Venkat Rao peta in Jagityal Mahendra, Seetha, Chakora. district. He defeated the Sakas, the Yavanas, the Pahlavas Hala felicitated the poets – “Kumarila” and and exterminated the Kshatrapa dynasty. “Sripalitha”. The important army commander His achievements are mentioned in the incriptions of Hala was “Vijayanada”. like Nasik, Karle. Later Satavahanas Jogalthambi War Gautamiputra Satakarni: In this war, Gautami putra satakarni have defeated “Nahapana” who was an important ruler of He was the 23rd king of Satavahanas according Kshatrapas. After this war, Gautamiputra Satakarni to Puranas. gained the title “Destroyer of Kshatrapas” He was the greatest king among Satavahanas, he (Kshaharata Vamsha Nirvaseshakara). revived the political Glory of Satavahanas. After victory in this war, Gautamiputra Satakarni When he ascended the throne in 78 A.D, have re-issued the coins of Nahapana with his “Shalivahana Saka” was started. name. From 1957, Indian Government has recognised 78 These re-issued coins were found at Jogal A.D as the beginning of Shalivahana Era / Saka. thambi in Maharashtra. The only king who followed Shalivahana Saka was Gautamiputra Satakarni have annexed many “Yadava Ramachandra Deva” (king of devagiri) kingdoms and changed the capital of Satavahan’s Gautamiputra Satakarni was the first king to use from Dhanyakatakam to Pratishtanapuram. mother’s name in front of his name. Gautamiputra Satakarni have built a city by name His mother Gautami Balasri have issued Nasik “Bhenakatakam”. inscription. This inscription was issued after the death of Gautamiputra Satakarni during the 18th His coins were found at Cuddalore in Tamilnadu. Regnal year of his son Vaashistaputra Pulomavi. Hundreds of Gauthami Putra Satakarni coins have been found in Kondapur, Peddabankur. In Nasik inscription Gautami Balasri describes herself as “Satyavachanadana Ahimsa He donated 100 nivartana land to Buddhist Nirathaya” and “Rajarshi Vadhuvu”. monks. 12 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Vashistiputra Pulomavi (VPP) / Satavahanas and established the Ikshvaku Pulomavi II: kingdom. In Nasik inscription , he was awarded the title After Yajna Sri Satakarni (who is the most famous “Dakshinapadeshwara”. emperor among the later (mali) satavahana kings), During his period, Amaravati Stupa was built. due to the incompetence of the satavahana kings 1st inscription of Satavahana in Andhra Pradesh Ikshvakus in the Andhra region, Chutus in the was Dharani Kota inscription issued by VPP. western - south region, Abhiras in the north region, Western kshatrapa’s in western - north region Saka king Rudradaman of Western Kshatrapas declared independence. (Kardamaka) dynasty has defeated Vashistiputra pulomavi. Note: According to the inscriptions the last ruler of Due to the fear of Rudradaman ,VPP have the Satavahanas was the Pulomavi - III and changed the capital from Pratishtanapuram to according to the puranas the last ruler of the Dhanyakatakam. This is evident from Girnar satavahanas was the Pulomavi -IV. inscription or Junagadh inscription of Rudradaman. Administration The title of VPP : Navanagara Swamy. Satavahana’s have followed Maurya’s administrative system. Kingdom was passed from Vashistiputra Shiva sri Satakarni: father to son i.e; it was hereditary. His title was Kshatrapa. “Monarchy system abide by Dharma He was the 1st Satavahana king to issue coins in Shastra” is the source of Satavahana state system: two languages i.e; in Prakrit and Tamil. Junaghad inscription tells us about adminis- Yajna Sri / Yagna Sree Satakarni: tration and the Ministers of Satavahanas. Yagnya sree inscription was Chinna Ganjam. There were four main ministers for giving advice His coins contained the symbols of boat. Due to the king. They were known as “Amatyas”. to this , it is evident that foreign trade took place Amatya’s are not hereditary. with Roman empire during his period. Vishwasamatya – Prime Minister, Historians opine that “Matsya Purana” was Loyal to king , internal Advicer to king. written in his period. Rajamatya – the one who implements the Bana in his book “Harsha Charita” have orders of the king. mentioned Yagna sree as “Trisamudradipati”. Mahamatya-Finance Minister In Silappadikaram book, the Yagna Sri was Mahatalvari-Commander General of Army described “Paasanda Sathan”, means the one Along with them, different officers were