Develop exam 1.pdf

*Areas of development- 1. Physical 2. Cognitive 3. Social 4. Emotional *Gerontology- the study of aging process and older adults. *Adolescence- mandated to attend hs. *Emerging adulthood- early 20s. After hs, focus on becoming adult. *Late adulthood- 60s/70s young old, still active and healthy. late...

*Areas of development- 1. Physical 2. Cognitive 3. Social 4. Emotional *Gerontology- the study of aging process and older adults. *Adolescence- mandated to attend hs. *Emerging adulthood- early 20s. After hs, focus on becoming adult. *Late adulthood- 60s/70s young old, still active and healthy. late 70s old old, declines in mental and physical. *Principles of developmental psych- Multidisciplinary, predictable milestones, individual differences/ changes, impacts. *G Stanley Hall- 1st insitution for child development research *Jean Piaget- cognitive development, believe education was key, development of knowlegde and intelligence. influenced by BS intelligence test. 4 stages related to intellectual ability. *Erik Erikson- *Nature vs Nuture- biological vs environmental *Behaviorism- Only objective behaviors. Ignores the subjective. Completely nurture. Conditioning. *Psychoanalysis- uncover unconscious. become aware of the repressed that cause maladaptive symptoms. free association and dream analysis. *Evocative vs Active force- Genetics evoke reactions from other people vs Genetics causes us to choose to put ourselves into specific environments. *Person-environment fit- environment is tailored to biological tendencies and talents. *Storm and stress- G stanly hall, Adolescene. *Average life expectancy & increases- 46 in the 1900s, increasing in 20th century due to health improvements and medical advancemtns, antibiotics. 76 in 2000. *Normative vs non-normative transitions- expected (retirement, parenthood, hs) non (death of a child, war) *Cohort- age group you move through life with *Schemas- mental category. Assimlation (expanding it). Accommodation (correcting it) *Psychosocial task- Erikson. Series of crises, 8 stages. If not resolved, leads to problems in later stages. *Random assignment- for research *Classical conditioning- pairing two stimuli. Ivan Pavolv & Watson. *Operant conditioning- punishment and rewards. reinforcement. *Correlational research- not causation. two or more variables. establishes relationships. no random. third variable problem. *Experimental research- manipulation and random. *Cross sectional research- testing multiple age groups at once. differences between groups, understanding current trends. *Germinal- 1st two weeks, most dont know theyre pregnant yet. fertilization to full implantation. *Zygote- fertilized ovum, cell division begins as its travelling down fallopian tubes. *Blastocyst- hollow ball of cells during germinal stages in prep for implantation. when zygote enters uterine cavity. *Implantation- blastocyst becomes embedded into uterine wall. *Placenta- projecting from the wall of uterus, baby absorbs nutrients. *Embryonic/ Embryo- 3rd to 8th week, now called embryo. Nerual tube forms (brain and spinal cord). *Cephalocaudal rule- growth beginning at head to toe. Head much larger. *Proximodistal rule- growth occuring from most interior to outward. arms/ legs, then hands/ feet, then fingers/ toes. *Mass-to-specific sequence- large structures then detailed refinements, head forms then eyes and ears. *Fetal/ Fetus- 9th week and beyond, final stage lasting about seven months. physical refinements, massive growth, brain development. fingernails, eyebrows, hair follicles. *Trimesters (3)- 1st, hormones trigger unpleasant. Progestrone, HCG, blood redirecting to uterus. headaches, peeing, energy loss, tender breasts. 2nd, most pleasant, needing bigger clothes, feeling baby move. 3rd mother growing, uncomfortable. backaches, cramps, numbness, heartburn. through irregular contractions, baby begins sinking into birth canal. *Neonatal intensive care unit- treats at risk newborns with low birth weight or low apgar result. *Birthing stages- (3) 1. Dilation & Effacement. 