Developmental Psychology Revalida 20(1) PDF

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY REVALIDA SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT 1. ________ emphasized the purpose of behaviour as opposed to its analysis and description. A) Structuralism B) Functionalism C) Humanism D) Behaviourism 2. ________ established the first psychological laboratory in 1879. A) Joseph Gall B) John Locke C) William James D) Wilhelm Wundt 3. ________ involved the analysis of the basic elements or building blocks of the mind. A) Functionalism B) Structuralism C) Humanism D) Behaviourism 4. The founder of functionalism was: A) Sigmund Freud. B) William James. C) Wilhelm Wundt. D) E. B. Titchener 5. An important movement in psychology that emerged in the early 1970s was: A) The behaviourist movement. B) The humanist movement. C) the feminist movement. D) "Positive psychology." 6. In North America, Wilhelm Wundt's ideas were popularized by one of his students, E. B. Titchener, who gave Wundt's approach the name: A) structuralism. B) psychoanalysis. C) functionalism. D) behaviourism. 7. Which school of thought in psychology tried to identify the basic elements of sensations, images, and feelings? A) phrenology B) structuralism C) functionalism D) psychoanalysis 8. A person is asked to break down all the different components of taste when biting into an orange. This type of research would be typical in which of the following schools of psychology? A) psychoanalysis B) functionalism C) behaviourism D) structuralism 9. A person is asked to listen to the clicking of a metronome and then to report exactly what she heard. This type of research would be typical in which of the following schools of psychology? A) psychoanalysis B) functionalism C) behaviourism D) structuralism 10. During the early decades of psychology's existence as a formal discipline, three schools of psychological thought became popular. The school of ________ soon faded from psychology. A) functionalism B) structuralism C) psychoanalysis D) behaviourism 11. The approach known as structuralism was most concerned with the ________ of mental contents. A) "how" B) "why" C) "what" D) "when" 12. The essential difference between structuralists and functionalists is that structuralists focused on the ________ of behaviour, whereas functionalists focused on the ________ of behaviour. A) analysis and description; function and purpose B) function and purpose; analysis and description C) unconscious aspects; conscious aspects D) causes and consequences; basic elements 13. Freud likened the human mind to a/an ________ of which only the ________ represent(s) our conscious awareness. A) mountain; peak B) stream; waves C) iceberg; visible tip D) hand; fingertips 14. Freud is to the study of ________ as James is to the study of ________. A) dreams; behaviour B) experimental psychology; applied psychology C) unconscious; structure D) unconscious; function 15. An early approach to scientific psychology called ________ emphasized the purpose of behaviour. A) structuralism B) psychoanalysis C) functionalism D) introspection 16. Several middle-school girls watch their classmates, Nonong and Tonyo, engage in a rough- and-tumble wrestling match. The attention of the girls seems to intensify the boys' play. A psychologist trained in the functionalist perspective would wonder: A) which psychosexual stage is evoked by the presence of the girls? B) do these boys have smaller head bumps devoted to "cautiousness" than most boys? C) what is the purpose of rough-and-tumble play in the adaptive changes of early adolescence? D) did these boys experience childhood traumas that unconsciously cause aggression? 17. Structuralists asked ________ when an organism does something, whereas functionalists asked ________. A) why something happens; how something happens B) how something happens; why something happens C) what happens; how something happens D) why something happens; what happens 18. Which school of thought in psychology was influenced by the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin? A) phrenology B) structuralism C) functionalism D) psychoanalysis 19. Emelyn, a class of 1901 college graduate, wants to pursue a graduate career in psychology in order to study the ways that various actions help a person adapt to the environment. The psychological approach of ________ best matches Emelyn's interests. A) Wilhelm Wundt B) William James C) Sigmund Freud D) Joseph Gall 20. According to ________, no person can keep a secret because even if the lips are silent, he chatters with his fingertips and betrayal oozes out of him at every pore. A) Wilhelm Wundt B) William James C) Sigmund Freud D) Joseph Gall 21. Psychoanalysis is defined as: A) a theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one's own cognitive processes. B) a theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts. C) a method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behaviour without interfering with the behaviour. D) a method of psychotherapy that emphasizes how maladaptive behaviours are learned through imitations of others and through cognitive expectations. 22. The five lenses that predominate in psychology today are the: A) biological, learning, cognitive, sociocultural, and psychodynamic. B) biological, learning, cognitive, humanistic, and feminist. C) learning, cognitive, psychodynamic, humanistic, and evolutionary. D) learning, cognitive, humanistic, feminist, and evolutionary. 23. A researcher who is investigating the possibility that some mental illnesses have a genetic basis is most likely being guided by the ________ perspective. A) sociocultural B) biological C) psychodynamic D) learning 24. Professor Robert approaches questions about human behaviour from a perspective that emphasizes bodily events associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches? A) biological B) learning C) cognitive D) sociocultural 25. Cognitive researchers have contributed to psychology by: A) linking our evolutionary history to the functions of human behaviours today. B) sticking to the observable aspects of human behaviour. C) devising methods for inferring mental processes from observable behaviour. D) improving on the method of introspection by making it more objective. 26. Which modern perspective in psychology is most like functionalism? A) the biological perspective B) the cognitive perspective C) the evolutionary perspective D) the psychodynamic perspective 27. Mark has a strong desire to quit smoking. A psychologist from the biological perspective would try to help by: A) delivering a shock to Mark's wrist just as he inhales. B) probing Mark's unconscious need for oral fulfillment. C) finding a drug that reduces Mark's craving for nicotine. D) emphasizing that smoking is a decision that Mark can control. 28. Professor King approaches questions about human behaviour from a perspective that emphasizes the rewards and punishments that maintain certain specific behaviours. He does not invoke the mind to explain behaviour but sticks to what he can observe and measure directly. It is most likely that he accepts which of the following psychological approaches? A) sociocultural B) learning C) cognitive D) psychodynamic 29. Behaviourism is a part of which modern psychological perspective? A) cognitive B) learning C) sociocultural D) psychodynamic 30. Dr. Mannisto is a behaviourist who is studying the causes of excessive violence among some hockey players. She is likely to consider whether: A) the more aggressive players have experienced brain injuries. B) there is a reward for players who engage in excessive violence. C) the more aggressive players experienced emotional abuse in childhood. D) the cultural values and rules have shaped hockey players to become more violent than in the past. 31. A ________ psychologist is likely to remind us of the importance of the impact other people can have on our behaviour. A) cognitive B) biological C) behavioural D) sociocultural 32. Professor Mario approaches questions about human behaviour from a perspective that emphasizes how people reason, remember, understand language, and solve problems. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches? A) biological B) learning C) cognitive D) sociocultural 33. Bebang approaches questions about human behaviour from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches? A) sociocultural B) learning C) cognitive D) psychodynamic 34. Which modern psychological perspective is most controversial? A) sociocultural B) learning C) cognitive D) psychodynamic 35. Humanist psychology primarily arose as a reaction to: A) the biological and learning perspectives. B) the psychodynamic perspective. C) the cognitive and sociocultural perspectives. D) psychoanalysis and behaviourism. 36. Which of the following approaches to psychology would probably be least concerned with unconscious processes? A) psychoanalytic theory B) functionalism C) cognitive psychology D) behaviorism 37. In order to demonstrate the principles of behaviorism, John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner famously proved that they could teach an 11-month old child to be afraid of a __________. A) black spider. B) white rat. C) loud bell. D) strange man. 38. Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research? A) A survey of daydreams. B) An analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired. C) The mighty unconscious: Are we servants of its whim? D) I’m okay, you’re okay. All the rest are nuts. 39. Which of the following pairs is associated with the earliest development of behaviorism? A) Pavlov and Watson B) Skinner and Thorndike C) Skinner and Pavlov D) Watson and James 40. Which pair of scientists shared the most similar views of behavior? A) William James and Wilhelm Wundt B) B.F. Skinner and Max Wertheimer C) Carl Rogers and Edward Titchener D) Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson 41. A boy is taught to fear a rat by pairing the rat with a frightening noise. This is an example of __________. A) Modeling. B) Shaping. C) Social learning. D) Conditioning. 42. You attend a lecture by a psychologist who keeps using terms like reaching one’s potential and self-actualization. This psychologist has been most influenced by the theories of ____________? A) John Locke B) Plato C) William James D) Abraham Maslow 43. What is the main distinction between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist? A) A psychiatrist can work independently in a private practice, while a clinical psychologist must work for a clinic. B) A psychiatrist has a medical degree and a clinical psychologist does not. C) A psychiatrist can work with clients of any age, while a clinical psychologist can only work with children and young adults. D) A psychiatrist works in a hospital, while a clinical psychologist works in private practice. 