Disaster Preparedness & Risk Reduction (DRRR) PDF

DisasterReadiness & Risk Reduction(DRRR) Earthquake An earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by sudden slippage of the rock masses below or at the surface of the earth. It is a wavelike movement of the earth’s surface of the earth. it is a wavelike movement of the earth`s surface, an ear...

DisasterReadiness & Risk Reduction(DRRR) Earthquake An earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by sudden slippage of the rock masses below or at the surface of the earth. It is a wavelike movement of the earth’s surface of the earth. it is a wavelike movement of the earth`s surface, an earthquake may be classified as eather tectonic or volcanic. In certain cases,earthquakes can result from man made activities such as detonation of explosives, deep mining activities, etc, however, these earthquake are mild and may be felt only as tremors. a very severe earthquake is usually associated with shocks called foreshocks and aftershocks. foreshocks are a series of tremors that occur before the main earthquake. aftershocksare weaker earthquake that follow the main shocksand can cause further damage to weakened building. beaware that some earthquake are actually foreshocks, and a stronger earthquake migth accur.  Preparedness and Mitigation: What to do before earthquake? The key to effective disaster preventation and planning prepare you homes, workplace or school: Recommend to appropriate authorities the evaluation of structural soundness of school buildings and important infrastructures.  Request a appropriate authorities to determine whether the school site is along an active fault and or in liquefication or landslide prone areas which may cuase school building fall.  Make sure that school building design complies with the national building Code standard.   On existing school building wit one door, request proper authorities to provide two exit doors for every classroom, both with swing-out direction. Check for the presence of other potential source of hazard due to secondary effect of earthquake like sleep hill slopes, hanging heavy object, dams, storage , tanks, falling desbris  and fire. Inside the classroom to the wall to prevent sliding or toppling. Store breakable items, harmful chemicals and flamable material inside the classroom in the lowermost shelves and secure firmly.  Check classrooms for hanging pr unstable objects that may fall on the students during building the easiest exit or evacuation route to  take. Identify the strong part of the building like doors jams, near elevator shafts, sturdy tables, where the students can tske refuge  during and earthquake. Prepare and maintain an earthquake survival kit consisting of battery powered radios, flashflights, first aid kit, potable water,  candies, ready to eat food, whistle, and dust mask. conduct contingency planning on earthquake   What to do during earthquake: Stay calm.   Advise students to protect their body from falling debris by bracing themeselves in a doorway or by getting under a sturdy desk or table. When inside the vehicle, pull to the side of the road and stop. Do not attempt to cross bridges or overpasses which may have been  dameaged Direct learners to mve to an open area when they are outside a building or any structure.  Stay away from the power line, post, walls and other structures that may collapse.Stay away from the buildings with large glass panes.   Move away from the steep escarpment which may be affected by landslide particularly if they are on sa mountains or near the steep  hill slopes. If there is a need to evacuate, apply the buddy-buddy system and follow orders from the principal school head. Wait for your parents to  fetch you from the evacuation area and inform the principal if you will leave the area. Take with you your survival kit which contains all the necessary items for your protection and comfort.  "When you are INSIDE a structurally sound building or home, STAY THERE! If possible, quickly open the door for exit.  Performed the basic response during earthquake.  DUCK. DUCK or drop down to the floor. COVER. Take COVER under sturdy desk, table, or other fumiture. If that is not possible, seek cover against an interior wall and protect your head and neck with your arms. HOLD. If you take COVER under a sturdy piece of furniture, HOLD ON to it and be prepared to move with it. HOLD the position until the ground stops shaking and it is safe to move.  Stay away from glass windows, shelves, cabinets, and other heavy objects.  Beware of falling objects. Be alert and keep your eyes open     If you are OUTSIDE move to an open areal Stay away from trees, power lines, posts and concrete structures Move away from steep slopes which may be affected by landslides If you are near the shore and feel an earthquake, especially it is too strong. MOVE QUICKLY TO HIGHER GROUND. Tsunamis (giant sea waves) What to do after earthquake (Rehabilitation)  Do not PANIC.  Be prepared for aftershocks.  Check and control fires which may spread.  Advise leamers to take the fastest and salest way out if caught in an old or weak building.  Advise to get out calmly and in an orderly manner. Not to rush or push one another.  Not to used the elevators, but instead used the stairs.  