who opposes the rituals of Yagnam / Yaga. appointed. He was the contemporary of Acharya Nagarjuna. Yajna sree have built Parvata Vihara Important Officers: or Mahachaitya Vihara at Nagarjuna Konda for Hiranika – Treasurer (the one who collects taxes) Acharya Nagarjuna. Bhandagarika – Royal goods stores in- charge According to Chinese traveller Fahien, this Vihara Mahatalvara – Bodyguard had 5 floors and 1500 rooms. Pratihara – Sentry (a soldier to control access According to the story present in Katha Saritsaga- to a palace) ram written by Somadeva Suri, Acharya Nagar- Rajjagahaka – the person who does land juna was died in the hands of Satavahana Prince. surveys and collects taxes. Pulomavi III: Rajuka – judge He was the last ruler of Satavahanas. Mahadharmika – person who looks after The inscription which tells about fall of Satavaha- education and resolves religious conflicts. nas Kingdom and Pulomavi III was Myakadhoni Maha aryaka-Person who looks after legal affairs inscription (Near Bellary – Karnataka). Pattaka Pala- Registrar of land documents According to the Yuga Purana, the Ikshvakus (Sri Rajavija-Doctor for the court Santhamula) who ruled Sri Parvata ended the The Lekhaka - emperor’s secretary PNR Publications 13  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture During Satavahanas, the lands were donated Town Administration permanently by the condition “Akshayanivi”. Administration of Town / Cities is looked after by The administrative divisions of Satavahana the “Nigama Sabha”. kingdom can be mentioned as follows: The members of Nigama Sabha were Gahapati. 1. Raja Kankheta Area They were the community heads. 2. Feudal Areas There was reference about the administration of 3. Frontier Areas cities during Satavahanas in the “Bhattiprolu The land (or) area under the direct rule of the Nigama Sabha inscription”. This inscription king as his owner is called Raja Kankheta (or) was issued by “Kubera”. Rajakshetra, here the king administered the Megasthene’s Indica also has the reference of administration with the help of ministers and top Nigama Sabhas. employee team. Important towns of those days: Kolhapur kura clan, Mysore chutu clan, Vijayapuri Barukatccha / Broach (Gujarath) (Nagarjunakonda) Ikshvaku clan, Maharadhulu, Mahabojulu of Maharastra were important among Sopara, Kalyani (Karnataka) the vassal kings of the Satavahanas. Kaneri, Paithan (Maharastra) during the last days of the Satavahanas, the border Govardhan, Dhanyakatakam (Andhrapradesh) areas of the kingdom were kept under the control Kotilingala, Eleshwaram (Telangana) of the Army Chief for the protection of the Military force kingdom. One such person was Sagamana Mahasena who lived in Kotilingala, they gradually Pliny’s Natural History text and Sangham literature incarnated as landlords. a Maharathi Sadhakana suggest that the Satavahanas patronized large Kalalaya (Satakarni) also issued his own coins. armies. King is the Commander - in - Chief, king himself used to lead the armies during the war. Division of Kingdom Administrators Hathigumpa inscription of Kharavela mentions Kingdom – King about four military forces of Satavahanas. Aharas (Rastram) – Amatyas (Governors) The army was composed of four arms Vishaya – Vishayapati (Chaturanga)-infantry, cavalry, elephantry and Grama (Villages) – Gramika, Gramini chariots.there were archers as well and court, Local Body Administration - Village horse men wore turbans. Smallest division of the kingdom – Village The military camps of the Satavahanas were Head of the village administration was Gramika called as Skandavaram, Katakam, Gulma. or Gramini. Temporary military camp was called Mahakaryaka was the officer to resolve the Skandhagara. problems of villagers. Permanent military camp was called Kataka A group of villages were called Gulmi. Head of (present day cantonment). Gulmi was “Gulmika”. Military garrisons in cities were called as According to Myakedoni inscription, Gulmika also “Katakas”. acted as army chiefs in boundaries of villages. The village administration was in the hands of Gulmikula/ Gumikula is mentioned in the Hirahada Goulmika’s (Gulmika). They are also a military Galli inscription and even in Ghata saptashati. officers, a Military Cartographer with 9 chariots, The main duty of the village head man was to 9 elephants, 25 horses and along with 45 collect the taxes payable to the king and member’s infantry was known as Goulmikudu. maintaining law and order, but due to the Forts were important in the defense of the inheritance of the post of village headman, there was an opportunity for village headman to become Kingdom. Forts were built around towns. Forts, politically stronger. This gradually led to the feudal bastions and lion gates were unearthed at system. Kotilingala, Dhulikatta. 