44. The view that knowledge originates through experience is called __________. A) scientology B) structuralism C) empiricism D) functionalism 45. Lizette is having a conversation with her sister, Drew, who happens to be a psychology researcher. “You know, I really don’t understand how you can claim that psychology is a science,” Lizette says. “You just ask questions and guess as to what the right answer is!” Drew smiles at Lizette and says “Well, I don’t think that you understand much about psychology, sis! We believe in empiricism, which means that A) “the use of logic is an adequate means with which to draw conclusions to problems.” B) “new knowledge comes from our experiences.” C) “there really is no right or wrong, but rather just individual perspectives.” D) as long as you cannot disprove a researcher’s findings, that research is valid.” 46. __________ is often credited as being the father of modern psychology. A) Wilhelm Wundt B) Plato C) Sigmund Freud D) William James 47. Titchener believed psychologists should analyze complex experiences in terms of __________. A) individual emotions and sensations. B) a stream of consciousness. C) learned behaviors. D) actualizing experiences. 48. The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called __________, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person’s experiences. A) intervention B) introspection C) introjection D) induction 49. Which of the following terms belong together? A) structuralism; observable behavior B) Gestalt; parts C) psychoanalysis; free will D) purpose; functionalism 50. A psychologist who adheres to the functionalist school of thought is staring at a banana. Which of the following statements is she most likely to make? A) I see a long, curved, yellow object with a dark stem at one end. B) I think that banana would really take the edge off of my hunger right now. C) I see a banana. D) I see a series of curved lines converging at two points, with the color yellow in between them. There is also a small “u”-shaped line connected to one conversion point for the other lines. The color brown is inside of it. 51. William James is to functionalism as __________ is to Gestalt psychology. A) Helmut Stricker B) Carl Jung C) Max Wertheimer D) Carl Rogers 52. Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the early perspectives of structuralism and functionalism? A) Neither perspective is still actively endorsed, but both perspectives had influence on modern topics in psychology. B) Structuralism died out almost immediately, but functionalism remains a driving force in the field of psychology. C) Structuralism turned into the psychoanalytic school of thought, and functionalism turned into the behavioral school of thought in psychology. D) Structuralism and functionalism remain the two most widely held perspectives in the field of psychology. 53. A psychologist who adheres to the Gestalt school is staring at a banana. Which of the following statements is she most likely to make? A) I see a long, curved, yellow object with a dark stem at one end. B) I think that banana would really take the edge off of my hunger right now. C) I see a banana. D) I see a series of curved lines converging at two points, with the color yellow in between them. There is also a small “u”-shaped line connected to one conversion point for the other lines. The color brown is inside of it. 54. When a person looks at a house, a Gestalt psychologist says that they see A) an image that is filtered through their need to re-experience their past homes. B) a philosophical mystery regarding the permanence of any object. C) a collection of doors and windows. D) a house. 55. While on a visit to a large city, you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seem to move. Which perspective in psychology would most likely help you understand this phenomenon? A) structuralism B) interpretive functionalism C) Gestalt psychology D) evolutionary psychology 56. You are trying to convince a friend to go out for a night on the town, but she refuses, saying “I just have so much to get done and I don’t want to leave it until the last minute.” You try to convince her to stop being so responsible and to have some fun, but she refuses. Finally, in a fit of frustration, you yell “Why are you so anal all of the time?” Your friend, a psychology major, laughs at you and says “Gee, I didn’t know that you believed in the psychological theories of __________.” A) B.F. Skinner B) Charles Darwin C) Abraham Maslow D) Sigmund Freud 57. According to Freud, human beings are motivated primarily by __________ drives, forbidden desires, and traumatic childhood memories. A) sexual B) primary C) secondary D) immature 58. What scientific limitation was shared by structuralism, functionalism, and psychoanalytic theory? A) All three theories proposed that women were naturally inferior to men. B) All three theories were difficult, if not impossible, to test scientifically. C) All three theories were developed in Europe, and therefore do not apply to people from other continents. D) All three theories opposed the prevailing religious views of their times. 59. Proponents of the __________ school of thought felt that psychology should concentrate on observable behavior that can be directly measured and recorded. A) Gestalt B) psychodynamic C) behavioral D) cognitive 60. What would have been John B. Watson’s biggest objection to the theories of Sigmund Freud and the psychodynamic school of thought? A) The unconscious is not the same in every human being, and so it is not a stable concept that can be explored scientifically. B) Freud’s theories do not acknowledge that there is any influence of our environment upon our psychological development. C) Freud’s theories, and the psychodynamic approach that followed, were far too conservative and limited by the Victorian times in which he lived. D) Freud’s main concept, the unconscious, was an internal process that could not be observed, measured, or validated. 61. Psychologists who focus on unconscious processes in their study of human behavior take a _________ perspective A) Evolutionary B) Psychodynamic C) Socio-Cultural D) Cognitive 62. Which type of psychologist was most likely to use the technique of introspection? A) Structuralist B) Behaviourist C) Cognitive D) Humanist 63. Isabel is listening to a piece of classical music and tape recording all her feelings and impressions as she experiences them. Which school of psychology was well known for using this sort of technique? A) Humanism B) Structuralism C) Functionalism D) Behaviorism 64. What is the term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thoughts? A) Phenomenological flow B) Stream of consciousness C) Transcendental meditation D) Existential awareness 65. Which theoretical orientation insisted that observations be verifiable? A) Behaviourism B) Functionalism C) Psychoanalysis D) Structuralism 66. Lynelle is crying because her brother just punched her in the arm. Lynelle’s mother asks her what she did just before she was punched. In looking for a link between her daughter’s actions and her son’s response to those actions, which type of analysis is Lynelle’s mother using? A) Structuralist B) Behaviourist C) Psychoanalytic D) Functionalist 67. According to Sigmund Freud, what determines an individual’s personality? A) Striving for superiority B) Forces of the unconscious C) Self-actualizing tendencies D) Forces in the environment 68. How did Freud’s theories about human behaviour differ from prevailing viewpoints in the early 1900s? A) He proposed the existence of free will B) He saw people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behavior C) He emphasized the environmental forces of the behavior D) He saw abnormal behaviors as resulting from biological causes. 69. “Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes.” These words would most likely have been said by which theorist? A) Wilhelm Wundt B) Abraham Maslow C) B.F. Skinner D) William James 70. A group of psychologists is conducting research to determine whether people eat more when they are in the presence of environmental stimuli such as loud noises or flashing lights. Which perspective in psychology do these scientists most likely follow? A) Behavioural B) Humanistic C) Psychodynamic D) Structuralist 71. Which of the following groups of psychologists would be most likely to focus on individual uniqueness, freedom, and potential for growth as a person? A) Behavioural B) Humanistic C) Psychodynamic D) Structuralist 72. Which type of psychologist would be least likely to generalize from studies of animal subjects to human behaviour? A) Humanistic B) Behavioural C) Psychodynamic D) Structuralist 73. Oliver is studying motivation in chimpanzees. His roommate doesn’t think that Oliver’s research will produce much useful information about human motivation because he believes that information from animal studies will not provide meaningful information about human experiences. Which perspective does Oliver’s roommate apparently take? A) Behavioural B) Psychodynamic C) Structuralist D) Humanistic 74. What do humanists believe governs people’s behaviour? A) Unconscious sexual urges B) Biochemical processes C) Conscience D) Self-concept 75. Micha tends to be very passive and allows people to take advantage of him. What would a humanist most likely say about Micha? A) Micha simply needs to take an assertiveness training class in which he can learn and practise assertive behaviours B) Micha should undergo analysis so that he can begin to resolve whatever unconscious conflict is at the root of his passivity C) Micha will find it difficult to change because he probably has deep-seated feelings of inferiority D) Micha can become more assertive once he begins to feel better about himself and recognizes that he has the ability to fulfill his potential 76. Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to stress that each person has a drive to grow and fulfill his or her potential? A) Sigmund Freud B) F. Skinner C) Abraham Maslow D) Stanley Hall 77. Which psychology approach examines behavioural processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations? A) Evolutionary B) Physiological C) Cognitive D) Clinical 78. Psychology is based on systematic observation rather than pure reasoning or common sense. What is another way of saying this? A) Psychology is empirical B) Psychology is rational C) Psychology is behavioral D) Psychology is speculative 79. Maggie was sent to the school psychologist for an intelligence test. Based on the results of that test, it was decided that she would do well in the gifted child program. This is an example of which goal of psychology? A) Describing behavior B) Explaining Behavior C) Predicting Behavior D) Controlling Behavior 80. Luther is a graduate student in clinical psychology, and his thesis research centers around uncovering the precursors of generalized anxiety disorder in college undergraduates. The main question he is asking is, “Why do college undergraduate students seem more susceptible to the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder than non-students of the same age?” Which goal of psychology is Luther’s research exploring? A) Description B) Explanation C) Prediction D) Control PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT 1. What is the single cell formed from the union of sperm and ovum? A) Neural Tube B) Dendrites C) Zygote D) Embryo 2. The branches or extensions at the top of neurons that allow contact with other neurons and so form neural networks. A) Synapses B) Dendrites C) Cortex D) Midbrain 3. The gap between neurons across which the neural signal is passed. A) Cortex B) Forebrain C) Dendrites D) Synapses 4. Hose-shaped structure forming the basis of the brain and spinal cord in the embryo A) Spinal Cord B) Temporal Lobe C) Neural Tube D) Dendrites 5. The production of neurons in the embryo A) Neuronal migration B) Neurogenesis C) Synaptogenesis D) Myelinisation 6. The growth of fatty insulating coating along axon of the neuron A) Neuronal Migration B) Neurogenesis C) Synaptogenesis D) Myelinisiation 7. What is the rapid growth of dendrites to form neural connections or synapses? A) Neurogenesis B) Synaptogenesis C) Myelinisation D) Neuronal migration 8. What is the earliest sensory channel to develop? A) Smell B) Sight C) Touch D) Sound 9. It is estimated that about 3% of newborns have some congenital malformation – that is, a problem present at birth. These are due to either noxious or damaging environmental factors known as A) Teratogens B) Estrogen C) Dopamine D) Pheromones 10. _______ is especially destructive in the first few month of prenatal life when it can cause damage to the developing eyes, ears, heart, brain, resulting in visual and auditory impairments and heart abnormalities A) Rugby B) Chocolate C) Rubella D) Ebola 11. Birth is initiated by chemical communication between mother and baby. After about ______, the fetus is ready to arrive in the world. A) 40 weeks B) 38 weeks C) 39 weeks D) 28 weeks 12. The organ which connects to the wall of the mother’s uterus, and which connects to the fetus by the umbilical cord. A) Placenta B) EEG C) Neurons D) Heart 13. What is the procedure for testing infant perceptual and cognitive skills by presenting an item for a set number of times or trials and then comparing infant interest in the familiar item with interest in a novel one? A) Acquisition B) Assimilation C) Familiarization D) Conditioning 14. Reflex movements, lifts head when prone on stomach, sits with support develops on A) 1-4 months B) 5-9 months C) 18-30 months D) 10-17 months 15. A person’s knowledge or awareness of their own cognition. Sometimes referred to as knowledge about knowledge. A) Object Permanence B) Cognition C) Metacognition D) Metaphysics 16. The understanding that objects exist even when they have disappeared from the view. A) Object Visibility B) Object Permanence C) Assimilation D) Accommodation 17. Within Piagetian theory, this is the revision of older knowledge structures to take account of new information. A) Object Visibility B) Object Permanence C) Assimilation D) Accommodation 18. Within Piagetian theory, this is the process of taking new information into existing knowledge structures. A) Object Permanence B) Object Visibility C) Assimilation D) Accommodation 19. ______ is the selective processing of some stimulus or event and is essential for acquiring information about the world. A) Attention B) Memory C) Consciousness D) Unconscious 20. The act of mentally focusing on one of several stimuli. A) Overt Attention B) Memory C) Covert Attention D) Conditioning 21. What is the set of processes for storing information in the networks of the brain and for later being able to retrieve or reactivate that stored information by either recognition or recall? A) Learning B) Education C) Memory D) Drive 22. A central aspect of knowledge development in infancy is ______, which allows for the grouping or organization of items based on similarity. A) Concepts B) Categorisation C) Grouping D) Classifying 23. The concept of _______ refers to an understanding of the difference between living and non-living things. A) Idolizing B) Animacy C) Religion D) Faith 24. A strong enduring affectionate bond and infant shares with a significant individual, usually the mother, who knows and responds well to the infant’s needs. A) Attachment B) Affection C) Love D) Aggression 25. What is the role of genetics in forming our behavior, our personality or any other part of ourselves? A) Nature B) Nurture C) Tabula rasa D) Generativity 26. ______ is the role of the family, society, education, and other social factors in forming our behavior. A) Generativity B) Nurture C) Nature D) Social Modeling 27. Life Span development begins with _____ and ends with ______ A) Birth; death B) Infancy; Old age C) Conception; old age D) Conception; death 28. Which philosophical view assumes that the child’s mind at birth is a blank slate? A) Original Sin B) Tabula Rasa C) Determinism D) Innate Goodness 29. _______ refers to the increase in the number of an individual’s cells. Usually takes place through metabolic processes from within. A) Growth B) Maturation C) Seizure D) Malignant 30. ______ concerns the more or less automatic unfolding of biological potential in a set, irreversible sequence. Also concerns the development of the individual’s organ and limbs in relation to their ability to function. A) Growth B) Maturation C) Seizure D) Malignant 31. The most frequent expression of fear in older infants is to ______________ A) Unfamiliar adults B) Unfamiliar objects or places C) Animals D) Dark rooms 32. Research on the relationship between caregiving and attachment style shows that _______________ A) Sensitive caregiving distinguishes securely from insecurely attached infants B) Because attachment is primarily influenced by genetic factors, child rearing has little impact on attachment security C) Resistant infants tend to have mothers who are minimally involved in caregiving and unresponsive to infant signals D) A disorganized/disoriented attachment style is an adaptive response to child abuse and neglect 33. When 2-year-old Elijah points to himself in a photo and says “me”, he is demonstrating ________________ A) Sociability B) Intermodal perception C) Knowledge of the categorical self D) Self-recognition 34. Many theorists believe that self-awareness develops as infants and toddlers realize that ______________ A) Their needs will be met by sensitive caregivers B) Their actions cause objects and people to react in predictable ways C) Other people have emotions similar to their own D) They can organize their own behavior to comply with social categories 35. From early to middle childhood, the frontal lobe areas devoted to ______________ grow rapidly A) Spatial skills B) Abstract thinking C) Alertness and consciousness D) Inhibiting impulses and planning and organizing behavior 36. During the Strange Situation, 18 month-old Stefan seems unresponsive to his mother. He shows no reaction when his mother leaves the room, and he does not even look up when she returns. Stefan is displaying ___________________ attachment A) Secure B) Resistant C) Avoidant D) Disorganized 37. How is lateralization different from right-handers versus left-handers? A) Language skills are housed in the right hemisphere for right-handers and in the left hemisphere for left-handers B) Language skills are shared between both hemispheres for right-handers C) Language skills are shared between both hemispheres for left-handers D) The brains of right-handers tend to be less strongly lateralized than those of left-handers 38. Which of the following statements about preschoolers’ memory is true? A) Both recognition and recall memory are remarkably good during the preschool years B) Preschoolers perform poorly on both recognition and recall tasks C) Preschoolers’ recall is far greater than their recognition D) Preschoolers’ recognition is far greater than their recall 39. Most 3-year-olds understand that ___________________ A) Both desires and beliefs affect people’s behavior B) A person can think about something without seeing, touching, or talking about it C) False beliefs can guide people’s actions D) Other people have different beliefs and knowledge than their own 40. Which of the following is consistently related to preschoolers’ language progress? A) Adults’ correction of children’s grammatical mistakes B) Children’s interaction with more skilled speakers C) Attending an academic preschool program D) Early phonics instruction 41. Children are first able to draw representational forms, such as a picture of a person, at age _________________________ A) 1 to 2 B) 3 to 4 C) 5 to 6 D) 7 to 8 42. The first outward sign of puberty is ______________ A) Voice deepening B) Body and/or facial hair C) Menarche or spermache D) Rapid growth 43. Which of the following is an example of a secondary sexual characteristic? A) Breast development B) Testes C) Ovaries D) Menarche 44. Researchers today believe that __________________ determine adolescent psychological change A) Sexual impulses B) Biological forces solely C) Social forces solely D) Biological and social forces jointly 45. The average girl has completed her growth by what age? A) 13 B) 14 C) 15 D) 16 46. __________________, biological aging, or senescence, begins A) At birth B) Once adolescents reach puberty C) Once body structures reach maximum capacity D) Around age 45 47. In middle age, _____________ is the leading cause of death for both men and women A) Cardiovascular disease