Check themselves for cuts and for injuries and approach the nearest teacher for assistance.  Call the authority to lean up chemical spills toxic and flammable materials since this is hazardous to untrained people.  Check the water and electrical lines for defects. If any damaged is suspected, turn the system off in the main valve or switch.  Do not enter partially damaged school building a these to collapse. a strong aftershock may cause these to collapse.  The school head principal shall provide safety precautions. Helshe shall not allow any students to go out of the school unless they are with their parents/relatives. Identify learners fetched by their parents and relatives and those left behind.  Do not used telephone to call relatives and friends. Disaster prevention authorities may need the lines for emergency calls and communications.  Do not drive into damaged areas. Rescues and relief operations need the road for mobility.  Ground Shaking The Philippines have been affected by more than 90 damaging earthquakes for the last 400 years. During the last 30 years, 5,400 people were killed and about 1.4 million were affected by strong earthquakes. Damage to properties by a single event can be significant The July 16, 1990 Northem Luzon earthquake caused 12.2 billion pesos worth of damages. SOME POTENTIAL EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS 1. Unsecured cabinet doors flying open during earthquakes 2. Collectibles, pottery objects, and lamps, becoming deadly projectiles 3. Mirors, framed pictures, and other objects 4. Televisions, stereos, computers and microwaves and other electronics 5. Items stored in garages and utility rooms Earthquakes cannot be prevented, but we can prepare for them. Always remember the basic steps to do before, during and after a strong earthquake. Protecting Yourself fron Hazard: The Triangle of Life According to Copp's theory, when buildings collapse, the weight of the ceilings falling upon the objects or furniture inside tends to crush them, but the height of the object that remains acts as a kind of roof beam over the space or void next to it, which will tend to end up with a sloping roof over it. Copp terms this space for survival as the triangle of life. The larger and stronger the object, the less it will compact, the less it compacts, the larger the void next to it will be Tsunami - tsunami are giant sea waves generated by earthquake and volcanic eruptions under the seabed. - tsunamis can only occur when the earthquake is strong enough (M7.0+) to displace the seabed, creating pressures in the water above it. - other sources of tsunamis include submarine or coastal landslides, pyroclastic flow and large volume debris avalanches from oceanic and partly submerged volcanoes and caldera collapse. - a tsunami is a series of waves commonly generated by under- the-com earthquakes. - tsunami wave heights could be greater than 5 meters. I is sometimes mistakenly called idal waves and incorrectly associated with storm surges. -tsunamis can occur when the earthquake is shallow-seated and strong enough to displace parts of the seabed and disturb the mass of water over it  A TSUNAMI HAZARD MAP shows areas that can be affected by a tsunami. Hazard maps are meant to educate and prepare the community and can be used as tools in planning evacuations. These maps are generated by experts and specialists after careful study of the area. Safety Tips on Tsunami  Use your common sense.  Keep a store of emergency supplies that include sufficient medications, water, and other essentials sufficient for at least 72 hours or 3 days.  Stay away from the beach and ocean.  Evacuate the area and go to high ground immediately.  Vessels should not return to port if they are at sea.  Listen to the radio or television for additional information.  *Stay out of danger until you hear it is safe. The Natural Signs of an Impending Tsunami Occurrence of earthquake. An unusually receding ocean or drawdown. A series of surges that are five minutes to an hour apart Preparedness and Mitigation  Conduct school advocacy on tsunami awareness, preparedness and mitigation. Regular tsunami drills should be conducted.  Turn your radio and other communication devices to know if there is a tsunami warning if an earthquakes occurs and if you are in a coastal area.  Assign focal person to monitor and observe the water recession after an earthquake.  Be aware of the tsunami facts. This knowledge could save your life. Share your knowledge with your friends. It could save their lives.  If you are in school and hear there is a tsunami warning, you should follow the advice of teachers and other school personnel. Response (What to do during)  CAUTION: Move away from the beach immediately, if there is noticeable recession in water away from the shoreline.  Move inland to predetermined higher ground immediately and stay there.  Stay away from the beach, never go down to the beach to watch a tsunami coming.  