DISOSCI-FINALS-flashcards.pptx

What are the approaches in Social Sciences? 1. Rational Choice Theory 2. Symbolic Interactionism 3. Structural Functionalism 4. Institutionalism 5. Human-environment Approach 6. Marxism 7. Feminism 8. Psychoanalysis 9. Hermeneutic Phenomenology It states that individuals use rational calculations t...

What are the approaches in Social Sciences? 1. Rational Choice Theory 2. Symbolic Interactionism 3. Structural Functionalism 4. Institutionalism 5. Human-environment Approach 6. Marxism 7. Feminism 8. Psychoanalysis 9. Hermeneutic Phenomenology It states that individuals use rational calculations to make rational choices and achieve outcomes that are aligned with their own personal objectives. Rational Choice Theory expected to result in outcomes that provide people with the greatest benefit and satisfaction given the choices they have available. Rational Choice Theory needs other perspective to help explain why individuals have the interests they do, how they perceived those interests, and the distribution of rules, power, and social roles that determine the constrains on their actions Rational Choice Theory This under the discipline of Economics Rational Choice Theory Every act and behavior is rooted in our choice or decision making and also knowing the consequences of our actions Rational Choice Theory Price or amount of money that can be lost to the consumer. Opportunity to be assessed to obtain the expected benefit. These resources include time, money, labor, and materials. COST Refers to the positive outcome or value that will be gained from taking a particular action or decision. BENEFIT Human morals and ethical standards are lost. No attention is paid to whether it is right or wrong since it only focuses on personal interests, power, and wealth. RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY It takes a small-scale view of society and focuses on a small scale perspective of the interactions between individuals. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM It explains the individual in a society and their interactions with others and through that it can explain social order and change. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM it is a frame of reference to better understand how individuals interact with one another to create symbolic worlds, and in return, how these worlds shape individual behaviors. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM It is under the discipline of sociology. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM The central concept is the SELF, “part on an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self- image” SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM People changed based on their interactions with objects, events, ideas, and other people and they assign meaning to things in order to decide how they act. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM This is the _____ tenet of Symbolic Interactionism where we act based in the meaning we have given something. “actions depends on meaning” FIRST TENET This is the _____ tenet of Symbolic Interactionism where we give meaning to things based on our social interactions. “different meanings for different people” SECOND TENET This is the _____ tenet of Symbolic Interactionism where the meaning we give something is not permanent. It can change due to ever day life. “meaning change” THIRD TENET It doesn’t ask the same questions as the large scale sociology theories do, it is sometimes considered as SUPPLEMENTAL rather than a FULL THEORY because it is restricted to studying small interactions between individuals. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM It is relatively stable patterns of social behavior. Ex: family, communities, or religious organizations, rituals each social structure has. SOCIAL STRUCTURE External factors or social forces that unconsciously affects people. Individuals have no control or they cannot change social facts. Unconsciously govern the people society. Ex. Law, morality, beliefs SOCIAL FACTS Created to meet the needs of the people. Ex: Schools, banks, churches, business corporations. Institutions These are the intended and recognized outcomes of any social institution. For example, a school is expected to educate students MANIFEST FUNCTION These are the unintended or unrecognized outcomes of a social institution. They might not be immediately obvious. For example, a school can be a safe environment for students. LATENT FUNCTION A society can’t have a rapid change. True or False TRUE People do not avoid rapid changes, to maintain equilibrium. FALSE A societal change must be little by little. True or False? TRUE It focuses on comparing but not analyzing the specific content of each institution. TRUE Many institutions are laid out, there is no focus on the very center of society. True or False? TRUE What are the 5 main institutions? Family Education Religion Economics Government It is the process of shaping every institution to the citizens ISOMORPHIC These are official laws enforced by the