B) Stroke C) Cancer D) Unintentional injury 48. Robert, a 58-year-old man, has a dominant personality type. In conversation with others, he often interrupts or talks over then, and he regularly lashes out angrily at neighbors, family members, and service people. Because of his hostile emotional style, Robert _____________ A) May be at reduced risk of heart disease compared to those who “bottle up” their emotions B) Likely utilizes a problem-centered coping style C) Is at an increased risk for heart disease, high blood pressure, and stroke D) Is only at increased risk for health problems if he also smokes and/or is overweight 49. Compared to younger adults, middle-aged adults ______________ A) Are less realistic about their ability to change situations B) Are more likely to use emotion-centered coping C) Have more difficulty coping with stress D) Tend to cope with stress more effectively 50. Ellen is worried about developing cataracts or macular degeneration. To reduce her risk of developing these conditions, she can ________________ A) Spend fewer hours working on the computer B) Wear glasses for reading C) Take a daily multivitamin D) Eat a diet rich in green, leafy vegetables 51. Why is the face especially likely to show signs of aging, such as creasing, sagging, and moles? A) The face is especially vulnerable to effects of hot and cold temperatures B) People tend to wait until middle adulthood to take adequate care of their face C) The face is frequently exposed to the sun D) The muscles of the face are the first to lose their strength 52. The two leading causes of death in old age are _______________ A) Stroke and pneumonia B) Cardiovascular disease and cancer C) Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease D) Stroke and emphysema 53. Which of the following is most likely to be an early symptom of Alzheimer’s disease? A) Forgetting an appointment B) Inability to recall a long-ago event C) Paranoia D) Change in personality 54. A 23-year-old patient is terminally ill. After a long struggle, she realizes that death is inevitable and begins to make preparations for her funeral and burial. This patient is most likely in which of Kubler-Ross’ stage of dying? A) Acceptance B) Bargaining C) Denial D) Depression 55. A child who is in first grade has messy handwriting, does not know the alphabet, and is easily distracted during class. He has difficulty sitting still for more than a few minutes at a time and his parents describe him as very fidgety. These findings are characteristic of which childhood problem? A) Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder B) Dysgraphia C) Dyslexia D) Emotional disturbance 56. A 60-year-old man runs a 100-yard dash and feels very short of breath. This never happened to him 20 years ago. This reflects which common physiological change that occurs with aging? A) Lower hormone levels B) Less cardiovascular efficiency C) Declining agility D) Slower neural conduction 57. A 14 year old acts responsibly, makes decisions independently, and accepts the consequences of inappropriate behavior. The parents of this adolescent probably relied most upon which parenting style? A) Authoritarian B) Authoritative C) Permissive D) Restrictive 58. Infants who are deaf usually begin to babble at the same age as infants who can hear, even though their vocal language development does not continue. Which concept is illustrated by this situation? A) Learning B) Maturation C) Modeling D) Reinforcement 59. What usually happens to hearing in middle adulthood? A) Females and males both experience very little hearing loss B) Females and males both experience the same amount of hearing loss C) Males experience more hearing loss than females do D) Females experience more hearing loss than males do 60. What is the relationship between age and plasticity in the brain? Plasticity is A) Greater at younger ages B) Greater at older ages C) Greatest at age 35 and then declines D) Constant throughout the life span 61. When a one-week-old infant is held upright so that her feet just touch a surface, which reflex is most likely to occur? A) Babinski B) Moro C) Plantar D) Stepping 62. At what age do infants typically first display the ability to turn the head in the direction of a sound? A) At birth B) One week C) Two weeks D) Three weeks 63. The second stage of labor in the birth process is characterized by which occurrence? A) The cervix starts to dilate B) Contractions expel the placenta C) The newborn is delivered D) The amniotic sac breaks 64. A common temporary psychological state right after childbirth when a new mother may have sudden mood swings, feeling very happy, then very sad, cry for no apparent reason, feel impatient, unusually irritable, restless, anxious, lonely, and sad. A) Anxiety B) Neurosis C) Baby Blues D) Separation Anxiety 65. Stress hormones such as ______ and epinephrine are released by the body in situations that are interpreted as being potentially dangerous. A) Dopamine B) Serotonin C) Cortisol D) Pheromone 66. 9-year-old Thomas can easily sort sticks of different lengths from smallest to largest. This ability is called __________________ A) Seriation B) Classification C) Cognitive mapping D) Conservation 67. Preschoolers and young school-age children are likely to ________________ A) Include landmarks on the map they draw B) Give clear, well organized directions C) Have a general mental map of a large area D) Omit landmarks on the map they draw 68. During childhood and adolescence, perceived ________________ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than any other self-esteem factor. A) Academic competence B) Social competence C) Physical/athletic competence D) Physical appearance 69. In middle childhood, pride and guilt are governed by ________________________ A) Personal responsibility B) Self-esteem C) Temperament D) Academic performance 70. In adolescence, ___________________ A) Self-esteem declines sharply B) Self-esteem generally rises C) Authoritarian child rearing predicts high self-esteem D) Individual differences in self-esteem become less stable 71. During early adolescence, gender intensification _______________ A) Is stronger for boys B) Is stronger for girls C) Is equally strong for both boys and girls D) Declines sharply 72. Who is likely to be the most popular student in the fifth-grade class? A) Helmut, who is the tallest boy in the class B) Jeff, who is the statistician for the basketball team C) Hara, who is below average in height and physical maturity D) Sally, who is the most sexually mature girl in the class 73. Compared with younger children, adolescents ________________ when describing themselves A) Are more critical and negative B) More often mention contradictory traits C) Are less likely to use qualifiers, such as fairly or kind of D) Place less emphasis on social virtues 74. Studies on menopause reveal that ___________________ A) Complaints about sexual functioning decrease during menopause B) Hot flashes and night sweats accompanying menopause are often debilitating C) Most women experience episodes of depression during menopause D) Complaints about sexual functioning increase during menopause 75. One large-scale study revealed that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) caused a mild increase in ______________ among other conditions A) Irritability B) Depression C) Heart attacks D) Migraines 76. According to the neural network view, what causes age-related slowing of cognitive processing? A) Neurons increase in size, resulting in a crowding effect B) Neurons die, resulting in the formation of less efficient connections C) The neural network is adversely affected by changes in the balance of neurotransmitters D) Information loss increases as it moves through the cognitive system 77. With respect to memory in midlife, _____________ A) The amount of information people can retain in working memory diminishes B) Adults more often use memory strategies of rehearsal, organization, and elaboration C) The amount of information people can retain in working memory increases D) Adults have great difficulty compensating for memory problems 78. The term “menarche” refers to the: A) onset of male sexual potency. B) first menstrual period. C) development of the primary sex characteristics. D) cessation of menstruation. 79. Which of the following is one of the most frequently reported type of elder maltreatment? A) Physical abuse B) Financial abuse C) Sexual abuse D) Racial discrimination 80. According to disengagement theory, declining rates of interaction in late adulthood are caused by _________________ A) Social barriers to engagement B) Life-long selection processes C) The desires of elders to reduce social interaction D) Mutual withdrawal between elders and society in anticipation of death 81. Activity theory fails to acknowledge ___________________ A) The social barriers to engagement faced by many elders B) The psychological changes in old age C) Elders’ desire to stay active and busy D) The increased happiness of socially active elders 82. An example of a primary sex characteristic is a: A) woman’s ovaries. B) man’s larynx. C) woman’s breasts. D) man’s adrenal glands. 83. Joey has shot up in height over the past year, has developed a deeper voice, and is starting to grow facial hair. He is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Which of the following periods of development is Joey in? A) Middle childhood B) Adolescence C) Early adulthood D) Late childhood 84. Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Her thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic. She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gains in height and weight. Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in? A) Middle Childhood B) Late adulthood C) Late childhood D) Adolescence 85. __________ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children. A) Early adulthood B) Late adolescence C) Middle adulthood D) Late adulthood 86. Katie-Lou is 88 years old. Katie would most likely be characterized as: A) Young-old B) Old-old C) Oldest-old D) Late-old 87. What period of human development brings the most rapid time of change? A) the prenatal period B) infancy and toddlerhood C) early childhood D) adolescence 88. During which period of development do children form their first intimate ties to others? A) the prenatal period B) infancy and toddlerhood C) early childhood D) middle childhood 89. Charlotte is long and lean. She engages in make-believe play and has a blossoming sense of morality. Charlotte is probably in which period of human development? A) the prenatal period B) infancy and toddlerhood C) early childhood D) middle childhood 90. Dreaded period is when mental and physical abilities begin to deteriorate. This transition is in the stage of: A) adulthood B) adolescence C) middle adulthood D) late adulthood 91. Boys first begin producing sperm during: A) embryonic development. B) fetal development. C) the first year after birth. D) puberty. 