Digestive System PDF - WGU

Digestive System: You are what we eat! Anatomy & Physiology Functions of the Digestive System Ingestion Mastication Digestion Secretion Absorption Compaction Defecation Overview Main Structures Oral cavity Esophagus Stomach Small intestine...

Digestive System: You are what we eat! Anatomy & Physiology Functions of the Digestive System Ingestion Mastication Digestion Secretion Absorption Compaction Defecation Overview Main Structures Oral cavity Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus Accessory Organs Salivary glands Liver Pancreas Gall bladder Alimentary Tract and Accessory Organs Mouth Anus Histology of the Alimentary Canal 5 Digestion of food starts in the mouth Functions of saliva Lubrication Digestive enzymes Buffers Immune system Where does chemical and mechanical digestion begin? A. Mouth B. Stomach C. Small intestine D. None of the above Where does chemical and mechanical digestion begin? A. Mouth B. Stomach C. Small intestine D. None of the above __________is formed in the mouth after food is moistened and chewed. A. Chyme B. Bolus C. Feces D. Vomit What cell produces an acidic environment in the stomach? A. Chief cells B. Parietal cells C. Mucous cells D. G cells What cell produces an acidic environment in the stomach? A. Chief cells B. Parietal cells C. Mucous cells D. G cells Stomach Accessory Organs – Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder What does the liver make? Where is it stored? What does the pancreas make? Why? Small Intestine Memory Tip = DJ Ileum! T/F – The intestines are composed of skeletal muscle. A. True B. False T/F – The intestines are composed of skeletal muscle. A. True B. False Large Intestine How many sphincters does the anus contain? A. None B. 1 C. 2 D. None of the above How many sphincters does the anus contain? A. None B. 1 C. 2 D. None of the above Carbohydrate Digestion Fate of Glucose 21 Protein Digestion 22 Fate of Protein Protein Catabolism Broken down into amino acids. They can be recycled and made into new amino acids. They can be consumed and used to make new proteins. In a fasting state, amino acids can produce glucose and ketone bodies, which are converted to energy. Production of Urea The liver converts amino acids into their usable components, carbon, and hydrogen, for use in energy. Ammonia combines with carbon dioxide in the liver and is converted to urea in the urea cycle. Transamination Some amino acids can be converted into other amino acids. The synthesis of some amino acids, which cannot be synthesized in the body. The newly formed amino acids are then used for protein synthesis. The leftover part of the amino acid that lost the amine group (keto acid), is broken down and used for energy. 23 Fate of Protein (cont.) Keto Acid Modification The keto acids produced during the transamination process can also produce energy. Some of these keto acids may need to be altered to form metabolites easily converted to energy by keto acid modification. During periods of fasting, some keto acids can also be converted to glucose (gluconeogenesis), or they can be converted to triglycerides for storage by lipogenesis. Protein Anabolism Protein anabolism, or protein synthesis, occurs when the building blocks of proteins, amino acids, are joined together to form proteins (polypeptides). 24 Fat Digestion 25 Saliva can contain all the following except: A. Mucus B. Amylase C. Antibodies D. Pepsinogen Saliva can contain all the following except: A. Mucus B. Amylase C. Antibodies D. Pepsinogen Pancreatic juice is delivered to the small intestine through the: A. Hepatic duct B. Bile duct C. Pancreatic duct D. Alveolar duct Pancreatic juice is delivered to the small intestine through the: A. Hepatic duct B. Bile duct C. Pancreatic duct D. Alveolar duct The enzyme amylase chemically digests… A. Carbohydrate B. Lipids C. Fats D. Nucleic acids The enzyme amylase chemically digests… A. Carbohydrate B. Lipids C. Fats D. Nucleic acids Which of the following is NOT secreted in the stomach? A. Acid B. Pepsin C. Mucous D. Amylase Which of the following is NOT secreted in the stomach? A. Acid B. Pepsin C. Mucous D. Amylase Any Questions? [email protected] Thank you. www.healthscience.edu