Diversity Exam Review PDF

***[DIVERSITY EXAM REVIEW:]*** **Morphology:** Structure & form of organisms **Phylogeny:** Evolutionary history of a species **Morphological species concept:** Compares measurements & description of similar organisms. **Biological species concept:** If 2 individual organisms can mate & produce...

***[DIVERSITY EXAM REVIEW:]*** **Morphology:** Structure & form of organisms **Phylogeny:** Evolutionary history of a species **Morphological species concept:** Compares measurements & description of similar organisms. **Biological species concept:** If 2 individual organisms can mate & produce offspring under natural circumstances, they belong to the same species. **Phylogenetic species concept:** - - - - **Binomial Nomenclature:** - - - - - - **Taxonomic Categories:** Groupings arranged in a hierarchy **Less Specific →**Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species **←More Specific** **\*Dr Kevin Phil Came Over For Good Soup\*** **Domain-** Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota **Kingdom-** Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea & Bacteria **Anatomical Evidence of Relationships:** Remember morphology is size, shape & other physical features of organisms. Anatomy deals with structure & form - including internal systems. Helps scientists determine evolutionary relationships among species. **Physiological Evidence of Relationships:** Physiology- deals with functions of the organism. Comparing proteins among different species, genetic similarity or difference can be determined. **DNA Evidence of Relationships:** - Genes are sections of the DNA. DNA sequences can be compared among species. **Phylogenetic Trees:** Scientists use these trees to represent a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. **Clades:** Sections of the phylogenetic trait that allow you to see descendants of common ancestors. **Species Diversity:** Variety & abundance of species in a given area. **Genetic Diversity:** Variety of heritable genes in a population of interbreeding individuals. **Ecosystem Diversity:** Variety of ecosystems in biosphere. **Ecosystem Service:** Services that ecosystems provide [Ecosystem Service]: Water Supply → EX. Irrigation, water for industry Wilderness → EX. Habitat for wildlife Food Production → EX. Crops, livestock **[Characteristics of prokaryotic cells (Archaea & Bacteria)]** 1\. Single celled 2\. DNA not surrounded by a membrane (all are prokaryotes) 3\. Organelles not surrounded by a membrane 4\. Small (less than 2 micrometers) 5\. Hard to tell them apart **[Structure of prokaryotic cells]** \- Smallest of organisms \- Have cell wall for structural support & protection \- DNA forms a **ring called Plasmid** instead of a strand \- Some bacteria have **Flagella** **[Important Structures:]** **Capsule** increases virulence (ability to cause disease) \- Allows prokaryotes to adhere (stick) to surfaces \- Protects it from being "eaten" by WBC (white blood cells) \- Contains water to protect it from dehydration **Cell Wall:** \- Made of peptidoglycan or pseudopeptidoglycan & outer membrane (proteins + sugars.. pseudo→ fake) \- Provide rigidity support & protection **Plasma membrane:** \- Controls movement of substances in & out **Nucleoid Region:** \- Contains DNA, several regions & RNA **Pili:** \- Hair-like structures on bacteria surface \- Diff ones have diff functions (eg. motility, attachment, exchange of genetic info) **Flagella:** \- Whip like structure used for movement ***[Bacterial shapes & groupings]*** **Coccus** \- Spherical cell → EX. Streptococcus (causes throat infections) **Bacillus** \- Rod shaped cell → EX. E. Coli (causes diarrhea among other things) **Spirillum** \- Spiral shaped cell \- Often found in aquatic environments → EX. Botulism (attacks nerves, cause muscle paralysis) **Prefixes (describe how bacteria live):** **Mono-** Live as single cells **Diplo-** Live in pairs **Strepto-** Live in linear chains **Staphylo-** Live in grapelike clusters **Differences** Bacteria Archaea ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Bacterial cell membranes contain Bilipid layer of phospholipids & cell walls contain peptidoglycan Archaea cells do not. Bacteria can cause disease Archaea cannot.... Archaea resemble eukaryotes more than bacteria. Has Cilia Has Pili Has Flagellum Has Flagella **[Unique characteristics of Archaea]** \- Large \# are **extremophiles-** they live in