2. Birth, fetus moves from uterus to birth canal 3. Expulsion of placenta, maybe infection if not. *C-section- delivering surgically by extracting baby through abdominal wall & uterus. *Epidural- anesthesia, injected into small space outside spinal cord. Pro, pain management with mom still aware, con slows delivery. *Conception- *Chromosomes- threadlike dna strand located in nucleues, carries genes and hereditary info. 23 pairs/ 46 total. *Down syndrome- Extra 21st chromosome, 47 total. Intellectual disability, susceptibility to heart disease, leukemia and alzheimers, plus other health problems. Flat facial profile, upward slant eyes, stocky body, large tongue. Risks increase with age of mom. *Tertogen & principles- toxins that flow through the placenta and harms baby. infectious diseases, meds, drugs, environmental like pollution. Sensitive period when most vulnerable, most damage to structures typically occurs during embryonic stage. brain can be affected throughout. learning impairment from exposure during 2nd or 3rd trimester. tresholds are unknown. *Smoking danger- low birth weight, nicotine constricts blood vessels/ blood flow to baby, reduction of nutrients. increased risk of hyperactivity and difficulty regulating sleeping patterns. *Fetal alcohol syndrome- birth defects, low birth weight, smaller brain, facial abnormalities, flattened face, wider eyes, intellectual disability, seizures, hyperactivity. *Dilation & effacement- Cervix dilates, size of dime to coffee cup sweating, nausea. *Contractions- help dilation/effacement process, quickens from 30 mins intervals to few mins apart. Painful, causes sweating and nausea. *Crowning- Babies head emerges. Shoulders rotate and slithers out. *Quickening- the first time feeling fetus move inside the body. around 18 weeks. *Miscarriage risk- 1 in 10 during 1st trimester. 1 in 5 for those in late 30s. *Amniotic sack- surronds the fetus, insullation for protecting, water breaking. *Synaptogenesis- forming connections between neurons. very rapid at when young, slowly declines but never stops until death. responsible for all perceptions, actions, and thoughts. *Dendrites- branching fuber, receives impulse. *Cell body(soma)- sents axon instruction signal. *Axon- long nerve fiber, conducts impulses away, branch. *Synapse- gap between ones dendrite and the axon of another. *Frontal lobe- reasoning, planning, organization, emotional control, perpection. *Colic- nonstop crying during first three months, distressed by stimuli easily, usually goes away on its own in 4th month, immature nervous system. *Reflexes- Automatically programed by spinal cord. Sucking when anything touches their lips. Rooting, turns toward the touch on their cheek. Grasping when something touches their palm. Babinski, stoke foot toes spread outward. stepping, swimming. *Undernutrition- chronic overall lack of adequate food, stunts growth. *Seducing SIDS- unexplained death of healthy infant, often while sleeping....having the infant sleep on their back. *Sleeping patterns. REM Sleep- EEG looks like it does when awake, 50% of time spent for newborns, decreasing as matures. newborns sleeping 14 to 16 hours a day. 2-4 hour chunks until consolidated into overnights at 6 months old. By 1 sleeping 12 hours at night with naps. stops around 2/ kindergarten. *Soothing- childs ability to put themselves back to sleep at night, usually around six months old. kangaroo care useful, helps growth rate of premature babies. *Language development & milestones- 2-4 months cooing ooohh. 5-11 months babbling ba-ba-ba. 12 months holophrase, one word sentence. 18months- 2 yrs telegraphic speech, two word sentence. Followed by vocab explosion. *Motor development milestones- control of head, then trunk, then shoulders, then arms/legs. 5-8 months sitting without support. 7-10 standing w assistance. 8-11 crawling. 9-12 walking w assistance. 10-12 standing alone. 11-14 walking alone. *Sensorimotor stage Piaget- during first two years, babies agenda is to understand basics of physical reality. reflexes, many milestones (moving, eye sight, attachment, learning through senes and moving) ends with development of language. *Autonomy- wanting to be independent, confront challege of understanding their separate individuals. *Social cognition- *Reinforcement- *Separation/ stranger anxiety- Upset when caregiver departs / grows wary of others. *Strange situation- measuring attachment to caregiver at age 1, via separations and reunions. *Syncrony- reciprocal aspect of attachment relationship, responding emotionally in a sensitive exquisitely attuned way. the structure. *Ocytocin- bonding, nurturing, caregiving hormone. Cortisol- stress hormone *Circular reactions- repetitve action oritented habits. Primary, centered on body, develops from reflexes (1 to 4 months, anything before is reflexes). Secondary, exploring external world, reaching for toys (4 months to 1 yr. Two occuring simultaneously around 8 months). Little scientist phase, tertiary, during 2nd year of life. *Object permanence- objects exist even when out of sight. *Power assertion- ineffective socialization strategy, yelling, screaming or hitting a kid. *Sense of self (shame & pride)- Drive not fulfilled. Self conscious emotions show capacity to reflect on the self. *Early/ Head Start- federal program, provides counseling and