Discoveries by Scientific Field PDF

# Discoveries by Scientific Field These tables list the 100 greatest science discoveries divided into their appropriate fields of science so that readers can easily identify the individual discoveries that relate to the same area. Within each field inventions are listed chronologically. ## Physic...

# Discoveries by Scientific Field These tables list the 100 greatest science discoveries divided into their appropriate fields of science so that readers can easily identify the individual discoveries that relate to the same area. Within each field inventions are listed chronologically. ## Physical Sciences | Discovery | Discovering Scientist | Year | |---|---|---| | Sun-centered universe | Copernicus, Nicholaus | 1520 | | Planets' true orbits | Kepler, Johannes | 1609 | | Other planets have moons | Galilei, Galileo | 1610 | | Distance to the sun | Cassini, Giovanni | 1672 | | Galaxies | Herschel, William | 1750 | | | Wright, Thomas | 1750 | | Black hole | Schwarzschild, Karl | 1916 | | | Wheeler, John | 1971 | | Expanding universe | Hubble, Edwin | 1926 | | The Big Bang | Gamow, George | 1948 | | Quasar | Sandage, Allan | 1963 | | Pulsar | Bell, Jocelyn | 1967 | | | Hewish, Antony | 1967 | | Dark matter | Rubin, Vera | 1970 | | Planets around other stars | Mayor, Michel | 1995 | | | Queloz, Didier | 1995 | | Universe is accelerating | Perlmutter, Saul | 1998 | ## Chemistry | Discovery | Discovering Scientist | Year | |---|---|---| | Boyle's Law | Boyle, Robert | 1662 | | Oxygen | Priestley, Joseph | 1774 | | Electrochemical bonding | Davy, Humphrey | 1806 | | Molecules | Avogadro, Amedeo | 1811 | | Atomic light signatures | Bunsen, Robert | 1859 | | | Kirchhoff, Robert | 1859 | | Periodic Table | Mendeleyev, Dmitri | 1880 | | Radioactivity | Curie, Marie and Pierre | 1901 | | Radioactive dating | Boltwood, Bertram | 1907 | | Isotopes | Soddy, Frederick | 1913 | ## Physics | Discovery | Discovering Scientist | Year | |---|---|---| | Levers and buoyancy | Archimedes | 260 BC | | Law of falling objects | Galilei, Galileo | 1598 | | Air pressure | Torricelli, Evangelista | 1640 | | Universal gravitation | Newton, Isaac | 1666 | | Laws of motion | Newton, Isaac | 1687 | | Nature of electricity | Franklin, Benjamin | 1752 | | Conservation of matter | Lavoisier, Antoine | 1789 | | Nature of heat | Rumford, Count | 1790 | | Infrared | Herschel, Frederick | 1800 | | Ultraviolet | Ritter, Johann | 1801 | | Atoms | Dalton, John | 1802 | | Electromagnetism | Oersted, Hans | 1820 | | Calorie | Joule, James | 1843 | | Conservation of energy | Helmholtz, H. von | 1847 | | Doppler effect | Doppler, Christian | 1848 | | Electromagnetic radiation | Maxwell, James | 1864 | | X-rays | Roentgen, Wilhelm | 1895 | | Energy equation | Einstein, Albert | 1905 | | Relativity | Einstein, Albert | 1905 | | Superconductivity | Onnes, Heike | 1911 | | Atomic bonding | Bohr, Niels | 1913 | | Quantum theory | Born, Max | 1925 | | Uncertainty Principle | Heisenberg, Werner | 1927 | | Speed of light | Michelson, Albert | 1928 | | Antimatter | Dirac, Paul | 1929 | | Neutron | Chadwick, James | 1932 | | Strong force | Yukawa, Hideki | 1937 | | Nuclear fission | Meitner, Lise | 1939 | | | Hahn, Otto | 1939 | | Semiconductor transistor | Bardeen, John | 1947 | | Definition of information | Shannon, Claude | 1948 | | Nuclear fusion | Bethe, Hans | 1951 | | | Spitzer, Lyman | 1951 | | Quarks | Gell-Mann, Murry | 1962 | | Weak force | Rubbia, Carlo | 1983 | ## Earth Sciences | Discovery | Discovering Scientist | Year | |---|---|---| | Gulf Stream | Franklin, Benjamin | 1770 | | | Humbolt, A. von | 1814 | | Erosion (weathering) | Hutton, James | 1792 | | Ice ages | Agassiz, Louis | 1837 | | | Milankovich, Milutin | 1920 | | Atmospheric layers | de Bort, L. Teisserenc | 1902 | | Fault lines | Reid, Harry | 1911 | | Earth's core | Gutenberg, Beno | 1914 | | Continental drift | Wegener, Alfred | 1915 | | Ecosystem | Tansley, Arthur | 1935 | | Seafloor spreading | Hess, Harry | 1957 | | Chaos theory | Lorenz, Ed | 1960 | ## Life Sciences | Discovery | Discovering Scientist | Year | |---|---|---| | Cells | Hooke, Robert | 1665 | | Fossils | Steno, Nicholas | 1669 | | Bacteria | Leeuwenhoek, Anton van | 1680 | | Taxonomy system | Linnaeus, Carl | 1735 | | Photosynthesis | Ingenhousz, Jan | 1779 | | Dinosaur fossils | Buckland, William | 1824 | | | Mantell, Gideon | 1824 | | Germ theory | Pasteur, Louis | 1856 | | Deep-sea life | Thomson, Charles | 1870 | | Cell division | Flemming, Walther | 1882 | | Virus | Beijerinick, Martinus | 1898 | | | Ivanovsky, Dmitri | 1898 | | Cell structure | Claude, Albert | 1933 | | Origins of life | Miller, Stanley | 1952 | | Nature of dinosaurs | Bakker, Robert | 1976 | ## Evolution and Human Anatomy | Discovery | Discovering Scientist | Year | |---|---|---| | Human anatomy | Vesalius, Andreas | 1543 | | Evolution | Darwin, Charles | 1858 | | Heredity | Mendel, Gregor | 1865 | | Mitochondria | Benda, Carl | 1898 | | Genetic mutations | Morgan, Thomas | 1909 | | Neurotransmitters | Loewi, Otto | 1921 | | | Walder-Hartz, Heinrich | 1921 | | Human evolution | Dart, Raymond | 1924 | | Coelacanth | Smith, J. L. B | 1938 | | Jumping genes | McClintock, Barbara | 1950 | | DNA | Crick, Francis | 1953 | | | Watson, James | 1953 | | | Franklin, Rosalind | 1953 | | Complete evolution | Margulis, Lynn | 1967 | | Human genome | Venter, Craig | 2003 | | | Watson, James | 2003 | ## Medical Science | Discovery | Discovering Scientist | Year | |---|---|---| | Human circulatory system | Harvey, William | 1628 | | Vaccinations | Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley | 1798 | | | Jenner, Edward | 1794 | | Anesthesia | Davy, Humphry | 1801 | | Chloroform (anesthesia) | Simpson, Young | 1801 | | Ether (anesthesia) | Long, Crawford | 1801 | | Blood types | Landsteiner, Karl | 1897 | | Hormones | Bayliss, William | 1902 | | | Starling, Ernest | 1902 | | Vitamins | Hopkins, Frederick | 1906 | | | Eijkman, Christiaan | 1906 | | Antibiotics | Ehrlich, Paul | 1910 | | Insulin | Banting, Frederick | 1921 | | Penicillin | Flemming, Alexander | 1928 | | Genes | Beadle, George | 1934 | | Metabolism (Krebs Cycle) | Krebs, Hans | 1938 | | Blood plasma | Drew, Charles | 1940 | ## Scientists This table is an alphabetical list of the scientists featured in the discussions of the 100 greatest discoveries. Each is listed with his or her discovery and the year the discovery was made. | Name | Discovery | Year | |---|---|---| | Abel, John | Hormones | 1898 | | Agassiz, Louis | Ice ages | 1837 | | Archimedes | Levers and buoyancy | 260 BC | | Avogadro, Amedeo | Molecules | 1811 | | Bakker, Robert | Nature of dinosaurs | 1976 | | Banting, Frederick | Insulin | 1921 | | Bardeen, John | Semiconductor transistor | 1947 | | Bayliss, William | Hormones | 1902 | | Beadle, George | Genes | 1934 | | Beijerinick, Martinus | Virus | 1898 | | Bell, Jocelyn | Pulsar | 1967 | | Benda, Carl | Mitochondria | 1898 | | Bethe, Hans | Nuclear fusion | 1939 | | Bohr, Niels | Atomic bonding | 1913 | | Boltwood, Bertram | Radioactive dating | 1907 | | Born, Max | Quantum theory | 1925 | | Boyle, Robert | Boyle's Law | 1662 | | Buckland, William | Dinosaur fossils | 1824 | | Bunsen, Robert | Atomic light signatures | 1859 | | Cassini, Giovanni | Distance to the sun | 1672 | | Chadwick, James | Neutron | 1932 | | Claude, Albert | Cell structure | 1933 | | Copernicus, Nicholaus | Sun-centered universe | 1520 | | Courtenay-Latimer, M. | Coelacanth | 1938 | | Crick, Francis | DNA | 1953 | | Curie, Marie and Pierre | Radioactivity | 1901 | | Dalton, John | Atoms | 1802 | | Dart, Raymond | Human evolution | 1924 | | Darwin, Charles | Evolution | 1858 | | Davy, Humphry | Anesthesia | 1801 | | Davy, Humphry | Electrochemical bonding | 1806 | | de Bort, Leon Teisserenc | Atmospheric layers | 1902 | | Dirac, Paul | Antimatter | 1929 | | Doppler, Christian | Doppler effect | 1848 | | Drew, Charles | Blood plasma | 1940 | | Ehrlich, Paul | Antibiotics | 1910 | | Eijkman, Christiaan | Vitamins | 1906 | | Einstein, Albert | Energy equation | 1905 | | Einstein, Albert | Relativity | 1905 | | Galilei, Galileo | Law of falling objects | 1598 | | Galilei, Galileo | Other planets have moons | 1609 | | Gamow, George | The Big Bang | 1948 | | Gell-Mann, Murry | Quarks | 1962 | | Gutenberg, Beno | Earth's core | 1914 | | Fermi, Enrico | Nuclear fission | 1939 | | Flemming, Alexander | Penicillin | 1928 | | Flemming, Walther | Cell division | 1882 | | Franklin, Benjamin | Nature of electricity | 1752 | | Franklin, Benjamin | Gulf Stream | 1770 | | Franklin, Rosalind | DNA | 1953 | | Hahn, Otto | Nuclear fission | 1939 | | Harvey, William | Human circulatory system | 1628 | | Heisenberg, Werner | Uncertainty Principle | 1927 | | Helmholtz, Hermann von | Conservation of energy | 1847 | | Herschel, Frederick | Infrared | 1800 | | Herschel, William | Galaxies | 1750 | | Hess, Harry | Seafloor spreading | 1957 | | Hewish, Antony | Pulsar | 1967 | | Hodgkin, Dorothy | Penicillin | 1942 | | Hooke, Robert | Cells | 1665 | | Hopkins, Frederick | Vitamins | 1906 | | Hubble, Edwin | Expanding universe | 1926 | | Humbolt, Alexander von | Gulf Stream | 1814 | | Hutton, James | Erosion (weathering) | 1792 | | Ingenhousz, Jan | Photosynthesis | 1779 | | Ivanovsky, Dmitri | Virus | 1898 | | Jenner, Edward | Vaccinations | 1794 | | Joule, James | Calorie | 1843 | | Kepler, Johannes | Planets' true orbits | 1609 | | Kirchhoff, Robert | Atomic light signatures | 1859 | | Krebs, Hans | Metabolism (Krebs Cycle) | 1938 | | Landsteiner, Karl | Blood types | 1897 | | Lavoisier, Antoine | Conservation of matter | 1789 | | Lehman, Inge | Earth's core | 1938 | | Leeuwenhoek, Anton van | Bacteria | 1680 | | Linnaeus, Carl | Taxonomy system | 1735 | | Long, Crawford | Ether (anesthesia) | 1801 | | Loewi, Otto | Neurotransmitters | 1921 | | Lorenz, Ed | Chaos theory | 1960 | | Mantell, Gideon | Dinosaur fossils | 1824 | | Margulis, Lynn | Complete evolution | 1967 | | Mayor, Michel | Planets around other stars | 1995 | | Maxwell, James | Electromagnetic radiation | 1864 | | McClintock, Barbara | Jumping genes | 1950 | | Meitner, Lise | Nuclear fission | 1939 | | Mendel, Gregor | Heredity | 1865 | | Mendeleyev, Dmitri | Periodic Table | 1880 | | Michelson, Albert | Speed of light | 1928 | | Milankovich, Milutin | Ice ages | 1920 | | Miller, Stanley | Origins of life | 1952 | | Montagu, Lady Mary | Vaccinations | 1798 | | Morgan, Thomas | Genetic mutations | 1909 | | Newton, Isaac | Universal gravitation | 1666 | | Newton, Isaac | Laws of motion | 1687 | | Oersted, Hans | Electromagnetism | 1820 | | Onnes, Heike | Superconductivity | 1911 | | Pasteur, Louis | Germ theory | 1856 | | Perlmutter, Saul | Universe is accelerating | 1998 | | Priestley, Joseph | Oxygen | 1774 | | Queloz, Didier | Planets around other stars | 1995 | | Reid, Harry | Fault lines | 1911 | | Ritter, Johann | Ultraviolet | 1801 | | Roentgen, Wilhelm | X-rays | 1895 | | Rubbia, Carlo | Weak force | 1983 | | Rubin, Vera | Dark matter | 1970 | | Rumford, Count | Nature of heat | 1790 | | Sandage, Allan | Quasar | 1963 | | Schwarzschild, Karl | Black hole | 1916 | | Shannon, Claude | Definition of information | 1948 | | Sharpey-Schafer, Edward | Hormones | 1894 | | Simpson, Young | Chloroform (anesthesia) | 1801 | | Smith, J. L. B. | Coelacanth | 1938 | | Soddy, Frederick | Isotopes | 1913 | | Spitzer, Lyman | Nuclear fusion | 1951 | | Starling, Ernest | Hormones | 1902 | | Steno, Nicholas | Fossils | 1669 | | Takamine, Jokichi | Hormones | 1900 | | Tansley, Arthur | Ecosystem | 1935 | | Tatum, Edward | Genes | 1934 | | Thomson, Charles | Deep-sea life | 1870 | | Torricelli, Evangelista | Air pressure | 1640 | | Venter, Craig | Human genome | 2003 | | Vesalius, Andreas | Human anatomy | 1543 | | Walder-Hartz, Heinrich | Neurotransmitters | 1888 | | Watson, James | DNA | 1953 | | Watson, James | Human genome | 2003 | | Wegener, Alfred | Continental drift | 1915 | | Wheeler, John | Black holes | 1971 | | Wright, Thomas | Galaxies | 1750 | | Yukawa, Hideki | Strong force | 1937 | ## The Next 40 This table is a list of 40 important discoveries that almost made the final list of the greatest 100. Each is worthy of consideration, honor, and study. Pick one or more of these to research and describe. | Discovery | Discovering Scientist | Year | |---|---|---| | Earth is a sphere | Aristotle | 387 BC | | The heavens are not fixed and unchanging | Brahe | 1574 | | The nature of light | Galileo, Newton, Young, Einstein | various years | | Compressibility of gasses | Boyle | 1688 | | Lift/fluid pressure | Bernoulli | 1738 | | Comets have predictable orbits | Halley | 1758 | | Hydrogen | Cavendish | 1776 | | Origin of the solar system | Laplace | 1796 | | Mass of the earth | Cavendish | 1798 | | Liquification of gasses | Faraday | 1818 | | Fingerprints, uniqueness of | Purkinje | 1823 | | Magnetic induction | Faraday | 1831 | | Age of the sun | Helmholtz | 1853 | | Sun is a gas | Carrington | 1859 | | Age of the earth | Lyell (first), Holmes (accurate) | 1860, 1940 | | Antiseptics | Lister | 1863 | | Plastics | Hyatt | 1869 | | Alternating current | Tesla | 1883 | | Bacteriology | Koch | 1890 | | Earth's magnetic field reversals | Brunhes | 1906 | | Chemotherapy | Ehrlich | 1906 | | Cosmic radiation | Hess | 1911 | | Electroencephalogram | Berger | 1924 | | AdjustrightBrucellosis bacterium | Evans | 1925 | | Exclusion principle | Pauli | 1926 | | Neutrino | Pauli | 1926 | | Galaxies emit radio waves | Jansky | 1932 | | Artificial radioactivity | Curie and Joliot | 1934 | | Cortisone | Kendall | 1935 | | Sulfa drugs | Domagk | 1936 | | Radiation therapy | Priore | 1950 | | Laser | Townes and Gould | 1954/1957 | | Global warming | Many | late twentieth century | | First cloning | Gurden | 1967 | | Laetoli footprints (3.5 million years old) | Mary Leakey | 1973 | | "Lucy" (3.2 million-year-old skull) | Donald Johnson | 1974 | | Non-oxygen-based deep sea life | Ballard | 1977 | | Dinosaur extinction (K-T asteroid) | Alvarez | 1979 | | Human retrovirus HIV | Gallo and Montagnier | 1982 | | Toumai skull (6 to 7 million years old) | Michel Brunet | 2002 |