Developmental Psych Revision Notes PDF

Developmental psych revision notes Tinbergen’s level of explanation: Tajfel’s minimum group paradigm- studied intergroup perceptions and behaviour The matching hypothesis- people are more likely to form committed relationships with others who are equally as socially desirable Social dominance th...

Developmental psych revision notes Tinbergen’s level of explanation: Tajfel’s minimum group paradigm- studied intergroup perceptions and behaviour The matching hypothesis- people are more likely to form committed relationships with others who are equally as socially desirable Social dominance theory- societies organize themselves based on group social hierarchies Proximity effect- simple exposure to a stimulus or person increases liking WEIRD samples- western, educated, industrial, rich, democratic Humans are inherently social e.g minimal group paradigm Dunbar- living socially was a major driving force in the evolution of a human’s brain- emphasizes the importance of humans being social creatures Dunbar’s no. 150- group size vs brain size Sternberg (1986) Triarchic model of love Social exchange theory- based on the principles of rewards and costs in interactions- ST- different physical attractiveness LT- couples are equally attractive - Simple standard- is my relationship profitable? (Outcome=rewards-costs) - Comparison level- what we expect and feel we deserve from our relationships (High Cl- relationships are rewarding) - Comparison level for alternatives- what we realistically expect we could get elsewhere (includes other partners or no partner) Outcome (Profit) = Rewards - Costs Satisfaction = Outcome - CL Dependence= Outcome- CLalt Women prefer men to have an inverted V shape, especially for long term relationships Equity theory- importance of balance 1. Partners are concerned with fairness (taking both partner’s outcomes into account) 2. Inequity causes distress 3. Partner will take steps to restore equity Equality- give gift equal in value Equity- do something in proportion to the benefits received Human mating patterns: Monogamy: one male, one female Polygyny: several females, one male Polyandry: several males, one female Promiscuity: no bonded relationship Sex is not dichotomous - XO (Turner’s syndrome) - XXY (Kilnefelter’s syndrome) Cohen’s d= Male average- female average/pooled standard deviation Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) Social role theory (Eagly 1987) Learning theory- gender stereotypes- learned through reward and punishment Social learning theory- emphasizes the importance of modelling Social identity theory- people's sense of self is based on their membership in social groups Gender schema theory- gender typed schema develops Inter-sexual selection: Opposite sex prefers some traits more than others, increasing the frequency of those genes in the next generation Intra-sexual competition- some traits make an individual a better competitor against members of their own sex Wood and Eagly’s biosocial model of gender- division of labor in society is shaped by the interaction of biological and social processes- cause of sex differences and beliefs Evolutionary theory- female parental investment > male PI - Greater competitiveness in men - Aversion to physical risk and low aggression in women Activation effects of testosterone- the batista boys- XY fetuses- at puberty, they all experienced a release of T Biosocial theory- canalised development- importance of the environment- David Reimer Epigenetics- combines social and biological approaches Sociocultural approaches -Developmentally focus on learning and modelling -Via parents, media and wider society (patriarchy) -Children observe and adopt gender-behavior patterns Evolutionary approaches -Focus on consequences of anisogamy for selection -Assume (some) biological causation, particularly wrt T Interactionist perspective (Felson’s symbolic interactionist approach) People create shared meanings through their interactions -T/genes influence gender identity; behavior unclear -T interacts with social factors to influence behavior Hormone effects: 1. Activational effects- transient and occur throughout life 2. Organisational effects- permanent and occur early in development 3. Priming effects- occurs when an individual’s exposure to a certain stimulus influences their response to a subsequent prompt, without realisation 4. Proximate effects- immediate or direct cause of an event Types of aggression - Direct (the aggressor is indefinable and can be counterattacked) - Indirect (aggressor remains hidden) - Instrumental- aggression to achieve a goal - Expressive- aggression as anger - Coercive- assaults, threats, humiliation - Conformist- when people conform to their in group’s aggressive behavior towards an out-group Psychoanalytic theory Id, ego and superego Aggression is the result of a weak ego Frustration aggression theory Frustration is interference with a goal response that leads to reward Cognitive Neo-Associationist Cultural effects of aggression- US South Evolutionary approaches- Cost of injury < Benefits of success= Aggression Heritability- aggression is strongly heritable (40-50%) Pluralistic ignorance- look to others to define ambiguous events Diffusion of responsibility- responsibility divisible by the number present Negative reinforcement- occurs when performing an action stops something unpleasant from happening- can result in an increase in aggression Reciprocal altruism- an individual helps another, with the expectation that the other will return the favor in the future- majority of individuals need to cooperate for the strategy to become common Naturalistic fallacy- someone believes something is morally good because its natural Hamilton’s rule- I should help you if the cost to my fitness is less than the benefit to your fitness when multiplied by our relatedness Prisonner’s dilemma: Prisoner’s dilemma