Geological Hazards Overview
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic defines a low-pressure area in meteorological terms?

  • It is always associated with high-pressure systems
  • It contains rising warm air (correct)
  • It generates cold air currents
  • It rotates clockwise

Which of the following can cause floods?

  • Storm surges and tsunamis (correct)
  • Earthquakes
  • Landslides
  • Only heavy rainfall

What is an important aspect of risk assessment for flood mitigation?

  • Implementing outdated building codes
  • Ignoring land use planning
  • Considering essential infrastructure (correct)
  • Disregarding environmental impact

What natural event is associated with a rise in seawater levels along coasts?

<p>Storm surge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a sign of potential flash flooding?

<p>Rising warm air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can landscape and environment play a role in flood prevention?

<p>By maintaining natural vegetation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential for planning structural works in flood-prone areas?

<p>Analysis of past flood events (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do folds on a geological map represent?

<p>Bends in rock layers due to stress (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can thunderstorms and violent winds cause in relation to hydrometeorological hazards?

<p>Increased likelihood of flash floods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is indicated by thick lines on a geological map?

<p>Faults (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs before a volcanic eruption?

<p>Rise of magma toward the surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of an earthquake?

<p>Rise of magma towards the surface (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do geologists currently attempt to predict earthquakes?

<p>By developing an early warning system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested by a thin line separating two different colors on a geological map?

<p>A contact between different rock types (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of eruption typically generates detectable earthquakes?

<p>Magmatic eruptions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which geological hazard is characterized by the rapid movement of snow and ice down a mountainside?

<p>Avalanche (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may be a consequence of volcanic eruptions?

<p>Population movements due to evacuations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What geological phenomenon involves the sudden movement of rock masses due to built-up stresses?

<p>Earthquake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a mudslide?

<p>A type of landslide that moves rapidly in channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of geological map depicts the types of rocks and their contacts in a specific area?

<p>Geological map (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following geological processes is NOT classified as a mass movement hazard?

<p>Earthquake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a warning sign that indicates a landslide may occur?

<p>Appearance of cracks in the ground (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do geological hazards impact human life and the environment?

<p>They can lead to loss of lives and damage property (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily triggers the process of liquefaction during an earthquake?

<p>Soil shaking caused by seismic activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does risk treatment primarily focus on?

<p>Identifying and evaluating treatment strategies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of Disaster Risk Reduction Management is concerned with overseeing implementation progress?

<p>Monitoring &amp; Evaluation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key goal of Disaster Risk Management?

<p>To develop strategies to minimize risk impacts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of disaster risk reduction taken before a disaster?

<p>Recovery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of actions can Disaster Risk Reduction actions include?

<p>Political, technical, social, and economic actions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be considered a negative impact of disasters?

<p>Injury and loss of life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'spreading risk' in disaster management?

<p>Distributing risks to prevent total loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of economic disruption due to disasters?

<p>Degradation of economic conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ingredient is NOT part of the fire tetrahedron?

<p>Moisture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is characterized by a short-term burst of tropical rainfall?

<p>El Niño (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fire extinguisher is specifically used for Class B and C fires?

<p>Carbon Dioxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the decay stage of a fire signify?

<p>Diminishing oxygen and fuel supply (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism involves the flow of liquids and gases to transfer heat?

<p>Convection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary condition for a fire to occur?

<p>Presence of an oxidizing agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fire extinguisher should be used for Class A fires?

<p>Water &amp; Foam (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the uninhibited chemical chain reaction in a fire?

<p>To sustain the combustion process (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of clouds are primarily associated with thunderstorms?

<p>Cumulonimbus clouds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which natural hazard involves high winds and rising seawater?

<p>Hurricanes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT typically identified with El Niño?

<p>Cold water flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What weather phenomenon can lead to mudslides and landslides?

<p>Typhoons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consequence of El Niño on global weather patterns?

<p>Unusually warm water along the western coast of South America (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following natural hazards is the Philippines particularly vulnerable to?

<p>Volcanic eruptions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a community’s vulnerability to natural hazards typically have?

<p>Long-term economic destruction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements is least likely to be associated with thunderstorms?

<p>Low humidity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Geological Hazards

Processes that can cause loss of life, injuries, property damage, and disruption to society and the economy.