High multistory reinforced concrete school building are located in some low-lying coastal areas. ＊ Small school building located t low-lying coastal areas are not designed to withstand tsunami impacts. Do not stay in these structures should there be tsunami waming. ＊ Offshore reefs and shallow areas may help break the force of tsunami waves, but large and dangerous waves can still be a threat to coastal residents in these areas. ＊ Staying away from all low-lying areas is the safest advice when there is tsunami warning. Rehabilitation (What to do after) ＊ Stay away from flooded and damaged areas until officials say it is safe to return. ＊ Stay away from debris in the water, it may pose a safety hazard to boats and people. ＊ Save yourself not your possessions. ijwoiqwdouqefhnowutofinvwo34ijtefrqeio4novfnn  Earthquake is a percetible shaking of the earth which be violet enough to destroy major buildings and kill thousand people. Most of the earthquake are unfelt and can only be detected by an instrument called seismograph. Earthquakes cannot be prevented, but we can prepare for them. Always remember the basic steps to do before, during and after a strong earthquake.  The Philippines have been affected by more than 90 damaging earthquakes for the last 400 years. During the last 30 years, 5,400 people were killed and about 1.4 million were affected by strong earthquakes. Damage to properties by a single event can be significant The July 16, 1990 Northem Luzon earthquake caused 12.2 billion pesos worth of damages. Ground Rapture Ground rupture is the movement of the ground along one side of a fault relative to the other side, caused by an earthquake. Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures.  The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake magnitude, distance from the epicenter, and the local geological and geomorphologic conditions, which may amplify or reduce wave propagation. The ground shaking is measured by ground acceleration. Ground Shaking is the discriptive up and down and sideways motion experienced during an eathquake. Ground Rupture is the creation of new or the renewed movements of old fractures, oftentimes with the two blocks on both sides moving in opposite directions. Why do grounds break apart? Have you tried boiling an egg? What happens to the egg shell when the water boils, especially when you over boil it? Describe the change in the egg shell after over boiling it. Discuss with your partner. That is exactly what happens to the ground as it receives too much heat due to drought, as you have observed in your community especially during summer. In Summer 2015, ground ruptures were evident at FS Catanico, Cagayan de Oro City. Similar affected barangays that time in CDO are Bugo, Tablon, Taglimao, and fourteen (14) other barangays. Other causes of ground rupture are the following: * Sudden movement of one lithospheric plate past another * Stresses in the Earth's crust, slippage, such and as violent breaking shock waves * Earth-moving machinery * Local faults Liquaficaton Liquefaction is when the ground soil is mixed with the ground water, causing the soil to become less stable and lose its strength. It is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading. Liquefaction and related phenomena have been responsible for tremendous amounts of damage in historical earthquakes around the world. To understand liquefaction, it is important to recognize the conditions that exist in a soil deposit before an earthquake. A soil deposit consists of an assemblage of individual soil particles. If we look closely at these particles, we can see that each particle is in contact with a number of neighboring particles. The weight of the overlying soil particles produces contact forces between the particles- these forces hold individual particles in place and give the soil its strength. Unstable banks of Iponan River in Cagayan de Oro City prone to landslides due to liquefaction. (Photo Taken by Ordonez Imam Camcer, July 15, 2015) Earth - Induced Ground Subsidence  Happens when objects sink or fall to the bottom caused by earthquake. Earthquake-Induced Landslides  Occur when soil falls to the ground caused by ground shaking. WHAT TO DO BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER LANDSLIDE Before Build an emergency kit and make a family communications plan. Avoid building homes near steep slopes or close to mountain edges, near drainage ways, rivers, or natural erosion valleys. Learn whether debris flows have occurred in your area by contacting local officials Protect your property by planting ground cover on slopes and building retaining walls. During Listen to local news stations on a battery-powered radio for warnings of a heavy rainfall. Do not cross a bridge if a mudflow is approaching. Avoid river valleys and low-lying areas. After Go to the nearest evacuation center if you have been told to evacuate or your feel unsafe to remain in your home. Stay away from the landslide area Listen to local radio or tv stations for latest emergency information. Check for injured and trapped persons near the slide, without entering the direct slide area and direct rescuers to their locations. Conducting Earthquake Drill ALARM PHASE: 1. Minute alarm signifying a strong earthquake 2. REACTION Students do the response procedure during the earthquake. 3. EVACUATION PHASE: Student quikly move out of their classrooms to go to designed evacuation/open areas. 4.ASSEMBLE PHASE Student from disame class should group together to better facilatate headcount/ accounting of students. HEADCOUNT PHASE DRILL TERMINATION PHASE POST-DRILL EVALUATION: