Digestive System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of digestion does the mouth carry out?

Mechanical and chemical digestion

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down starch?

  • Nuclease
  • Lipase
  • Protease
  • Amylase (correct)

The stomach primarily absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream.

False (B)

What does the large intestine absorb?

<p>Water and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of bile?

<p>Emulsifies fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

The breakdown of fats into ______ and glycerol is carried out by lipase.

<p>fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes is involved in the breakdown of proteins?

<p>Pepsin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a monosaccharide?

<p>Sucrose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellulose, a type of fiber, is easily digested by human enzymes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two primary sites where protein digestion occurs?

<p>Stomach and small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process breaks down food into smaller absorbable molecules?

<p>Digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lying down immediately after swallowing pills can improve absorption.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cuticle in a leaf?

<p>Reduces water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following leaf structures with their functions:

<p>Cuticle = Waxy layer to reduce water loss Epidermis = Protective outer layer Stomata = Pores for gas exchange Xylem &amp; Phloem = Transport water and nutrients Mesophyll = Contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for the emulsification of fats during digestion?

<p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of villi in the small intestine?

<p>Absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose?

<p>Lactase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is produced by the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid?

<p>Bicarbonate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of digestion is primarily achieved in the stomach?

<p>Both chemical and mechanical digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about cellulose is true?

<p>It is not digested by human enzymes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the large intestine?

<p>Absorbing water and electrolytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does body position influence pill intake?

<p>It can change the rate of absorption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the stomata in leaves?

<p>To facilitate gas exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the chloroplast do light-dependent reactions occur?

<p>Thylakoid membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which colors of light are primarily absorbed by plants during photosynthesis?

<p>Blue and red (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

<p>ATP and NADPH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the mesophyll in a leaf?

<p>Conducting photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to stomata in dry environments?

<p>They decrease in number or size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process converts CO₂ into glucose in photosynthesis?

<p>Calvin Cycle (Light-independent reactions) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

<p>6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Digestion in Mouth

Mechanical and chemical digestion begins in the mouth, with chewing breaking down food and saliva containing amylase starting starch breakdown.

Stomach's Role in Digestion

The stomach produces gastric juices (acid and pepsin) to churn and break down proteins.

Small Intestine's Role

Small intestine is major digestion and absorption site. Enzymes break down carbs, proteins, and fats releasing nutrients into the blood.

Large Intestine Function

The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes from remaining food matter and forms solid waste.

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Pancreas in Digestion

The pancreas creates digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, protease) and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acids.

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Liver's Role in Digestion

Liver makes bile, which helps break down fats.

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Gallbladder's Function

Gallbladder stores bile made by the liver and releases it to digest fats.

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Amylase Enzyme

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars.

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Protease Enzyme

Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids.

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Lipase Enzyme Function

Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids.

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Carbohydrate Breakdown

Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides by amylase and other enzymes in the small intestine.

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Protein Breakdown

Proteins are broken down into amino acids by proteases in the stomach (pepsin) and small intestine (trypsin, chymotrypsin).

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Lipid Breakdown

Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase in the small intestine.

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Cellulose Role

Cellulose (fiber) aids digestion by adding bulk to stool and aiding peristalsis, but isn't digested by human enzymes.

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Photosynthesis Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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Light-Dependent Reactions

Occur in thylakoid membranes, splitting water to release oxygen and converts light into ATP/NADPH.

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Light-Independent Reactions

Calvin Cycle, uses ATP/NADPH to convert CO2 into glucose in the stroma.

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Chloroplast Structure

Chloroplast contains outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoids (where light-dependent happens), stroma (where Calvin cycle happens).

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Stomata Adaptation

Stomata adapts in dry environments by reducing in number or size to limit water loss. Wet environments will have more stomata

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Aerobic Respiration

Requires oxygen, happens in mitochondria, includes glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and ETC, produces 36-38 ATP.

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Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration without oxygen, creates lower ATP, forms byproducts (lactic acid/ethanol).

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Mitochondria Structure

Mitochondria has inner membrane (ETC, ATP), outer membrane, matrix (Krebs cycle Enzymes), intermembrane space (proton accumulation).

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Energy Transfer in Food Webs

Energy flows from producers (plants) to consumers, up the food chain, with only about 10% transferred.

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Autotroph

Organisms that make their own food.

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Heterotroph

Organisms that consume other organisms.

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Carbon Cycle

Carbon moves through the atmosphere, plants, animals, and Earth via photosynthesis, respiration, and fossil fuels.

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Nitrogen Cycle

The process of nitrogen moving through the atmosphere, soil, and organisms.

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Water Cycle

The cycle of water on Earth, involving evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection.

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Phosphorus Cycle

Phosphorus's movement through rocks, soil, organisms, and water.

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What does amylase break down?

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch into simpler sugars, like glucose. This process starts in the mouth and continues in the small intestine.

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Peristalsis

Peristalsis is the rhythmic muscular contractions that move food along the digestive tract. It's like a wave pushing things forward.

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What happens in the small intestine?

The small intestine is where most digestion and absorption take place. Enzymes break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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Role of the liver in digestion

The liver produces bile, which helps to break down fats in the small intestine. Bile acts like a detergent, breaking down large fat droplets into smaller ones.

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What does pepsin do?

Pepsin is a protease (protein-breaking enzyme) found in the stomach. It helps break down proteins into smaller units called amino acids.

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Why is fiber important?

