Development PDF

Development Development is a state of growth. Development geography  the use of technology and resources to bring about improvement in the quality of life and standard of living of people in a country. This is achieved through economic, social and environmental development. There are two aspects...

Development Development is a state of growth. Development geography  the use of technology and resources to bring about improvement in the quality of life and standard of living of people in a country. This is achieved through economic, social and environmental development. There are two aspects of development: o Standard of living – economic o Quality of life – social ECONOMIC SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT This refers to the This refers to the development of a development of living country’s wealth. conditions. This improves a This improves a person’s standard of person’s standard of living (material well- living (general well- being) being). Economic indicators Social indicators measure the amount measure the quality of wealth in a society. of life. According to the level of development, countries can either be considered: 1. DEVELOPED 2. DEVELOPING Also called MEDCs. Also called LEDCs. MEDC = more LEDC = less economically economically developed developed countries countries A country with high A country with low levels of economic levels of economic development. development. The Brandt Line This is a line that divides the richer North from the poorer South. (Est. 1980) It is non-linear & not parallel to the equator! Countries with low to middle income are considered developing. Countries with high income are considered developed. Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs) are between these stages. NICs  a country whose level of economic development ranks somewhere between developing and first world classifications. These countries have moved away from an agricultural-based economy and into a more industrialised, urban economy. MEDCs LEDCs Use resources more High levels of poverty efficiently Low standard of living Highly industrialised Weak and sometimes High standard of inefficient education, living health & transport Good education, systems health & transport Exports raw materials systems Imports Manufacture & export manufactured goods goods on the world (does have the market resources or finances Have stable to make them) governments Receive financial aid Donate financial aid from MEDCs There will countries to other always be some rich people in LEDCs and some poor people in MEDCs Factors that influence development status are based on averages and do not reflect the developmental status of individuals  Scale & Spatial Aspects of Development Development affects people and places. Scale & spatial aspect refers to the size/area & extent of development occurring. This means that development can vary from impacting the standard of living/quality of life of one person or a family to whole country or even an entire continent. SCALE & SPATIAL SMALL- SCALE EXAMPLE ASPECT DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT 1.Individual MICRO-SCALE MACRO-SCALE 1. Individual farmer receives irrigation water from dam. 2.Communit 2. Community starts a cooperative and a poultry farm. y 3. Entire town recycles waste. 4. A country converts to wind 3.Settlement generated power 5. SADC countries agree to remove 4.Country barriers and restrictions between member states 5.Region 6. Malaria is removed from African continent 6.Continent 7. World agrees to reduce greenhouse gasses. 7.global LARGE-SCALE Micro-scale development: Macro-scale development: small-scale community or large-scale local level development continental/country based or Development global development Indicators Development indicators are statistics that allow for the comparison of development levels of different countries. Indicators can be be grouped in 3 ways: Economic indicators  indicators that measure the amount of wealth in a society. Social indicators  indicators that demonstrate quality of life. Demographic indicators  statistics about the population. Economic Indicators GDP (gross domestic product)  the total value of goods and service produced by a country in one year. GNP (gross national product)  GDP added to the income earned by a country’s citizens and corporations abroad. GDP Per Capita  the total value of goods and service produced by a country in one year, divided by the total population of the country. Gini-coefficient  reflects income distribution in a population, ranging from 0 – 1. (0 = perfect equality—everyone has the same income) (1 = perfect inequality—one person has all the income— unequal). Social Indicators Services & facilities Education level Adult literacy rate No children in primary & secondary school No teachers Healthcare Access to healthcare No doctors Calorie intake per capita (person) Infant mortality rate Access to clean water HDI (Human development index)  a tool (est. United Nations) used to measure and rank countries levels of social and economic development based on: life expectancy, education & income indices. Overall health—life expectancy Education—average school years and literacy rates Standard of living—GNP per capita Scale: 0  1 (closer to 1 = higher level of development) Employment & unemployment rates Demographic Indicators 1. FERTILITY INDICATORS  refers to a population’s ability to reproduce. Birth rate: the number of births per 1000 people per year.  LEDCs have high birth rates  MEDCs have low birth rates Fertility rate: the average number of children born to each women in her child-bearing years.  LEDCs have high fertility rates  MEDCs have low fertility rates Replacement rate: refers to the average number of children each woman (along with her partner) needs to have to "replace" themselves in the population— meaning that there will be no population growth (about 2,1) 2. MORTALITY INDICATORS  refers to the deaths in a population. Death rate: the number of deaths per 1000 people per year.  