Digestive System PDF
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This document provides an overview of the digestive system, including the role of different organs like the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, as well as the enzymes involved in digestion. It also describes the digestion of different molecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Additionally, it touches upon the lab review of proteases in digestion.
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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1. Role of Digestive Organs M outh: Mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemicaldigestion (saliva containing amylase breaks down starch). Stomach: Produces gastric juices (acid and enzymeslike pepsin) to break down...
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1. Role of Digestive Organs M outh: Mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemicaldigestion (saliva containing amylase breaks down starch). Stomach: Produces gastric juices (acid and enzymeslike pepsin) to break down proteins and churn food into chyme. Small Intestine: Major site of digestion and absorption.Enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase) break down carbs, proteins, and lipids, respectively. Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream via villi. Large Intestine: Absorbs water and electrolytes fromthe remaining indigestible food matter. Forms and stores feces. Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase,protease) and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid. Liver: Produces bile, which emulsifies fats to aidtheir digestion in the small intestine. Gallbladder: Stores bile produced by the liver andreleases it into the small intestine to help digest fats. Rectum and Anus: Store and expel waste from the bodythrough defecation. 2. Enzymes Involved in Digestion A mylase: Breaks down starch into sugars (active inmouth and small intestine). Protease (aka, Pepsin): Breaks down proteins intoamino acids (active in the stomach). Lipase: Breaks down fats (lipids) into fatty acidsand glycerol (active in the small intestine). Lactase: Breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose(active in the small intestine). Nuclease: Breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides(active in the small intestine). 3. Digestion of Different Molecules C arbohydrates: Broken down by amylase (mouth) andother enzymes (small intestine) into monosaccharides (aka, glucose). Cellulose/Fiber: Not digested by human enzymes; itaids in digestion by adding bulk to stool and aiding peristalsis. Proteins: Broken down by proteases (stomach - pepsin,small intestine - trypsin, and chymotrypsin) into amino acids. Lipids: Broken down by lipase (small intestine) intofatty acids and glycerol. 4. Body Position and Pill Intake B ody position affects how pills are ingested and absorbed. For example, swallowing pills while sitting upright ensures they pass through the esophagus and stomach efficiently. Lying down immediately after could delay absorption. 5. Proteases in Digestion (Lab Review) P roteases: Enzymes that break down proteins. Lab Observations: Proteaseswere likely found in the stomach samples, where protein digestion occurs. Data could be collected by testing protein breakdown using specific indicators like biuret solution.
