1830-1848 Revolutions PDF

The Liberal Revolutions of 1830- 3 & The Revolutions of 1848 David Thompson, Chp. 9-10 Fahir Armaoğlu, p. 127-170 DH1 W8 The Liberal Revolutions of 1830-3 Second half of the 1830, revolutions in France, Belgium, parts of Germany,...

The Liberal Revolutions of 1830- 3 & The Revolutions of 1848 David Thompson, Chp. 9-10 Fahir Armaoğlu, p. 127-170 DH1 W8 The Liberal Revolutions of 1830-3 Second half of the 1830, revolutions in France, Belgium, parts of Germany, Italy and Switzerland, and in Poland. Civil war in Portugal and Spain. Lasted in Spain until 1840  These revolutions were different from the uprisings of 1820s The uprisings of 1820s= nationalist risings led by military groups They were protests against the rigidities and shortcomings of the conservative policies adopted since 1815 Revolutions of 1830: carried a desire to bring governments into closer relationship with society. rebellions against conservative kings and governments by liberals and revolutionaries in different parts of Europe in 1830–32.  1) The July 2) Belgian Revolution Independen in France ce 1830 Revolutions: 3) 4) Developme Parliamenta nts in ry Reform Central in Britain Europe 1) The July Revolution in France Liberal opposition to the ultra-conservative government of Charles X. Charles X published restrictive ordinances Liberal politicians and journalists protested, defied the prohibition of free publication, Crowds hit the streets 3 days fighting Charles X abdicated and Louis-Philippe was declared as the King of French The new king was liberal The electorate was widened by lowering the age qualification for voters to 25 instead of 30 Property qualification from 300 francs to 200. Censorship was abolished  2. Belgian Independence At the Congress of Vienna, in 1815, Belgium and Holland the were united to form one State – the Netherlands. To prevent French expansion Catholics, French and Flemish people under Belgium resented this policy and they were unhappy about the Dutch domination. The Liberals demanded more freedom. Their demands were not met. The July Revolution in France had left a great impact on Belgium. There were nationalist desires and liberal opposition to the Dutch rule.  After a series of incidents, the revolution erupted in Brussels in 1830. William I, the King, sent in his troops, but they were expelled on September 27th, 1830. A provisional government declared independence on October 4th, 1830. In 1831 a new constitution: the most liberal in Europe at the time A constitutional monarchy wih strictly limited powers The king was to be chosen by the representatives of the people The organ of popular will was to be parliament, elected on direct elections  Reactions to Belgian Revolution: Austria, Prussia, Russia wanted to check the Belgian revolution to preserve the position of 1815. The governments of Britain and France wanted to prevent intervention They met in London Congress, 1830 They recognized the principle of Belgian independence But they decided that ”Belgian would be a perpetually neutral state” Belgium won international recognition of her independence and her neutrality. 3) Central Europe Revolutionary ideas were spreading to central Europe, even to the cantons of Switzerland. Liberal groups, who were influenced by the events in Greece, France, Belgium, pressuring for liberal constitutions. Students, journalists, and the men of wealth – with the growth of local industries- backed these movements. German confederation – Bavaria, Baden, Wurttemberg – liberal oppositions gained strength, press became more critical of the government Austria and Prussia introduced repressive measures, suppressed these revolutionary ideas In Italy, liberals formed secret societies to contact with liberals in France and Belgium Mazzini formed a ‘Young Europe’ movement Gave birth to Italian Risorgimiento // movement for national regeneration The Risorgimento was an ideological and literary movement that helped to arouse the national consciousness of the Italian people, and it led to a series of political events that freed the Italian states from foreign domination and united them politically. In Poland: Revolution began in 1830, led by a secret society and by university students. The rebels set up a provisional government and tried to bargain with the Tsar for reforms. The rebels split, the Tsar did not agree to grant reform, he sent a Russian army to Poland. The only hope was western intervention, but it did not come for Poland. Revolutionaries were crushed. 4) Parliamentary Reform in Britain The British counterpart to the liberal revolutions was the Parliamentary Reform Bill (1832). The electoral system needed to be reformed but the House of Lords was resisting it. The ’Act to amend representation of the people in England and Wales’ passed in 1832 Strengthened the power of country gentry and big towns at the expense of landowners The number of constituencies from industrial cities such as Manchester and Birmingham was increased // a more balanced and fair representation 1830-33 Europe divided into two political regions Austria, Prussia, Russia France, Belgium, Italy and Poland were Switzerland, Portugal, Spain suppressed and Britain Revolutions were crushed Liberalism triumphed by the concerted actions of Austria, Russia and Backed at times by France Prussia and Britain The Forces of Constitutional parliamentary Conservatism triumphed governments were growing Eastern Bloc Western Bloc  Portugal, 1820: Encouraged by the Spanish revolution The Portuguese army led a revolt They drafted a new constitution: Abolished feudalism Introduced a single chamber parliament Guaranteed freedom of press and equality of all citizens The new liberal government suppressed the Inquisition and some religious orders Confiscated some of the church lands Britain had to intervene Revolutions of David Thompson, 1848 Chp. 10  series of republican revolts against European monarchies Revolutio began in Sicily, and spread to ns of France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. 1848 They all ended in failure and repression, and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals. 1848 Revolutions  1. Several European nations were swept by series of simultenous revolutions 2. These revolutions were short-lived and they generally failed 1848 Revolution Conservatives regained power s 3. Britain and Russia did not experience the revolutions that swept the continent 4. 