LEDCs have high death rates  MEDCs have low death rates Infant mortality rate: the number of deaths of infants less than 1 year old per 1000 live births per year.  LEDCs have high death rates  MEDCs have low death rates 3. LIFE EXPECTANCY  this is the average number of years a person is expected to live. This is influenced by infant mortality rate & death rate.  Factors affecting Development Development is unequal in the world, countries & communities.. Sustainable development  development that meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. 1. ACCESS TO RESOURCES (Environmental) Natural and man-made resources are not distributed evenly across the earth. Man-made: labour, skills, capital & technology Development occurs when there are resources in an abundance. Energy  the type of energy and the amount consumed per person will determine the level of development that can occur o Example: wood, wind, water, fossil fuels, solar Natural resource limitation  when natural resources are in an abundance in an area, large-scale development can occur. o Development can be limited by the availability of the resource. o The country may not have the finances to extract the resources. Environmental degradation  when resources are depleted, development will be halted. o Deforestation depletes forests, destroying habitats, biodiversity, and contributing to climate change, disrupting water cycles, soil erosion, and agriculture. o Mining results in severe environmental damage, including soil erosion, water contamination, and land loss, affecting local communities' health (pollution) and diverting resources for other development initiatives. o Large-scale construction, especially urbanization or infrastructure, can consume vast land, disrupt ecosystems, cause habitat destruction, increase 2. CULTURAL (Social) Education & training  access to quality education and training enables a workforce to increase the level of development. o High levels of education influence: motivation, innovation, scientific experimentation and invention. o Labour forces can shift from being agriculture dependant to industry and service dependant. o Standard of living  the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socio-economic class in a certain geographic area. Population growth  over-population puts strain on resources & stagnates (a period of little or no growth) & decreases development in an area. 3. POLITICAL (Economic) Trade Imbalances (trade partnerships)  more partnerships = more variety of goods available. o Exporting finished (value-added) products  higher profits than exporting raw materials = increases GDP o SADC (southern African development community) trade together at reasonable prices + no need for visas Historical & Political  Colonisation (coloniser vs colonised) & migration (slavery, refugees, pull factors) & war affect the level of development. Development Models CORE & PERIPHERY MODEL Developed by J Friedman (1966) The core and periphery model maps out where economic development occurs across different areas (spatial reference). Core areas represent zones with high levels of economic activity and development. Periphery areas are the less developed regions situated between or surrounding these core areas. This model helps explain patterns of development on both macro- and micro-scales, illustrating differences in economic growth and resource distribution.  Micro-scale Levels of Capital wealth, cities, chief development ports, major & standard of industries living and urban decrease with areas have distance form the most the core, services and fewer jobs & investment services Macro-scale Sustainable Development Model When countries develop economically or socially it must be sustainable. Sustainable development  development that meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Sustainable development model  a model of development that aims to incorporate economic and Economic social development without Be Sustainable harming the environment. ar ble bl a ta ui Scientific knowledge and e Eq appropriate technologies are Viable central to resolving the economic, social and Environme ntal Social environmental problems that make current development paths  Limitations (disadvantages) 1. Multiple cores  some countries have multiple areas of influence 2. Places are becoming multifunctional  areas now engage in different economic activities and there are no clear boundaries between the core and the periphery ROSTOW’S MODERNISATION THEORY An economic model that outlines the 5 stages a country goes through to achieve economic development. developed by economist Walt Rostow in the 1960s suggesting that all countries progress through a series of predictable stages to reach modern economic growth. However, it doesn’t always account for cultural, political, and1. geographical TRADITIONAL differences SOCIETYamong countries. Economies are largely agricultural, and society is structured around limited production capabilities, often with minimal technology or innovation (subsistence economy). 2. PRECONDITIONS FOR TAKE-OFF There’s a shift from agriculture to manufacturing. Trade increases profit, with investments in infrastructure (like transportation and communication) and the beginnings of industrialization. This stage often requires external assistance or investment. 3. TAKE-OFF Rapid industrial growth begins, and the economy shifts completely from agriculture to manufacturing. Requires investment from profits earned from overseas trade. 4. DRIVE TO MATURITY A period of growth. The economy diversifies as more industries grow (consumer goods), and technology and innovation become central. Standards of living rise, and infrastructure and institutions continue to improve. 5. HIGH MASS CONSUMPTION A period of comfort. The economy reaches a point of high productivity and wealth, with a strong consumer culture and widespread access to goods and services. Can focus on education, military and luxuries.