Digital Photography: Camera Topology & Operations PDF

Digital NOTES BY SAYALEE NATU photography, camera topology and operations  NOTES BY SAYALEE NATU Introduction to Definition: Digital photography is the Digital process of capturing images using...

Digital NOTES BY SAYALEE NATU photography, camera topology and operations  NOTES BY SAYALEE NATU Introduction to Definition: Digital photography is the Digital process of capturing images using digital Photography sensors as opposed to traditional film Key Components: Camera, lens, sensor, storage media (memory card), and display. Importance: Revolutionized the way images are captured, stored, and shared.  NOTES BY SAYALEE NATU Basics of Light enters the camera through the lens. - The sensor (CCD or CMOS) captures the light and converts it Digital into digital data Imaging: Image Pixels: The smallest unit of a digital image. A higher pixel count means Formation more detail Resolution: Measured in megapixels (MP), determines image clarity  NOTES BY SAYALEE NATU Components of a Lens: Focuses light onto the image sensor Digital Camera Sensor: Converts light into electrical signals (CCD or CMOS) Shutter: Controls the exposure time, allowing light to hit the sensor for a specific duration Aperture: The opening in the lens that controls the amount of light entering the camera Image Processor: Enhances the image and reduces noise Viewfinder: Allows the user to see the composition before taking a photo  NOTES BY SAYALEE NATU Camera Lens Assembly: Composed of various lenses, aperture, and focusing mechanism Topology: Image Sensor: CCD (Charge-Coupled Device: Older technology, better image quality at Internal layout lower light. - Consumes more power) Image sensor: CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor More energy- efficient, faster processing. - Lower image quality at low light but improving over time) sensor Shutter Mechanism: Can be mechanical or electronic, controlling the exposure. Digital Signal Processor (DSP): Processes the digital data from the sensor to produce the final image. Memory Storage: Typically, an SD card or other flash memory for storing photos Types of digital NOTES BY SAYALEE NATU DSLR (Digital Single-Lens Reflex): Uses mirrors and optical viewfinders, has cameras interchangeable lenses. Mirrorless Cameras: No mirrors, uses an electronic viewfinder (EVF) or LCD screen, are compact and lighter than DSLRs Point-and-Shoot: Compact, automatic settings. Typically, have fixed lenses and smaller sensors Smartphones: Integrated cameras with smartphone operating systems, are convenient but typically less flexible Understanding Camera Controls and NOTES BY SAYALEE NATU Operations ISO: Determines the sensor’s sensitivity to light. Higher ISO values are useful in low-light conditions but can introduce noise Shutter Speed: Determines how long the sensor is exposed to light. Measured in fractions of a second (e.g., 1/500s, 1/60s) Aperture (f-stop): Controls the size of the lens opening, affecting the amount of light and depth of field. White Balance: Adjusts the color balance of the image based on lighting conditions Focus: Determines which parts of the image appear sharp and clear Image NOTES BY SAYALEE NATU RAW: Unprocessed image data, allowing more flexibility in post-processing processing in digital JPEG: Compressed and processed, ready for use but with less post-edit flexibility photography Compression: Reduces file size but may reduce image quality (JPEG, PNG) Noise Reduction: Reduces graininess (noise) in high ISO images Histogram: Displays the distribution of light in an image, used for exposure correction  NOTES BY SAYALEE NATU Understanding Different Camera Lenses PRIME LENSES: FIXED FOCAL ZOOM LENSES: VARIABLE WIDE-ANGLE LENSES: SHORTER TELEPHOTO LENSES: LONGER LENGTH, SHARPNESS, AND FOCAL LENGTHS, MORE FOCAL LENGTH, IDEAL FOR FOCAL LENGTHS, IDEAL FOR WIDER APERTURES VERSATILE BUT MAY HAVE LANDSCAPES OR INTERIORS WILDLIFE OR SPORTS SMALLER APERTURES PHOTOGRAPHY Advanced NOTES BY SAYALEE NATU Autofocus: Automated system for achieving camera focus on a subject operations and Burst Mode: Allows continuous shooting at a features high frame rate HDR (High Dynamic Range): Combines multiple exposures to capture a wider range of light and shadows Panorama Mode: Captures wide-angle images by stitching together multiple frames Post- NOTES BY SAYALEE NATU processing and Software: Photoshop, Lightroom, GIMP, etc. editing Common Edits: Exposure correction, Cropping and straightening, Colour correction (white balance, saturation), Sharpening, Noise reduction File Formats: JPEG, TIFF, PNG, and RAW Digital NOTES BY SAYALEE NATU Composition: Use the rule of thirds, leading lines, and framing photography: Best practices Lighting: Understanding natural vs. artificial light Focus: Ensure sharp focus on key subject elements Storage: Always back up important images in multiple locations (cloud, external drive)  NOTES BY SAYALEE NATU Emerging trends in digital photography AI in photography (auto- Improved low-light Computational photography editing, scene recognition) performance in smartphones