14 PNR Publications  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture Economic Condition / Farmers are of two types: Economic System 1. Halika- Small scale farmers The economic system of the Satavahanas was 2. Gahapati / Samsarin – Large scale farmers or especially dependent on foreign trade, industries Zamindars. and agricultural sector. New cities were emerged Important crops during Satavahanas: due to foreign and domestic trade. Paddy, Turmeric, Sugarcane, Sorghum, Cotton, The main occupation of the people was Wheat, Jute, Sesame seeds. “Agriculture”. Coconut (in the 1st Century A.D it was exported The land where crops were grown is known as from Malayadesam to South India). “Sitakshetram” and the head of this was known According to the inscriptions of the Satavahana as “Sitaadyakshya”. period, it is known that, they donated lands and Unit of land Measurement was “Nivarthana”. villages for the purposes of religious organizations, 1 Nivarthana = 1.5 Acres (Approx) agriculture and to grow trees. The king to give villages (or) lands as a gift, he did not encroach Main source of income was “Land Tax” on the lands owned by the farmers but bought Land tax was known as Bhaga / Dheyameya. them from the farmers for a price and gave them Dheya – Land tax was collected in the form as donations. of money. It is evident from the Kanheri inscriptions is, Meya – Land tax was collected in the form of traders and common people individually gifted the produce. lands to Buddhist monasteries and Buddhist Generally land tax was collected as 1/6th of the monks. The Nasik inscription mentions that a crop produce. person named Mugudasa donated some land to Tax collected from Artisans was “Karukara”. offer garments to a monk. Shulka-tax on water. Another Nasik inscription mentioned that Ushava Kara-tax on Vegetables and fruit crops. Dattudu (Rushaba Dattudu) son –in – law of Kshatrapa Nahapana bought land from a Brahmin the government had a monopoly on the named Ashvabhuti for 4000 karshapanas and gave manufacture of salt. The government also get it back as a gift. revenue through fines. The Nasik inscription states that Gauthami Putra The scientific expert team was appointed by the Satakarni not only donated lands to Buddhist monks kings to invent new tools for agriculture. This team but also gave them administrative and financial was known as “Odhayantrika”. rights over those lands, they donot have to pay The inventions of Odhayantrika are: tax on these lands. Udhaga yantram – for ploughing the land (Machine) Shreni / Professional Associations Gati yantram – for pulling water to up During Satavahanas, each profession had its own association known as Shreni. The head of the Garika yantram – for separation of seeds Shreni was “Shresti” (Shetty). from raw cotton These shreni’s eventually formed into castes. Rihatta Gadiya – tool for fetchinhg water The Nasik, Junnar inscriptions mentioned about Water Resources / Irrigation many types of businesses, industries and laborers Upadhana – wells of the satavahana period. Thadaga – lake / tank According to inscriptions, there were 18 different Rahata Gadiya – Lift irrigation types of Shreni’s or guilds. Paniya Gaharika – Irrigation officer 1. Kolika – Weavers ‘Udaka Yantra’ was used to draw water from 2. Halika – Farmers wells, canals. This is called Persian wheel, for this 3. Thilapistika – Oil Millers buckets were attached to a wheel as a garland 4. Kularika – Potterman and driven by animals. PNR Publications 15  Telangana History, Movement - State Formation, Art & Culture 5. Udhaya Yantrika – Man who operates Because of this “Giraka” machines, the seeds water machines. were separated easily and clothes were manufac- 6. Vadhaka – Carpenter tured within less time and they were exported. 7. Gandhika – Perfume Makers During this period, the clothes were exported to 8. Kasakara – Brass workers Roman Empire. Historian Pliny opine that in 9. Thesakara – Stone polishers