1848 Revolutions represented the end of the age of Metternich Revolutionaries 1. Liberals 2. Nationalists 3. Radicals Limit the church influence & National unity based on Democrats the state power common language, culture, Universal male suffrage Republican government religious & shared history Liberals wanted to extend No monarchy the franchise but they did not want universal male Economic freedom suffrage = will the workers Civil liberties or ordinary people vote for economic freedom? / for the benefits of the factory owners? Socialists Worker ownership of the Why? Post-1833 Developments The constitutional and political adjustments to new needs by 1833, were followed by a new era of rapid expansion in industrial production and trade. Transport and Industry Railway building = Britain, Belgium, Russia (1838), The revolution in transport, came with the railroads = brought vast new demands for coal and iron = triggered a simultenous revolution in the heavy industries, mining and metallurgy A general stimulus to the whole economic system and better facilities for quick and cheaper transport in turn stimulated other industries, such as textiles. Britain: age of coal, iron and cotton. 1850: UK : “the workshop of the world”  Continental Europe: Belgium set the pace in railroad building The lines were planned to link England, France, Germany, and Holland. They would make Belgium commercial hub of western Europe. German states… German states (still not Germany) = railways came more slowly They had revolutionary effects on German life= country people were shaken out of their traditional outlooks and habits Germany was set to become the centre of the continental system of transport and distribution Zollverein removed the impediments for trade between German states, while railways removed the impediments to German integration and prosperity. Trade UK had dominated overseas shipping and commerce 1845 the harvest was bad, potato crops were ruined, acute famine in Ireland They were highly protective, repealed in 1848-1849 They kept out imported food when families were starving 1848 = European trade was domestic and continental European countries were protectionist, because they feared British competition Eastern Europe: governments were broadly protectionist, too.  Ottoman Empire? 1838 Treaty of Balta Liman Anglo-Ottoman Treaty Opened up the Ottoman market completely to British trade The terms of the treaty stated that the Ottoman Empire will abolish all monopolies, allow British merchants and their collaborators to have full access to all Ottoman markets and will be taxed equally to local merchants. All other European states demanded the same rights and similar free-trade agreements were signed with several other countries between 1838-1841 (Turkey: A Modern History, Revised Edition, By Erik J. Zürcher). Economic Crisis All European countries were shaken by economic crises The fluctuations of cotton prices, companies failed in Britain and Belgium, banks ran into difficulties 1845, 1846= corn harvests in Britain and Europe were bad 1847= harvests in France and Germany were bad The effect on food supplies and prices were very negative = food had to be imported but there were financial difficulties Why All these sharp, ups and downs in the cost of living caused great social distress in Europe In addition, there was actual famine Uncontrolled exploitation of cheap labour Growing tide of political discontent = made the year 1848 = the year of social and political revolution throughout Europe Governments had still not been brought into sensitive relationship with the needs of the whole society to serve those needs efficiently The result = a demand for further liberal reforms and for immediate extensions of democratic and even socialist policies  They wanted Shortened working hours, checking the labor of women and children in mines Democratic reorganization of the electorate and parliament Social welfare policies Poor relief // supplementary wages to poor to save them from destitution Public health // many problems about public health – water supply, fire precautions, prevention of epidemics, adequate medical service The Communist Manifesto, 1848 Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels, 1848 It became one of the principal programmatic statements of the European socialist and communist parties in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Manifesto opens with the dramatic words “A spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of communism” and ends by stating, “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite.” 1848 Revolutions began in Italy The revolutionary movement began in Italy with a local revolution in Sicily in January 1848; February in France, the movement extended throughout the whole of Europe with the exception of Russia, Spain, and the Scandinavian countries. In Britain it amounted to little more a demonstration and a republican agitation in Ireland. In Belgium, the Netherlands, and Denmark it manifested itself in peaceful reforms of existing institutions; but democratic insurrections broke out in the capitals of the three great monarchies, Paris, Vienna, and Berlin, where the governments, rendered powerless by their fear of “the revolution,” did little to defend themselves. The revolution was successful in France alone; the Second Republic and universal manhood suffrage were established  In Austria, where the new in Prussia the King , who led the The German governments movement for the unification agreed to convene ministers promised to grant of Germany, supported the black, three constituent assemblies constitutions, the monarchy red, and gold flag that had become withstood the storm; at Berlin, Vienna, and the symbol of German unity. Frankfurt by which democratic constitutions were to be drafted for Prussia, Austria, and Germany. Results the withdrawal of liberal democratic or nationalist concessions which had been made during the revolution: universal manhood suffrage, liberty of the press and of assembly. Absolute monarchy was reestablished in Germany, Austria, and Italy; the governments, in alliance with the middle classes and the clergy, who were terrified by the Socialist proposals, strengthened the police forces and organized a persecution of the popular press and associations that paralyzed political life. In France the reestablishment of the hereditary empire under Napoleon III in 1852. The restoration, however, was not complete, for universal manhood suffrage was not abolished in France; in Prussia, the Constitution of January 1850, which established an elective assembly, and, in Sardinia, the Constitution of March 1848 were retained; the signorial rights were not restored in Austria.