government. Written law usually set forth in a constitution. EX: state- enforced laws or organizational laws. FORMAL INSTITUTION Speculations or rumors derived from citizens that translate from time to time. Verbal sharing of beliefs or commandments. Ex: Superstition, beliefs, traditions, taboos INFORMAL INSTITUTION “Society shapes nature, Nature shapes society” Human-Environment System Human-Environment System meets what discipline of social science? Geography Understanding the law of how Human System Environment are connected. It includes the institutions and activities that make-up human-created society. Ex: Government, Politics, Industrial Waste, Agriculture, Urbanization, culture and tradition. Human System Underlying the geographical aspect. Focuses on the world’s biological and ecological systems (Nature Sytems) Environment System Approach where people or information using more than one discipline will collaborate and obtain more detailed information about a topic or situation. More comprehensive answers will be gotten. Environment System Is a method of socioeconomic analysis that analyze class relations and societal conflict using materialist interpretation for historical development and a dialectical view of social transformation MARXISM Marxism owes its name and origin to________, a German philosopher, historian, and economist Karl Marx Marxism owes its name and origin to________, a German philosopher, historian, and economist Karl Marx He has so much anger against capitalism, because it destroys his own markets, wages are at a minimum to ensure maximum profits, people can’t afford goods and supply becomes greater than demand Karl Marx It is the foundation which is dominant after his death that consist the four related “isms”. Economism. Determinism. Materialism. Structuralism. CLASSICAL MARXISM It rejects the 4 “isms” MODERN MARXISM Tunggalian sa pagitan ng Bourgeoisie (________) laban sa Proletariat (__________) na nagdudulot ng Social Inequality (hindi pagkakapantay) CAPITALISTS - WORKERS The capitalist profits while the workers suffer Exploitation Workers are not paid equally Alienation Manipulates laborers based on production. Ruling Class Abolition of private ownership giving everyone the opportunity to own property in society. Public Ownership Abolition of private ownership giving everyone the opportunity to own property in society. Public Ownership also called mainstream feminism, is a main branch of feminism defined by its focus on achieving gender equality through political and legal reform within the framework of liberal democracy LIBERAL FEMINISM simply women and men being treated as equals. LIBERAL FEMINISM are concerned with the human and civil rights and freedoms of the individual, they believe that all human beings should have equal rights. LIBERAL FEMINISM refers to a particular feminist theory focusing on the ways in which women are oppressed through capitalist economic practices and the system of private property. MARXIST FEMINISM refers to a particular feminist theory focusing on the ways in which women are oppressed through capitalist economic practices and the system of private property. women are exploited in the home and in the workplace because much of their labor is MARXIST FEMINISM uncompensated. a perspective within feminism that calls for a _____ reordering of society in which male supremacy is eliminated in all social and economic contexts, while recognizing that women's experiences are also affected by other social divisions such as in race, RADICAL FEMINISM class, and sexual orientation. the approach to research that has been developed in response to concerns by feminist scholars about the limits of traditional methodology to capture the experiences of women and others who have been marginalized in academic research. FEMINIST METHODOLOGY began in the 19th century promoting the condition of women in terms of economic, political, sexual, and national identity in society. FEMINISM The theory emphasized the equality of men and women in order to combat the belittlement of women and oppression FEMINISM A social system in which men hold the primary power and dominate the roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property PATRIARCHY social ideology that gives a separate view of the situation, duties, and abilities and opportunities of women and men, this thinking causes gender inequalities in citizens Gender Ideology 19th and Early 20th century, it centered on legal issues such as ownership, suffrage, and governance. During this time, women were given the opportunity to work in factories which opened up opportunities in different jobs. 1 Wave of Feminism st 19th and Early 20th century, it centered on legal issues such as ownership, suffrage, and governance. During this time, women were given the opportunity to work in factories which opened up opportunities in different jobs. 1 Wave of Feminism st Extending the issue of the civil rights movement. Promoted equality in sexuality (sexual Equality). Dismantling the concept that women are a visual entertainment representation of men (objectification of women). Having equal job opportunities (Equal Pay). 