92. The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth is known as a(n): A) embryo B) fetus C) zygote D) neonate 93. Newborn infants typically prefer their mother’s voice over their father’s voice because: A) their rooting reflex is naturally triggered by higher-pitched sounds. B) they rapidly habituate to lower-pitched male voices. C) they become familiar with their mother’s voice before they are born. D) they form an emotional attachment to their mother during breast-feeding. E) they have difficulty hearing lower-pitched voices during the first few days after birth. 94. Phyllis, a 28-year-old heroin addict, is pregnant. Her baby will be born: A) with schizophrenia. B) a heroin addicte C) visually impaired. D) with Down syndrome. E) hyperactive. 95. Markedly increased violent crime rates among Danish men whose mothers smoked heavily during pregnancy best illustrate the lasting influence of: A) imprinting. B) crystallized intelligence. C) object permanence. D) Egocentrism E) teratogens. 96. When Joan touched her infant’s cheek, he turned his head toward the side that was touched and opened his mouth. Joan was eliciting the: A) startle reaction. B) rooting reflex. C) grasping reflex. D) attachment reflex. E) attention reflex. 97. Research indicates that 3-week-old human infants can distinguish: A) their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger. B) differences in light intensity but not differences in shape. C) their mother’s face from that of a female stranger. D) differences in sound intensity but not differences in sound quality. 98. The concept of maturation is most relevant to understanding the absence of: A) secure attachments among infants. B) bladder control among 2-year-olds. C) self-esteem among kindergarten students. D) moral behavior among adolescents. 99. Menopause is associated with a reduction in: A) adrenaline. B) testosterone. C) estrogen. D) acetylcholine. E) dopamine. 100. As people progress through late adulthood they typically experience a slight: A) decrease in brain weight. B) increase in colds and flu. C) increase in life satisfaction. D) increase in fluid intelligence PSYCHOSOCIAL 1. In Erikson’s theory, the psychological conflict of the first year, ______________, is resolved positively when a baby experiences warm, responsive caregiving A. Autonomy vs shame and doubt B. Approach vs withdrawal C. Interest vs fear D. Basic trust vs mistrust 2. According to Erikson, __________________ creates a small social organization of children who must cooperate to achieve common goals A. Play B. Child care C. Preschool D. Peer affiliation 3. Which of the following are examples of self-conscious emotions? A. Happiness and sadness B. Fear and anger C. Interest and surprise D. Shame and embarrassment 4. Frequent harsh punishment ________________________ A. Promotes positive, lasting changes in behavior when combined with induction B. Causes children to be overly sympathetic towards adults and peers C. Is more effective than induction in reducing children’s misbehavior D. Increases the likelihood that a preschooler will develop serious, lasting mental health problems 5. According to Erikson, a school-age child can develop a sense of inadequacy when adults __________________ A. Respond to the child in a negative manner B. Make demands on the child C. Emphasize behavior or overcompetence D. Overinflate the child’s confidence and self-esteem 6. In mother-custody families, _______________________ A. Boys are at greater risk for serious adjustment problems B. Girls are at greater risk for serious adjustment problems C. Boys tend to display more mature behavior, willingly taking on household tasks D. Boys and girls are at equal risk for serious adjustment problems 7. Erikson was the first to recognize _________________ as the major personality achievement of adolescence A. Intimacy B. Rationality C. Self-esteem D. Identity 8. Current theorists agree with Erikson that ______________ A. The questioning of values, plans, and priorities is necessary for a mature identity B. Most people develop a mature identity by middle adolescence C. Identity development is traumatic and disturbing D. The process of identity development is similar across cultures 9. A.J. is an identity-diffused teenager. When asked about his career goals, A.J. is likely to say, _____________________ A. “I have always wanted to be a doctor, just like my father and grandfather” B. “I don’t know. I haven’t really thought about it too much” C. “I’m trying to decide. I used to want to be a musician, and now I just don’t know if that’s practical” D. “I’ve really thought hard about that, and I’ve decided I want to work in schools and make them better places for children” 10. When asked about the meaning of friendship, teenagers stress three characteristics: _________________ A. Generosity, sincerity, and trust B. Helpfulness, proximity, and shared goals C. Fun, compatibility, and opportunity for growth or change D. Intimacy, mutual understanding, and loyalty 11. When asked whether he ever had doubts about his religious beliefs, Cody said “No,. I have gone to the same church my whole life, and I know what the truth is and what my values are.” Cody is _______________ A. Identity-achieved B. In moratorium C. Identity-foreclosed D. Identity diffused 12. The conflict of intimacy versus isolation is successfully resolved when a young adult ____________ A. Establishes a committed, mutually gratifying close relationship B. Finds a mentor in his or her field of study C. Explores a variety of romantic relationships without yet committing to just one person D. Establishes autonomy from his or her parents 13. During the age-30 transition, young people reevaluate their ______________ A. Childhood B. Sexuality C. Life structure D. Physical health 14. The 3 components of love according to Sternberg are A. Resilience, passion, and commitment B. Resilience, intimacy, and passion C. Intimacy, resilience, and commitment D. Intimacy, passion, and commitment 15. Research confirms Erikson’s belief that __________ fosters attainment of intimacy A. Generativity B. Fidelity C. Identity moratorium D. Identity achievement 16. At lunch, Louisa tells a colleague, “I’m thinking about changing jobs. I feel like I’m doing the same thing day after day. Or maybe I can save some money and start a small business in a few years. I’ve always wanted to do that, and if I don’t do it soon, it will never happen.” Louisa is discussing _______________ A. Possible selves B. Emotion-centered coping C. Environmental mastery D. Self-acceptance 17. Which of the following tends to increase in midlife? A. Stagnation B. Emotion-centered coping C. Self-absorption D. Generativity 18. For both sexes, gender identity in middle adulthood becomes more _________________ A. Feminine B. Masculine C. Androgynous D. Traditional 19. Because they must often care for multiple generations at the same time, middle-age adults are often referred to as the ______________ generation A. Glass ceiling B. Kinkeeper C. Burnout D. Sandwich 20. Women face a glass ceiling in their careers because _______________ A. They are less effective managers than men B. Modern businesses realize that the best managers display “masculine” traits C. They have less access to mentors, role models, and informal networks than men D. They are less committed to their careers than men 21. Wisdom _____________________ A. Tends to increase as a function of age, regardless of life experiences B. Is more common in early and middle adulthood than in late adulthood C. Is linked to life experiences, particularly the overcoming of adversity D. Shows no relationship to life satisfaction 22. According to Erikson, adults who arrive at a sense of integrity ____________ A. Feel ambivalence about their life choices B. Feel whole, complete, and satisfied with their achievements C. Feel contempt toward themselves and others D. Dealt with significant psychological problems early in life 23. A two year old struggles to button his shirt and angrily refuses help from his father. According to Erikson’s theory, this child is most likely in which stage of psychosocial development? A. Autonomy vs shame and doubt B. Industry vs inferiority C. Initiative vs guild D. Trust vs mistrust 24. The process of putting life in perspective occurs in which of Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development? A. Autonomy vs shame and doubt B. Integrity vs despair C. Intimacy vs isolation D. Generativity vs stagnation 25. Both work and parenthood help to address which psychosocial conflict for most adults? A. Identity vs role confusion B. Generativity vs stagnation C. Integrity vs despair D. Intimacy vs isolation 26. Each of Erikson’s stages is described as a _______ between our biological or psychological needs and the experiences we have with others and our social world. A. Fixation B. Stage C. Crisis D. Level 27. Jane, a preschooler, insists on dressing herself each morning for school, even though she generally selects mismatching outfits, misses buttons, and wears her shoes on the wrong feet. When her mother tries to dress Jane or fix her outfit, Jane brushes her mother off and insists on doing it herself. What stage of psychosocial development best describes Jane’s behavior? A. Trust vs mistrust B. Autonomy vs Shame and doubt C. Initiative vs Guilt D. Industry vs Inferiority 28. The central theme of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial stages was the development of _____. A. Personality B. Psychosocial conflict C. Social status D. Ego identity 29. At each stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, people experience a(n) ______ that serves as a turning point. A. Epiphany B. Conflict C. Paradigm shift D. Turmoil 30. The stage that occurs between birth and one year of age is concerned with _____ A. Trust vs mistrust B. Autonomy vs shame and doubt C. Identity vs role confusion D. Initiative vs guilt 31. Erikson believed that people move through a series of _____ psychosocial stages