extreme conditions \- Thermophiles: Live in extremely hot environments \- Halophiles: Live in salty environments \- Psychrophiles: Live in extremely cold environments **More characteristics:** \- Include methanogens producing energy in O2 environments. Produce **methane** in process. \- Can also live in less extreme places like oceans, marshlands, animals - including humans \- Are mutualistic or commercial (they work together with other organisms) **[Bacteria Characteristics:]** They differ based on their \- Cell wall \- Movement \- Metabolism ***Cell Wall : Gram Stain*** \- Bacteria are classified by their reaction to a dye made of crystal violet & iodine (gram stain) \- Bacteria that have membrane that absorb this stain a gram positive \- Bacteria that don't stain are gram negative \- Gram negative bacteria are usually the most pathogenic & cause serious disease like typhoid, meningitis, & Pneumonia **Movement:** **Flagellum:** Tail like structure that whips around to propel the bacterium **Cilia:** Small hair-like projections surrounding cell that help it "swim" **Non-Motile \~** Sticky cilia like that keep bacterium from moving **Nutrition:** Bacteria can be either autotrophs or heterotrophs **Bacterial Reproduction:** **Binary Fission:** **Asexual reproduction**. Bacteria copies its DNA and splits into 2 daughter cells. Not a lot of genetic variation, but lots of opportunity for mutations. **Conjugation:** **Transfer of genetic information.** Plasmids provide bacteria with genetic advantages. Cells can pass a copy of a plasmid. Allows for some genetic variation. **Endospore formation:** **Protection & dispersal of genetic info.** ***[Viruses:]*** **What is a virus?:** \- Infectious, non-living, non-cellular particles \- Do not contain cytoplasm \- Do not produce or use energy \- Cannot grow or reproduce on their own (need a host cell) \- DO have genetic material which uses other cells (host cells) to create "virus copies" **Size:** less that 0.1 micrometers in diameter **Structure of Virion (virus particle):** **Capsid (or head)-** protein coat protecting genetic material **Genetic Material-** RNA or DNA core **An Envelope (some viruses)-** created when virus leaves a host cell & part of host cell membrane wraps around the virus. **Basic Structure of a virus:** Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat (capsid). **Is a virus alive?** NO. **Replication:** Lytic cycle & Lysogenic cycle **What is a Protist?:** Eukaryotic organism, usually unicellular. **Characteristics of protists:** \- Most are unicellular \- Grouped in this kingdom because they don't fit in anywhere else \- Some live as parasites \- Most reproduce through Binary fission. **The 3 Groups:\ **Animal-like protist, Fungus-like protist, Plant-like protist **Characteristics of Fungi:** \- Most are multicellular \- Cells are Eukaryotic \- Cells surrounded by a cell wall made of **chitin** (not cellulose) \- Asexual & Sexual reproduction \- Heterotrophic, most are saprophytes (feed off of dead organic matter) \- Many are stationary & found in soil **Important Examples:** Bread mould, yeast, mushrooms **Structure:** Fungal tissues are specialized for **Absorption** of nutrients & **Reproduction** \- Absorption takes place in mycelia (mesh of branching, microscopic filaments that appear fuzzy) \- Each filament (pieces of branch) called a hypha grows in & around a food source. \- Secretes (produces) digestive enzymes & absorbs broken down nutrients into hyphae. \- Therefore, fungal digestion is considered extracellular ***[Plants:]*** **Characteristics:** \- Multicellular organisms \- Autotrophs & make their own carbohydrates using photosynthesis \- Early plants are all non-vascular \- Small & grow close to ground & near water (have no transport system) \- Reproduce using spores \- Today's plants are vascular **Gymnosperms:** Needle-like leaves & naked seeds found on cones **Angiosperms:** Flowering plants with seeds found within fruit, can be either monocot or dicot **Tissue Types:** \- Vascular plant tissues \- Meristematic tissue \- Dermal tissue \- Ground tissue \- Vascular tissue **Monocot VS Dicot** **Monocot:** One cotyledon (area of started nutrients) within seed that is used by embryo until it grows & can carry out photosynthesis. **Dicot:** Has two cotyledons in its seeds. ***[Animal Kingdom:]*** **Characteristics:** \- Heterotrophic \- Multicellular eukaryotes \- Lack cell walls \- Use oxygen