2nd Wave of Feminism 1990’s – today, emphasized women's gender and sex. Breaking the concept of rape culture. Embracing the symbolism of Feminism and intensifying its meaning in society. 3rd Wave of Feminism Thought process and the development of personality. Psychoanalysis a system of psychological theory and therapy which aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation Psychoanalysis and free association. Father of Psychoanalysis. His study has been recognized as controversial due to the sensitive context of the study. Where he stated the unconscious desires started in our infancy (childhood), this is what interferes with our participation in the society we live in. Sigmund Freud Responds to our thoughts (opinions), feelings (emotions), and behavior Personality Our consciousness knows. Awareness. Conscious the stuff from which dreams are made. We can consider it as the storehouse of all remembered experiences, impressions that are left on the mind by such experiences, and tendencies that are awakened or reinforced by these impressions. Memories that our thoughts can return to. Preconscious/Subconsious This is made up of thoughts, memories, and primitive/instinctual desires that are buried deep within ourselves, far below our conscious awareness. Even though we’re not aware of their existence, they have a significant influence on our behavior. Unconscious This is made up of thoughts, memories, and primitive/instinctual desires that are buried deep within ourselves, far below our conscious awareness. Even though we’re not aware of their existence, they have a significant influence on our behavior. Unconscious Instinct, pleasure and demand. Mga kagustuhan o luho na biglang pumapasok sa isip ng tao. Id Center of logic, balance principle, decision maker. Nagbibigay ng desisyon sa tama at mali. Ego Conscience, guilt, perfection, based on law. Focuses sa tama o pamantayang Lipunan. Super Ego The key to a healthy personality is a balance between the id, the ego, and the superego. True or false True Id > Super Ego = Mapanghusga. True or False False - Maluho Super Ego > Id = Maluho. True or Flase False - Mapanghusga An imbalance between these elements would lead to a maladaptive personality. True or Flase True Ang kasiyahan (pleasure) ng tao sa bawat yugto ng paglago at pagbabago ay nakaugnay sa iba’t ibang bahagi ng kanyang katawan. Psychosexual/Psychosexual development of Mental energy na naguudyok sa kanya na gawin ang isang aktibidad. Libido Pinagmulan ng pleasure o kasiyahan mula sa katawan ng tao. Erogenous Zone Resulta ng pagbabalanse sa development o paglago ng bawat yugto. Erogenous Zone  5 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Errogenous Zone: Anus ANAL STAGE Puberty - Adolescence GENTIAL STAGE Activities: Gender Identity, Oedipus and Electra Complex (attraction/attention from parents) PHALLIC STAGE Errogenous Zone: None LATENCY STAGE Birth - 18 months ORAL STAGE 19 months – 3 years old ANAL STAGE Errogenous Zone: Reproductive System GENTIAL STAGE Errogenous Zone: Mouth ORAL STAGE Fixations: Relate to same groups, discovery LATENCY STAGE Fixations: confusion in sexual identity, development if masculine and feminine characteristics PHALLIC STAGE Activities: Sucking, Chewing, and biting ORAL STAGE Activities: Sexual Urges GENTIAL STAGE Errogenous Zone: Genitals PHALLIC STAGE 6 years old LATENCY STAGE Activities: Toilet Trained ANAL STAGE Fixations: Smoking, Drinking, Alcohol, Bite nails, gossip ORAL STAGE Fixations: Focus on their opposite sex, peers, intimacy relationships GENTIAL STAGE 4-6 years old PHALLIC STAGE Fixations: Obsess to cleanliness, perfection, messy or disorganized ANAL STAGE Activities: Academic and Physical Skills, Socializations LATENCY STAGE Nagbibigay ng sikolohikal na problema sa pamamagitan ng Teknik na FREE ASSOCIATION (Self-talk) PSYCHOTHERAPY The philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness PHENOMENOLOGY Disiplina ng pag-aaral na nakatuon sa pagbibigay ng interpretasyon batay sa paniniwala, kilos, at karanasan. The theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts. HERMENEUTICS refers to a person’s perception of the meaning of event, as opposed to the event as exists extremely to that person PHENOMENOLOGY Pinagsamang teorya na nakasentro sa gamit ng karanasan bilang pag-unawa sa kahulugan ng pagiging tao. Itinuturing itong metodo sa kwalatibong pananaliksik na nagbibigay ng interpretasyon sa isang lunsaran gamit ang personal na karanasan. HERMENEUTICAL PHENOMENOLOGY Are individuals in society who can be regarded as forefronts and visionaries toward the improvement of the society in a particular time. SOCIAL THINKERS Also regarded as great individuals who have contributed significantly to the development of political and social and philosophy. SOCIAL THINKERS They also provided significant contributions to the advancement of the disciplines of the social sciences in the Philippines and there are a number of Filipino social