throughout the lifespan. A. 4 B. 8 C. 10 D. 12 32. The crisis that arises in young adulthood is concerned with ______ A. Trust vs mistrust B. Integrity vs despair C. Industry vs inferiority D. Intimacy vs isolation 33. Erik Erikson’s interest in identity developed as a result of ______ A. Discovering his parents had lied to him about his parentage B. His early wandering throughout Europe C. Studies of displaced social groups in the United States D. All of the Above E. None of the Above 34. According to Erikson, what is the major conflict faced during adolescence? A. Autonomy vs shame and doubt B. Intimacy vs isolation C. Identity vs role confusion D. Generativity vs Stagnation 35. Eight-year old Steven has a difficult time making friends at school. He has trouble completing his schoolwork accurately and on time, and as a result, receives little positive feedback from his teacher and parents. According to Erikson’s theory, failure at this stage of development results in _____________? A. Feelings of inferiority B. A sense of guilt C. A poor sense of self D. Mistrust 36. The central conflict in the eighth stage of Erikson’s theory focuses on integrity vs. despair and involves reflecting back on your life. Those who are unsuccessful at resolving this conflict will look back with regret, anger, and bitterness. Those who are successful will feel a sense of satisfaction with the life they have lived. According to Erikson, those who are successful in this stage emerge with A. Hope B. Fidelity C. Purpose D. Wisdom 37. Erikson is credited with coining the term ______. Each stage that came before and that follows has its own 'crisis', but even more so now, for this marks the transition from childhood to adulthood. A. Libido B. Identity Crisis C. Neurosis D. Collective Unconscious 38. During middle age the primary developmental task is one of contributing to society and helping to guide future generations. When a person makes a contribution during this period, perhaps by raising a family or working toward the betterment of society, a sense of _______ results. A. Trust B. Intimacy C. Integrity D. Generativity 39. In contrast, a person who is self-centered and unable or unwilling to help society move forward develops a feeling of _______ – a dissatisfaction with the relative lack of productivity. A. Despair B. Mistrust C. Stagnation D. Role Confusion 40. If we see our life as unproductive, or feel that we did not accomplish our life goals, we become dissatisfied with life and develop _____, often leading to depression and hopelessness. A. Stagnation B. Despair C. Role Confusion D. Isolation 41. At what stage does a child develop control over eliminative functions and motor abilities? A. Autonomy vs Shame and doubt B. Initiative vs Guilt C. Trust vs Mistrust D. Identity vs Role Confusion 42. The following are the central tasks of middle adulthood EXCEPT A. Express love through more than sexual contacts. B. Reverse roles with aging parents C. Isolation to social gatherings D. Maintain healthy patterns 43. As we grow older and become senior citizens we tend to slow down our productivity and explore life as a retired person. It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and are able to develop _____ if we see ourselves as leading a successful life. A. Identity B. Integrity C. Superiority D. Infidelity 44. As defined by Erik Erikson, a crisis: A. Will leave permanent psychological scars B. Will leave psychological scars that will eventually fade over time C. Will have a catastrophic impact on a person’s development, and will leave psychological scar that will fade over time. D. Is not a catastrophe but a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential 45. Inday responds to her infant son’s needs in a consistent and timely way. Erikson would say that Inday is helping her son to develop a sense of: A. Autonomy B. Initiative C. Trust D. Integrity 46. Two-year old Loloy is learning to talk, and his parents would say that his favorite word is “no”. This would be considered normal for a child in Erik-Erikson’s life-span stage of: A. Initiative vs Guilt B. Intimacy vs Isolation C. Autonomy vs Shame D. Trust vs Mistrust 47. Michael Williams is attempting to resolve the crisis of initiative vs guilt. According to Erik Erikson, he is most likely in ____. A. Preschool B. Elementary school C. High school D. College 48. Pilik, 16, is in the process of deciding what he wants to study in college. He wants to be a psychologist one day and a carpenter the next day and an astronaut on the latter. Erik Erikson would say Beam is in the ______ stage of development. A. Intimacy s isolation B. Identity vs identity confusion C. Initiative vs guilt D. Industry vs inferiority 49. During early adulthood, Erikson’s developmental stage of ______ occurs. A. Intimacy vs isolation B. Integrity vs despair C. Initiative vs guilt D. Industry vs inferiority 50. Insiang, age 25, has a good job as a financial analyst but she has few friendsa and has ad no success in dating. She admits that being close to other is a problem for her. Caitlin is at a risk of reaching the state of: A. Stagnation B. Guilt C. Isolation D. Shame and doubt 51. The final stage of Erikson’s developmental theory is: A. Generativity vs stagnation B. Trust vs mistrust C. Integrity vs despair D. Intimacy vs isolation 52. Ricardo Mendoza looks back on his life and feels that he failed to reach his potential, squandered opportunities, and hurt a lot of people. At 82 years of age, he know it is too late to make amends. Roger is slipping into: A. Stagnation B. Identity confusion C. Despair D. Mistrust 53. One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that: A. Freud underestimated the role of the unconscious mind in determining the life-span development of an individual. B. Erikson believed that development lasted only until the age of 20 C. Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences D. Erik Erikson overemphasized the role of sexuality in the life-span development of an individual 54. In his psychosocial theory, Erik Erikson emphasized that A. conflicts about anal control may appear if parents toilet train before children are ready. B. In addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development. C. children feel a sexual desire for the other-sex parent. D. directly observable events—stimuli and responses—are the appropriate focus of study. 55. According to Erikson, children gain insight into the person they can become through make-believe play during the __________ stage. A. basic trust versus mistrust B. autonomy versus shame and doubt C. initiative versus guilt D. industry versus inferiority 56. In contrast to Freud, Erikson A. viewed children as taking a more active role in their own development. B. focused on the impact of early experiences on later behavior. C. minimized the role of culture in individual development. D. recognized the lifespan nature of development. 57. According to Erikson, infancy is to trust as adolescence is to: A. autonomy. B. identity. C. generativity. D. integrity. 58. According to Erikson, committing oneself to meaningful social roles would be most indicative of the achievement of: A. integrity. B. autonomy. C. competence. D. initiative. E. identity. 59. Fred has no meaningful occupational goals and has switched college majors several times. Erikson would have suggested that Fred lacks: A. identity. B. initiative. C. trust. D. autonomy. E. competence. 60. Lolita vacillates between acting rebellious toward her parents and high school teachers and behaving with compliance and respect. Erikson would have suggested that Lolita’s inconsistency illustrates: A. separation anxiety. B. role confusion. C. egocentricity. D. stagnation. E. inferiority. 61. According to Erikson, later adulthood is to integrity as young adulthood is to: A. autonomy. B. Initiative. C. intimacy. D. identity. 62. Men are typically ________ socially independent and ________ interested in religion than women. A. more; more B. less; less C. more; less D. less; more 63. Erik Erikson maintained that the two basic aspects of life that dominate adulthood are: A. identity and independence. B. intimacy and identity. C. intimacy and generativity. D. independence and generativity 64. According to Erikson, the elderly can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of: A. Identity. B. Integrity. C. Initiative. D. Intimacy. E. Autonomy 65. In Erikson’s theory, the sense of integrity achieved in late adulthood refers to the feeling that: A. one’s life has been meaningful. B. one is healthy and not dependent upon others. C. one is acting ethically D. one’s life is full of close friendships. 66. Which of the following is an example of Erikson's view of integrity? A. Emily, age 72, thinks she made a valuable contribution to numerous lives during her career as a nurse. B. Joe, age 60, regrets never having children and is looking for a way to add meaning to his life. C. Amber, age 68, struggles with her health, but is optimistic that she will recover and return to live in her own home.one is acting ethically D. Jesse, age 71, is content living in a nursing home and remains active in various social activities. 67. _______ involves looking at one's experiences, evaluating them, interpreting them, and sometimes reinterpreting them. A. Disengagement B. Preoccupation C. Ego transcendence D. Life Review 68. Prejudice against older adults is called ________ A. Eldercare B. Ageism C. Racism D. Sexism 69. According to socioemotional selectivity theory, during late adulthood, emotion-related goals __________, and knowledge-related goals __________. A. increase; decrease B. increase; increase C. decrease; increase D. decrease; decrease 70. Erik Erikson’s theory explains A. Why Rhesus Monkeys preferred terry cloth maternal stand-ins versus the maternal stand- ins that provided food B. How human sexual desire is linked to the development of a personality C. When human moral development begins in an individual. D. How the actions of society help shape personalities throughout the eight basic stages of life. 71. Erikson’s theory differs from Freud’s in that Erikson believed that development A. Is completed in infancy B. Is completed in early childhood C. Is completed in adulthood D. Continues throughout the lifespan 72. Thom is an adolescent who has an awareness of uniqueness of self and knowledge of roles to be followed. He can be said to have passed through Erikson’s ________ stage of psychosocial development. A. Trust vs Mistrust B. Initiative vs Guilt C. Industry vs Inferiority D. Identity vs Role Confusion 73. Kimberly is a young woman who has a fear of relationships with others. She can be said to have had a negative outcome in Erikson’s ________ stage of psychosocial development. A. Initiative vs Guilt B. Trust vs Mistrust C. Intimacy vs Isolation D. Generativity vs Inferiority 74. As Warren looks back over his long life, he feels a sense of unity in his life’s accomplishments. He can be said to be in Erikson’s ________ stage of psychosocial development. A. Industry vs Inferiority B. Ego-integrity vs despair C. Intimacy vs Isolation D. Generativity vs Inferiority 75. During which of Erikson's stages do children begin to identify their strengths and take pleasure in their accomplishments? A. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt B. Industry vs Inferiority C. Industry vs Isolation D. Autonomy vs Inferiority 76. Which category of attachment is characterized among infants by high levels of distress during separation episodes but, upon mothers' return, an ambivalent response? A. Insecure-avoidant attachment B. Insecure-disorganized attachment C. Insecure- resistant attachment D. Secure attachment 77. Which category of attachment is characterized among infants by indifference to the departure of their mothers and avoiding mothers upon their return? A. Insecure-avoidant attachment B. Insecure-disorganized attachment C. Insecure- resistant attachment D. Secure attachment 78. John has always known that he wants to be a doctor when he grows up. His father and grandfather are both doctors. He has never explored other possibilities. What is John's occupational identity status? A. Identity Achievement B. Identity foreclosure C. Identity moratorium D. Identity diffusion 79. Liz is unsure about what she wants to be when she grows up. One week she thinks she wants to be a doctor, the next a teacher. She is actively reading everything she can about various occupations and talking to people about what they do for a living. What is Liz's occupational identity status? A. Identity Achievement B. Identity foreclosure C. Identity moratorium D. Identity diffusion 80. During the early to middle childhood period, characteristics of a typical child's self- concept include which of the following? A. Trait labels that focus on abilities B. Integration of positive and negative characteristics C. Separate concepts for physical, social, and cognitive abilities D. Focus on interpersonal characteristics COGNITIVE A. The most recent revision of Bandura’s theory places such strong emphasis on how children think about themselves and other people that he calls it a approach. A. social learning B. social-cognitive C. behavior modification D. psychosocial 2. Sydney views herself as hardworking and high-achieving. She believes that she will succeed if she relies on her abilities. Sydney has developed a sense of A. generativity. B. Industry C. self-efficacy. D. equilibrium. 3. Accordingly to Jean Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, children A. actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. B. acquire new social values as sexual instincts die down. C. gradually become more selective in what they imitate. D. develop within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment. 4. If one individual has influenced the contemporary field of child development more than any other, it is A. Sigmund Freud. B. Erik Erikson. C. B. F. Skinner. D. Jean Piaget. 5. Central to Piaget’s view of development is the concept of A. modeling. B. reinforcement. C. adaptation. D. cultural identity. 6. According to Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, A. children’s understanding is different from adults’. B. development must be understood in relation to each child’s culture. C. children gradually develop adaptive behaviors. D. rapid development occurs during a sensitive period 7. According to Piaget’s theory, cognitive development begins in the stage. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational 8. During a loud thunderstorm, 16-month-old Owen looks to his parents, who remain calm and relaxed. As a result, Owen does not appear afraid of the storm. This example illustrates ______________ A. Emotional contagion B. A secure base C. Basic trust D. Social referencing 9. Piaget believed that the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking is __________________ A. Trouble with making dual representations B. Magical thinking C. Egocentrism D. Centration 10. As preschoolers develop self-concepts, they are likely to describe themselves ___________________ A. Using concrete, observable characteristics B. Using direct references to personality traits C. In the third person D. In terms of various family and social roles 11. Gender schema theory _______________________ A. Maintains that genetic factors are more powerful on gender typing than environmental factors B. Emphasizes development of gender stereotyped beliefs through identification with the same-sex parent C. Focuses on the role of modeling and reinforcement in gender identity development D. Emphasizes how environmental pressures and children’s cognition work together to shape gender role development 12. According to Sternberg’s triarchic theory of successful intelligence, ___________________ intelligence reminds us that intelligent behavior is never free of cultural influence A. Analytical B. Creative C. Practical D. Emotional 13. Which of Gardner’s multiple intelligences deal with the ability to discriminate complex inner feelings? A. Intrapersonal B. Interpersonal C. Logico-mathematical D. Naturalistic 14. In school-age children, concrete operational thought is limited in that ______________ A. They have difficulty with reversibility tasks B. They are unable to focus on more than one aspect of a problem C. They do not consider the perspective of others D. Their mental operations work poorly with abstract ideas 15. Unlike Piaget, information-processing theorists ____________________ A. Focus on overall cognitive change B. Examine separate aspects of thinking C. Fail to consider biological contributions to cognitive development D. View development as a discontinuous restructuring of children’s thinking 16. Piaget’s pendulum problem, in which participants separate and test different variables in order to arrive at a solution, illustrates his belief that __________________ begins in adolescence A. Hypothetic-deductive reasoning B. Concrete operational thinking C. Propositional thought D. Logical thinking 17. 20-year-old Dominic explored the possibility of becoming a teacher by tutoring in an after- school program and interviewing several of his previous teachers about their career choice. He then decided to major in education. Dominic is in the _______________ period of vocational development A. Fantasy B. Tentative C. Realistic D. Acquisition 18. Adulthood involves movement from ____________ to ______________ A. Relativistic thinking; dualistic thinking B. Cognitive-affective complexity; hypothetical thought C. Hypothetical thought; pragmatic thought D. Pragmatic thought; emotional intelligence 19. Piaget believed that the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking is __________________ A. Trouble with making dual representations B. Magical thinking C. Egocentrism D. Centration 20. Gender schema theory _______________________ A. Maintains that genetic factors are more powerful on gender typing than environmental factors B. Emphasizes development of gender stereotyped beliefs through identification with the same-sex parent C. Focuses on the role of modeling and reinforcement in gender identity development D. Emphasizes how environmental pressures and children’s cognition work together to shape gender role development 21. It refers to the relatively permanent change in the individual’s behavior which is the result of one’s experience. A. Memory B. Learning C. Conditioning D. Rehearsing 22. The unlearning/elimination of the conditioned response when presented with the conditioned stimulus repeatedly without unconditioned stimulus which it had been previously associated is called _______ A. Habituation B. Recovery C. Extinction D. Conditioning 23. The reappearance of an extinguished response after some time has passed is called _______ A. Habituation B. Spontaneous Recovery C. Recall D. Instrumental Conditioning 24. This is another complex form of associative learning in which the learner takes an active part in the learning process, before receiving a reward or punishment. A. Classical Conditioning B. Instrumental Conditioning C. Rehearsing D. Scaffolding 25. It is a reinforcing factor A. Drive B. Reward C. Punishment D. Shock 26. This is a method that strengthens behavior by introducing a pleasant stimulus. A. Reinforcement B. Punishment C. Discrimination D. Conditioning 27. This is a form of reinforcement that involves a particular behavior that is strengthened by the consequence of the removal or omission of a negative or annoying condition. A. Reinforcer B. Positive reinforcement C. Negative Reinforcement D. Punishment 28. It is a means of giving up and quietly submitting to punishment without recourse to escape. A. Learned Helplessness B. Submission C. Resilience D. Despair 29. A man who is telling certain jokes at a bar may tell the same jokes at restaurants, parties, or wedding receptions. This is an example of behavior learned in one situation that can be performed in similar situations. It is called ________ A. Discrimination B. Generalization C. Humor Psychology D. Stimulus-Response 30. A man who learns telling his jokes in a serious business meeting will not make people laugh in the church; more so, he can only tell jokes when he is at a loud, festival occasion. This behavior is called _______ A. Generalization B. Modification C. Discrimination D. Stimulus-Response 31. This Theory deals with ways in which cognition is developed in the individual A. Psychoanalysis B. Cognitive Development C. Psychosocial D. Moral E. Behaviorism 32. Jean Piaget, a famous Swiss psychologists, explain that as a child interacts with his environment, he acquires concept or _____, the rules that describe properties of certain environmental event and their relations to the other object. A. Equilibrium B. Schema C. Memory D. Assimilation 33. The process of fitting new information into existing schema is called ______ A. Accommodation B. Equilibrium C. Assimilation D. Input 34. The stable internal state in the