Earthquake

Caused by stress in Earth's interior, leading to the sudden movement of rock masses.

Landslide

Movement of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.

Mudslide

Debris flow, a fast-moving type of landslide.

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Avalanche

Rapidly falling mass of snow, ice, and rocks down a mountain.

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Geological Map

A map showing the types of rocks and their connections on the earth's surface.

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Signs of Landslide

Indicators that a potential landslide is occurring.

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Liquefaction

The process by which soil loses strength during an earthquake, changing to viscous liquid.

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Earthquake Prediction

There's currently no reliable way to predict earthquakes.

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Volcanic Eruption

Lava and gas released from a vent.

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Volcanic Eruption Signs

Many volcanoes offer warnings before eruption; often, magmatic eruptions are connected with earthquakes.

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Tectonic Structures (folds and faults)

Geological features like folds and faults shown on a geologic map.

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Fossil Beds

Locations of preserved plant and animal remains on a geologic map.

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Color on Geologic Maps

Used to represent different types of rock formations.

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Lines and Symbols on Maps

Used on geologic maps to indicate different geological features. Examples are different rock types.

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Typhoon

A powerful, rotating storm that forms over warm ocean waters in the Western Pacific, bringing strong winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges.

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Storm Surge

A rise in sea level caused by strong winds, particularly from cyclones, pushing water towards the shore.

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Flash Flood

A sudden and rapid flooding of an area, often due to heavy rainfall or a dam break.

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Land Use Planning for Hazards

Strategies to manage and reduce the impact of natural hazards by controlling how land is used for building, development, and infrastructure.

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Flood Mitigation Strategies

Measures to minimize the damage and loss of life caused by floods, including structural improvements, land use planning, and early warning systems.

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Horizontal Layers of Rock

Layers of sedimentary rock that are arranged in a horizontal position, often seen in canyons or cliffs.

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Tilting of Land

The process of Earth's surface shifting or bending, often caused by tectonic activity or erosion.

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What are hydrometeorological hazards?

Hydrometeorological hazards are natural disasters caused by weather events like heavy rain, floods, droughts, or storms. They can cause significant damage and disruption.

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Give 3 examples of hydrometeorological hazards.

Examples include typhoons, floods, and droughts. These can cause a lot of damage and impact people's lives.

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El Niño

A warming of the Pacific Ocean that affects weather patterns worldwide.

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What are the effects of El Niño?

El Niño can cause hotter weather, drier land, and changes in temperature in different regions of the world.

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El Niña

A cooling of the Pacific Ocean that has opposite effects to El Niño.

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What are the impacts of El Niña?

El Niña usually leads to wetter weather, more rainfall, and a decrease in temperatures in different regions of the world.

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Lightning Storms

These storms produce lightning and thunder, heavy rain, and sometimes tornadoes. They are characterized by dark skies, strong winds, and visible lightning.

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Fire Tetrahedron

A model that illustrates the four essential elements needed to start and sustain a fire: fuel, oxidizing agent (usually oxygen), heat, and a chemical chain reaction.

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Fuel

Any material that can burn, releasing energy in the form of heat and light.

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Oxidizing Agent

Usually oxygen, a substance that supports combustion by combining with the fuel.

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Heat

The energy needed to ignite the fuel and sustain the chemical reaction.

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Uninhibited Chemical Chain Reaction

A continuous cycle of reactions where heat from the burning fuel creates more heat, sustaining the fire.

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Conduction

Transfer of heat through direct contact between substances, especially solids.

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Convection

Transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).

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Types of Fire Extinguishers

Different types of fire extinguishers are designed for specific fire classes: Class A (ordinary combustibles), Class B (flammable liquids), Class C (electrical), Class D (combustible metals).

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Disaster Risk Reduction Management (DRRM)

A process for controlling and managing disasters and emergency situations, including activities to increase capacity, reduce vulnerabilities, and prevent new risks. It aims to minimize losses by managing current risks.

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Risk Identification

The first step in DRRM, where potential hazards and risks are identified.

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Risk Treatment

This stage involves analyzing risk causes, evaluating strategies to manage them, and implementing action plans to reduce their impact.

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Disaster Impacts

The negative effects of a disaster, including loss of life, injury, disease, property damage, and economic disruption.