thinkers SOCIAL THINKERS Greatest Filipino social thinker JOSE RIZAL Greatest Filipino social thinker CLARO M. RECTO His inspiration in establishing labor union was based on the his readings from the European thinkers: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Victor Hugo, and other European Socialist ISABELO DELOS REYES Served as the 1st prime minister and secretary of foreign affairs of the 1st Philippine Republic. Appointed as the president of the supreme court, chief adviser of pres. Emilio Aguinaldo APOLINARIO MABINI Served as legal adviser to the Philippine Senate CLARO M. RECTO They inspired him to introduced the concepts of socialism in the Philippines ISABELO DELOS REYES 1st systematic social thinker in SOUTHEAST ASIA because his writings can be used as basis of sociological theories and concepts JOSE RIZAL Elected representative in the 3rd district of Batangas CLARO M. RECTO A Bachelor of Arts Graduate, Studied Law at UST ISABELO DELOS REYES His influence was evident in the proclamation changing the form of government from being a dictatorial to a revolutionary government APOLINARIO MABINI As the 1st president, he initiated the celebration of the 1st Labor Day- May 1, 1902. ISABELO DELOS REYES He wrote articles to the propaganda publication, the La Solidaridad: The Philippines: A century Hence; The Indolence of the Filipinos JOSE RIZAL He was called as the living legend on his lifetime because of his patriotism and brilliance CLARO M. RECTO Founded the 1st vernacular newspaper in the Philippines- El Ilocano where he was both the editor and publisher ISABELO DELOS REYES Provided simple structure of gov’t for the Philippines during the 2nd phase of the Philippine Revolution. APOLINARIO MABINI Served as the house minority floor leader. Re-elected as congressman, member of the Philippine Independence mission, elected president of the Constitutional convention that drafted the 1935 Commonwealth Constitution CLARO M. RECTO His works explained the nature and conditions of Filipino colonial society during the Spanish period. JOSE RIZAL He was known in the history for organizing the 1st labor union in the country and president. Founded the Redemption of the Laborer, the first labor newspaper which rallied for the rights of the ordinary laborers ISABELO DELOS REYES Most constant defender of the Revolution and the Philippine Independence and also the brain and conscience of the revolution. APOLINARIO MABINI He wrote numbers of researches on Philippine history and culture. ISABELO DELOS REYES He provided alternative ways and requirements so that Filipinos can seek liberation from the colonial rule. JOSE RIZAL His view on nationalism, economic independence, independence, on foreign affairs, on democracy and civil liberties, on constitution and politics in the country are rooted in the realities of the post war in the Philippines when the country was indirectly controlled and influenced by the united states as a neocolony CLARO M. RECTO Introduced several social philosophies in his political writings: El Verdadero Dacalogo, Ordenanzas de la Revolucion, Programa Constitutional de la Republica Filipina APOLINARIO MABINI He criticized corrupt system of the Spanish colonial government including the abusive officials JOSE RIZAL During the American Occupation, he openly attacked the Americans and defended the 1st Philippine Republic that was established by Aguinaldo. ISABELO DELOS REYES A brilliant social thinker. APOLINARIO MABINI He criticized the friars’ ownership of large tracts of haciendas and demanded for agrarian reforms for the farmers. ISABELO DELOS REYES His writings proved a number of things about the country’s social realities during the 19th century: - Proof that the Philippines made significant advancements in agriculture and industry during the precolonial time - Discussed the colonized peoples’ point of view on various issues such as lack of progress and the imposition of colonial policies - Examined the cruelties committed by the colonizers - Criticized the hypocrisies and irrationalities od the colonial government and the Catholic Church JOSE RIZAL For him, as long as foreigners control the production, manufacturing, and distribution of country’s main product, Filipinos will remain poor and subservient CLARO M. RECTO He was the founder of the two periodicals in Madrid and wrote two books in Spain ISABELO DELOS REYES He was an advocate of human rights particularly on the rights of women JOSE RIZAL He provided a number of important ideas on the rights of women ang gender issues during the 19th century: - Filipinos must be educated - Women must be courageous, strong-willed and educated - Tyranny happened id people remained coward and negligent - Ignorance is tantamount to servitude - If women will remain ignorant, complacent, weak and passive, they should not bear children JOSE RIZAL He believed that one cannot have an industrialized Philippine economy controlled and managed by Filipinos without the propulsive force for the deep and abiding spirit of nationalism. CLARO M. RECTO