Dietary fiber, like cellulose, isn't broken down by human enzymes but plays a key role in digestion. It adds bulk to the stool and aids in peristalsis, helping waste move through the system.

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What is chyme?

Chyme is the partially digested, thick, soupy mixture of food that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.

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What does the pancreas produce?

The pancreas produces digestive enzymes like amylase, lipase, and protease, which help break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the small intestine. It also produces bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

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What is the cuticle's function?

The cuticle is a waxy outer layer that covers the leaf and helps reduce water loss by preventing evaporation.

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What is the role of stomata?

Stomata are tiny pores on the leaf that allow for gas exchange, letting carbon dioxide in and oxygen out during photosynthesis.

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What happens in the mesophyll?

The mesophyll is the middle layer of the leaf where photosynthesis takes place. It contains chloroplasts, which are the sites of photosynthesis.

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How does light affect plants?

Plants absorb light in the visible spectrum, mostly blue and red light. Green light is reflected, which is why plants appear green.

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What's the equation for photosynthesis?

The equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2. This means carbon dioxide and water, using sunlight energy, create glucose and oxygen.

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What are light-dependent reactions?

Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. They use light energy to split water, releasing oxygen and generating ATP and NADPH.

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What happens in the Calvin Cycle?

The Calvin Cycle, or light-independent reactions, takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast. It uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to convert CO2 into glucose.

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Where are light-dependent and light-independent reactions located?

Light-dependent reactions happen in the thylakoid membranes, while the Calvin Cycle (light-independent reactions) happens in the stroma.

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Study Notes

Digestive System

  • Mouth: Chewing and saliva with amylase to break down starch
  • Stomach: Stomach acid and enzymes like pepsin break down proteins, churning food into chyme
  • Small Intestine: Main site of digestion and absorption; enzymes (amylase, protease, lipase) break down carbs, proteins, and fats respectively; nutrients absorbed via villi into bloodstream
  • Large Intestine: Absorbs water and electrolytes, forming and storing feces
  • Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, protease) and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
  • Liver: Produces bile to emulsify fats for digestion in small intestine
  • Gallbladder: Stores bile, releasing it into the small intestine for fat digestion
  • Rectum and Anus: Store and expel waste

Enzymes Involved in Digestion

  • Amylase: Breaks down starch into sugars (active in mouth and small intestine)
  • Protease (e.g., Pepsin): Breaks down proteins into amino acids (active in stomach)
  • Lipase: Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol (active in small intestine)
  • Lactase: Breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose (active in small intestine)
  • Nuclease: Breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides (active in small intestine)

Digestion of Different Molecules

  • Carbohydrates: Broken down by amylase (mouth) and other enzymes (small intestine) into monosaccharides (e.g., glucose)
  • Cellulose/Fiber: Not digested by human enzymes; adds bulk to stool and aids peristalsis
  • Proteins: Broken down by proteases (stomach - pepsin, small intestine - trypsin and chymotrypsin) into amino acids
  • Lipids: Broken down by lipase (small intestine) into fatty acids and glycerol

Body Position and Pill Intake

  • Body position affects pill intake and absorption
  • Swallowing pills while sitting upright ensures they pass through the esophagus and stomach efficiently
  • Lying down after could delay absorption

Photosynthesis

  • Leaf Structure and Function:
    • Cuticle: Waxy layer reducing water loss
    • Epidermis: Protective outer layer
    • Stomata: Pores for gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out)
    • Xylem & Phloem: Transport water/nutrients (xylem) and sugars (phloem)
    • Mesophyll: Contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis
  • Stomata Adaptations: Fewer/smaller in dry environments; more in wet environments
  • Light Absorption: Plants absorb blue (430-450 nm) and red (640-680 nm) light; reflect green
  • Photosynthesis Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
  • Light-Dependent Reactions: Occur in thylakoid membranes, splitting water to release oxygen, converting light energy to ATP and NADPH
  • Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle): Occur in stroma, using ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into glucose
  • Chloroplast Structure: Outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoids, stroma

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular Respiration Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
  • Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen, occurs in mitochondria, (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC), produces 36-38 ATP
  • Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation): Occurs without oxygen, produces 2 ATP, and results in lactic acid or ethanol
  • Mitochondrial Structure: Inner membrane (ETC, ATP synthesis), outer membrane, matrix (Krebs cycle), intermembrane space
  • Cyanide and Cellular Respiration: Inhibits cytochrome c oxidase in the ETC, blocking ATP production and causing cell death

Food Chains and Webs

  • Energy Transfer: Energy transferred from producers (plants) to consumers (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores) in food chains/webs. Only about 10% of energy transferred to each level
  • Organism Classifications:
    • Autotrophs: Organisms that make their own food, like plants

Biogeochemical Cycles

  • Carbon Cycle: Carbon is fundamental, added via respiration, combustion and volcanic eruptions; removed via photosynthesis; ocean acidification and fossil fuels are part of the carbon cycle
  • Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen is key to amino acids and proteins. Bacteria convert nitrogen gas into usable forms for plants (e.g., ammonium); Nitrogen fixing organisms are key
  • Water Cycle: Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation are key processes. Water is essential.
  • Phosphorus Cycle: Phosphorus is crucial for DNA, RNA, and ATP; excess phosphorus from fertilizers can cause eutrophication. Phosphorus is found in rocks and soil.

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Description

This quiz explores the various components of the digestive system, such as the mouth, stomach, and intestines, and their roles in digestion. It also covers the key enzymes involved, including amylase and protease. Test your knowledge on how nutrients are absorbed and how waste is processed.

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