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Disaster Management Goals

The aims of disaster management include proactive planning to mitigate risks, minimizing loss through preparedness and response, and spreading risk.

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Mitigation

A component of DRRM that focuses on preventing or reducing the severity of a disaster by taking actions before it happens.

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Preparation

A DRRM component that involves planning and preparing for a disaster by building preparedness plans and training responders.

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Response

A DRRM component that involves the immediate actions taken during a disaster to save lives, protect property, and minimize damage.

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Study Notes

Geological Hazards

  • Geological hazards are processes causing loss of life, injury, property damage, and economic disruption.

  • Geological hazards include earthquakes, liquefaction (soil), tsunamis, and ground shaking.

Earthquakes

  • Earthquakes are caused by stress in the Earth's interior from moving tectonic plates.

  • Stress buildup eventually results in fractures, causing rock masses to shift.

Liquefaction

  • Liquefaction is a process where soil loses its strength and stiffness due to vibrations, commonly during an earthquake.

Tsunamis

  • Tsunamis are a series of large waves caused by the displacement of water in a body of water, often by an earthquake or volcanic eruption.

Ground Shaking

  • Ground shaking is a consequence of the movement of the earth's ground caused by earthquakes.

Mass Movement

  • Mass movement is the downslope movement of rock, debris, or earth; examples include landslides, mudslides, and avalanches.

Landslides

  • Landslides are the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.

Mudslide/Debris Flow

  • Mud/debris flows are fast-moving landslide types that tend to flow in channels.

Avalanche

  • Avalanches are masses of snow, ice, and rocks that fall rapidly down a mountainside.

Volcanic Eruptions

  • Volcanic eruptions involve the expulsion of lava, ash, and gases from a volcanic vent.

  • Lahars, volcanic mudflows, are a consequence.

Signs of Landslides

  • Experts note warning signs for impending landslides.

Signs of Earthquakes

  • There's no confirmed way to predict earthquakes.

Volcanic Signs

  • Volcanoes often provide warnings before an eruption, including increased earthquake activity and ground deformation.

Geological Maps

  • Geological maps represent rock types, contacts, folds, faults, and resources.

Color on Geological Maps

  • Colors represent different rock formations.

Lines and Symbols on Geological Maps

  • Lines and symbols show tectonic structures, contact points, and other features.

Mitigation Strategies

  • Prevention strategies should consider land use, building codes, infrastructure, and environment.

Hydro-meteorological Hazards

  • Extreme weather and climate events are hydro-meteorological hazards, including floods, droughts, hurricanes, tornadoes, landslides, and mudslides.

Typhoon

  • Typhoons, common in the Philippines, are low-pressure areas over warm water in the western Pacific, resulting in storm surges and heavy rain.

Flood/Flash Floods

  • Floods are inundation of normally dry land areas, and are often caused by storms, heavy rains, or tsunamis.

Storm Surge

  • Storm surge is a rise in sea level due to cyclonic wind and atmospheric pressure.

Lightning/Thunderstorms

  • Thunderstorms are characterized by cloud formations, darkening skies, lightning, and wind.

El Niño

  • El Niño is a climate pattern with unusually warm water in the Pacific, impacting weather globally.

El Niño Signs

  • Hotter-than-normal temperatures, high pressure, and gradual drying of land.

Fire

  • Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material resulting in heat, light, and products.

The Fire Triangle

  • A fire needs oxygen, fuel, and heat to occur.

Fire Tetrahedron

  • A fire requires fuel, oxidant, heat, and a chemical chain reaction to occur.

Fire Stages

  • Fire goes through stages: incipient, growth, fully-developed, and decay.

Fire Extinguishers

  • Different extinguishers are used for different fire types (A, B, C, D, K) and contain different agents.

Disaster Preparedness Steps

  • Risk identification, risk analysis, risk prioritization, risk treatment, monitoring, and evaluating disaster risk management.

Disaster Risk Reduction

  • Disaster risk reduction actions prevent disaster impacts by reducing vulnerabilities and increasing capacity to cope, and by mitigating disaster risks, minimizing losses.

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Description

Test your knowledge on geological hazards including earthquakes, tsunamis, liquefaction, and ground shaking. This quiz covers the processes that lead to these natural events and their impacts on the environment and human life. Discover the mechanics behind mass movements such as landslides and avalanches.

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