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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the focus of the biological species concept?
Which of the following best describes the focus of the biological species concept?
In the taxonomic hierarchy, which level is less specific than 'Family' but more specific than 'Kingdom'?
In the taxonomic hierarchy, which level is less specific than 'Family' but more specific than 'Kingdom'?
Which of the following is NOT a domain of life?
Which of the following is NOT a domain of life?
Comparing proteins between species is an example of which type of evidence for determining evolutionary relationships?
Comparing proteins between species is an example of which type of evidence for determining evolutionary relationships?
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Which type of Archaea is specifically known for thriving in extremely hot environments?
Which type of Archaea is specifically known for thriving in extremely hot environments?
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What do the nodes of a phylogenetic tree represent?
What do the nodes of a phylogenetic tree represent?
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What is the primary method by which bacteria reproduce asexually?
What is the primary method by which bacteria reproduce asexually?
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Which of the following is NOT considered an ecosystem service?
Which of the following is NOT considered an ecosystem service?
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Which characteristic is NOT typical of prokaryotic cells?
Which characteristic is NOT typical of prokaryotic cells?
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Which type of bacteria are typically resistant to gram staining and often cause serious diseases?
Which type of bacteria are typically resistant to gram staining and often cause serious diseases?
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Which of the following defines genetic diversity?
Which of the following defines genetic diversity?
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What distinguishes mutualistic Archaea from other organisms?
What distinguishes mutualistic Archaea from other organisms?
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What are the hair-like projections that aid in bacterial movement called?
What are the hair-like projections that aid in bacterial movement called?
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What structure in prokaryotic cells increases their ability to cause disease?
What structure in prokaryotic cells increases their ability to cause disease?
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What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells?
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Which of the following shapes describes a spherical bacterium?
Which of the following shapes describes a spherical bacterium?
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What is the primary composition of the bacterial cell wall?
What is the primary composition of the bacterial cell wall?
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Which structure helps some bacteria move through their environment?
Which structure helps some bacteria move through their environment?
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Which prefix indicates that bacteria live in pairs?
Which prefix indicates that bacteria live in pairs?
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What structural feature distinguishes bacteria from archaea?
What structural feature distinguishes bacteria from archaea?
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Which bacterial shape is characterized as rod-shaped?
Which bacterial shape is characterized as rod-shaped?
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What is the primary function of the capsid in a virus?
What is the primary function of the capsid in a virus?
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What distinguishes protists from other groups of organisms?
What distinguishes protists from other groups of organisms?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fungi?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fungi?
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What type of reproduction is most commonly associated with protists?
What type of reproduction is most commonly associated with protists?
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Which of the following statements about viruses is true?
Which of the following statements about viruses is true?
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Study Notes
Diversity Exam Review
- Morphology: Structure and form of organisms
- Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of a species
Morphological Species Concept
- Compares measurements and descriptions of similar organisms.
Biological Species Concept
- If two organisms can mate and produce offspring naturally, they belong to the same species.
Phylogenetic Species Concept
- Species are clusters of organisms
- They are distinct from other clusters and show a pattern of relationship
- Prehistoric species branching into two different species over time is an example.
Binomial Nomenclature
- Species name
- First word is the genus name
- Second word is the species name
- Genus is capitalized, species name is lowercase and italicized. (Example: Homo sapiens)
Taxonomic Categories
- In a hierarchy (Less Specific → Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species ←More Specific)
- Example: Dr Kevin Phil Came Over For Good Soup
- Domains include Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota
Evidence of Relationships
-
Anatomical: Size, shape, and physical features of organisms (including internal systems).
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Physiological: Organism functions (e.g., comparing proteins / genetic similarity).
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DNA: Comparing DNA sequences to determine genetic similarity.
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Phylogenetic Trees: Visual representations of hypotheses about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.
Additional Information from Pages 2-6
- Clades: Sections of the phylogenetic tree that showcase descendants from common ancestors
- Characteristics of Prokaryotic Cells (Archaea & Bacteria): Single-celled, DNA not membrane-bound, small, hard to differentiate, no membrane bound organelles.
- Bacterial Shapes and Groupings: Coccus (spherical), Bacillus (rod-shaped), Spirillum (spiral).
- Prefixes for Describing How Bacteria Live: Mono (single cell), Diplo (pairs), Strepto (linear chains), Staphylo (grape clusters)
- Bacterial Differences (comparing Bacteria and Archaea): Cell membranes and composition of cell walls (peptidoglycan). Bacteria can cause disease ; Archaea cannot.
- Archaea resembling eukaryotes more than bacteria.
- Unique characteristics of Archaea: Extremophiles (thermophiles, halophiles, psychrophiles). The production of methane in environments with little or no oxygen is one unique characteristic.
- Bacteria Characteristics & Cell wall: Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have different reactions to crystal violet staining (related to cell wall composition). Motility can vary (flagellum and cilia).
- Bacterial Reproduction: Binary fission (asexual reproduction). Conjugation (transfer of genetic information).
- Viruses: Infectious, non-living, non-cellular particles
- Structure of Viruses: Capsid/head, genetic material
- Protists: Eukaryotic organisms (mostly unicellular). They can be animal-like, fungus-like or plant-like
- Important Examples of Fungi: Bread mold, yeast, mushrooms.
- Plants: Multicellular, autotrophs, photosynthesis, vascular and nonvascular plants.
- Gymnosperms & Angiosperms: Seed plants (naked seeds in Gymnosperms, seeds enclosed in fruit in Angiosperms).
- Tissue types in plants: Vascular, dermal, ground. Monocot and Dicot plants differ by the number of seed leaves (cotyledons)
- Animal Kingdom: Multicellular, eukaryotes, heterotrophic, lack cell walls, use oxygen.
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Description
Prepare for your diversity exam with this comprehensive review quiz. Topics covered include morphological and phylogenetic species concepts, binomial nomenclature, and taxonomic categories. Enhance your understanding of how organisms are categorized and their evolutionary relationships.