other services for parents w kids under 3, training, home visits / day care and prep for school. *Temperament- genetic personality, inborn style of dealing with the world. Easy, Slow to warm up/ inhibited, Difficult. exhuberant. *Attachment (types, stages)- Preattachment (1st three months) & Attachment in the making (4-7 months). Secure (ideal, a secure base, may or may not be distressed, acknowlegdement or joy when reunited, easily calmed) Insecure (deviation) Avoidant (indifference when reunited, minimal emotion/ feelings expressed, disengaged) Anxious-ambivalent (intense distress, clingy, nervous, too frightened to explore, no calming down when returned) Disorganized (freezing or fear, inconsistent responses) *Attachment factors- caregiver sensivity, reading signals corrently, childs temperament, universally mainly secure. *First two stages of Erikson- 1. trust vs mistrust (birth- 1yr) 2. autonomy vs shame (1-2 yrs) *Konrad Lorenz- geese following first moving object they see for, imprinting for their survival. *Harry Harlow- monkeys, cloth warmth (preferred) vs food mother. not receiving social contact, developed behavioral abnormalities. *John Bowlby- attachment theory, influenced by harlow & lorenz. Infants stay close to caregiver to survive, sounds make adults move closer, whoever responds most to signals is primary caregiver. *Jean Piaget- cognitive development (of mental processes), education was key, influenced by intelligence test where childs got answers wrong until certain age. development of knowlegde and intelligence. 4 stages ending with adulthood. *Frontal lobe- *Egocentrism- inability to see others perspective, step back from immediate perceptions and think conceptually. doesnt understand everyone is unique, everyone sees world the same way they do, cant decenter. opposite of theory of mind. *Scaffolding- teaching new skills by entering childs ZPD and tailoring efforts to childs competence level. back off and allow more responsibility once competent. *Conservation- changing shape of substances to see if childs can go beyond the way the substance visually appears. *Centering- focus on biggest aspect, most visually striking and not taking into account other. *Identity constancy- ability to grasp the persons core self stay the same despite changes in external appearance. *Artificialism- belief that humans make everything in nature. *Working memory- *Selective attention- *Theory of mind- others have different beliefs and perspectives, important in communication skills. factors (cultural, language, family structure, social). marks beginning of concrete operational stage. *Over/under extentsion- Applying verbal labels too broadly (all things with four lefs are horses). Too narrowly (their pet is a dog but other dogs are something else). goes away through assimilation and accommodation. *Autobiographical memories- recollection of events that make up life history. earliest memory usually 3 or 4. as we get older, ability to reflect on past expierences improves, required for planning ahead. *Physical development milestones- *Gross vs fine motor skills- large muscle movements (running, jumping, boys have slight advantage, better at throwing) vs small coordinated movements (writing, drawing, instruments, girls have advantage, better at catching) *Gender segregated play- associated with members of own sex. girls are talkative, calm subdued play, small groups, collaborative. Boys are active, rambunctious, big groups, competitive. *False-belief tasks- used to test theory of mind...hiding ball under bed. *Undernourishment- causes stunting of growth and motor skills, lack of nutrition to develop bones and muscles, leads to less physical activity. *Preoperational stage Piaget- ages 2-7, egocentrism, inability to see beyond face value. *Zone of proximal development Vygotsky- gap between childs ability to solve a problem on their own,& the potential knowledge if taught by more accomplished person. *Information processing- *Jean Piaget- cognitive development unfolded naturally, in sequence, based on own experiences. stimulate thinking, trace evolution of thought through stages. universal developmental processes. physical manipulation, timing, internal processes contribute to cognitive. give amply materials and let child explore and learn on their own. education activities based on understanding of mental ability. *Lev Vygotsky- cognitive development is result of childs interaction within culture, people propel growth. different languages. education, literature, biology, role of society on cognition. social interaction, collaboration, people contribute to cognitive. instruction is critical. teachers should sensitively intervene with ZPD.