changing environment is called ______ A. Accommodation B. Equilibrium C. Assimilation D. Input 35. An infant uses his senses and motor abilities to explore and gain basic understanding of environment. This stage is called ______ A. Concrete Operational Stage B. Preoperational Stage C. Sensorimotor Stage D. Formal Operational Stage 36. A six or seven year old child during this stage develops the ability to conserve number, length and liquid volume. A. Concrete Operational Stage B. Preoperational Stage C. Sensorimotor Stage D. Formal Operational Stage 37. During this stage, the child learns to represent objects mentally, he makes use of the words and symbols in his drawing or in written or spoken words that represent real objects. A. Concrete Operational Stage B. Preoperational Stage C. Sensorimotor Stage D. Formal Operational Stage 38. It is developed as a result of the child’s ability to attribute symbols in the absence of actual objects involved. A. Symbolic thinking B. Animism C. Egocentrism D. Conservation 39. ________ is a belief of a child that all things are living A. Reversibility B. Symbolic thinking C. Animism D. Egocentrism 40. In this stage, the adolescent or adult can apply logical operations and abstract concepts, in formulating strategies and plans to solve more complex problems in a systematic manner. A. Concrete Operational Stage B. Preoperational Stage C. Sensorimotor Stage D. Formal Operational Stage 41. Out of sight, out of mind schema falls on the stage of _______ A. Concrete Operational Stage B. Preoperational Stage C. Sensorimotor Stage D. Formal Operational Stage 42. ______ is stage when a child tends to make judgments based only on what he sees and not on what actually is. A. Concrete Operational Stage B. Preoperational Stage C. Sensorimotor Stage D. Formal Operational Stage 43. This is a cognitive organization that will fit the new knowledge or experience A. Assimilation B. Accommodation C. Equilibrium D. Schema 44. Which of the following is not a principle area cognitive psychology draws upon? A. Human intelligence B. Developmental psychology C. Psychoanalysis D. Perception E. Artificial intelligence 45. Cognitive psychology involves which psychological processes? A. Computer sciences, neural networks, and artificial intelligence B. Perception, attention, learning, and memory C. Cognitive formation, thinking, imaging, and language D. All of the above E. Emotions, developmental processes, and neuroscience 46. Plato considered the seat of knowledge to be located in: A. the liver B. the soul C. the brain D. the pineal gland E. the heart 47. In simple terms, cognitive models can be divided into the following components: A. detection of stimuli, working memory, long-term storage B. storage of information, production of responses, and a feedback loop C. echoic memory, working memory, and thinking D. stimuli detection, storage and transformation of stimuli, and response production E. iconic storage, short-term memory, and long-term memory 48. Which of the following does cognitive psychology least rely on? A. Neuroscience B. Philosophy C. Anthropology D. Symbolism 49. Which of the following is the best example of accommodation? A. When Cornelius is camping with his family in the mountains, he sees a hummingbird and calls it an insect. B. Charles thinks that spiders are insects until he learns that insects have 6 legs but spiders have 8. C. Opal says she isn’t sure whether worms are insects. D. Larissa believes that fireflies (lightning bugs) have internal light switches. 50. Which of the following alternatives best characterizes the concept of equilibration in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development? A. A process that promotes increasingly complex thought and knowledge B. A feeling of mental discomfort about a confusing situation C. The ability to think logically about abstract concepts and phenomena D. The recognition that an object’s mass doesn’t change, despite a change in shape, if nothing is added or taken away 51. Three-year-old Rafael’s grandfather, Emilio, lets Rafael help him repair their car. Emilio calls out the tool that he needs and Rafael eagerly goes about trying to find it. This situation best illustrates: A. the situative perspective B. legitimate peripheral participation C. scaffolding D. a preoperational apprenticeship 52. Five-year-old Andrew uses symbols to represent objects. However, his thinking lacks logic. Andrew is in the stage of _______ A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Formal Operational 53. One important criticism of Piaget’s theory is that A. he overestimated the competencies of infants and young children B. His stagewise account pays insufficient attention to social and cultural influences C. He overemphasized discovery learning and direct contact with the environment D. Children’s performance on Piagetian tasks cannot be improved with training 54. Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory focuses on A. How the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group are transmitted to the next generation B. the child as a developing organism within a complex system of relationship affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment C. the child’s mind, body, and physical and social worlds, which form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills D. The way in which evolution and heredity influence behavior and development 55. According to Vygotsky, __________ is necessary for children to acquire the ways of tniking and behaving that make up a community’s culture. A. social interaction B. reinforcement C. discipline D. independence. 56. Which of the following behaviors is consistent with Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory? A. When working on math assignment, Michelle tries several solutions before arriving at the correct answer B. When building a tower with blocks, Ted produces the same guiding comments that his father previously used when helping him build block towers. C. When his mother takes him to the store, Tom is well-behaved because he knows that he will be rewarded with a lollipop D. When playing in her sandbox, Amy builds the same castle that she saw her friend build yesterday. 57. Vygotsky’s theory differs from Piaget’s theory in that Vygotsky A. Believed that children are active, constructive beings B. Believed that children undergo certain stagewise changes C. Viewed cognitive development as taking place in universal stages D. Viewed cognitive development as a socially mediated process 58. Piaget believed that children in the preoperational stage have difficulty taking the perspective of another person. This is known as: A. Reversibility B. Egocentrism C. Metacognition D. Constructivism 59. Jean Piaget was a _______ A. Child psychologist B. Developmental Psychologist C. Biologist D. Genetic Epistemologist 60. Jane has learned to feed herself with a spoon. When her mother gives her a fork, she immediately begins to feed herself. Jane has __________ the fork into her schema for utensil A. Accommodated B. Appropriated C. Assimilated D. Initiated 61. Jane's mother has two crackers, both of equal size. She breaks one of the crackers up into four pieces. Jane says she wants the one with the most and immediately chooses the four pieces, even though the two amounts are equal. Jane's choice illustrates Piaget's concept of: A. Accommodation B. Egocentrism C. False Belief D. Conservation 62. Piaget’s stages are criticized by some due to A. His theory was based on an unrepresentative sample of children. B. Not all people reach the formal operational stage or use formal operational thought consistently C. His theory underestimates children's abilities D. All of the above E. None of the above 63. The ability to think abstractly and systematically solve problems emerges during the: A. Concrete Operational Stage B. Sensorimotor Stage C. Formal Operational D. Preoperational Stage 64. A schema is a ______ A. Category of knowledge that allows us to interpret and understand the world. B. Process of taking in new information C. Process of balancing old knowledge and new information D. None of the above 65. Children begin to develop symbols to represent events or objects in the world during the ________________ substage of the sensorimotor stage: A. Primary circular reactions B. Secondary circular reactions C. Tertiary circular reactions D. Early representational thought 66. According to Piaget, children in the concrete operational stage have difficulty with: A. Perspective-taking B. Deductive Logic C. Inductive Logic D. Conservation 67. Piaget assumed that children are __________ in constructing understanding of the world A. Passive B. Active C. Neutral D. Bystanders 68. Because her father was abusive, Edith has trouble perceiving that other men can be compassionate and nurturant. Piaget would have suggested that Edith is limited by: A. stranger anxiety. B. an inadequate schema. C. egocentrism. D. object permanence. 69. Three-year-old Zara calls all four-legged animals “kitties.” Her tendency to fit all four-legged animals into her existing conception of a kitten illustrates the process of: A. conservation. B. assimilation. C. accommodation. D. egocentrism. E. attachment. 70. Cognition refers to: A. an emotional tie linking one person with another. B. the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering. C. any process that facilitates the physical development of the brain. D. an awareness that we are constantly changing as we develop. 71. The awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived is known as: A. attachment. B. conservation. C. assimilation. D. object permanence. E. habituation. 72. Lisa attempts to retrieve her bottle after her father hides it under a blanket. This suggests that Lisa has developed a sense of: A. egocentrism. B. object permanence. C. conservation. D. accommodation. E. secure attachment. 73. When Franklin’s father hides a ball behind his back, Franklin quickly loses interest in the ball. This suggests that Franklin has not developed a sense of A. basic trust. B. attachment. C. object permanence. D. Curiosity E. egocentrism. 74. Five-year-old Tammy mistakenly believes that her short, wide glass contains less soda than her brother’s tall, narrow glass. Actually, both glasses contain the same amount of soda. This illustrates that Tammy lacks the concept of: A. conservation. B. egocentrism. C. assimilation. D. object permanence. E. accommodation. 75. According to Piaget, an egocentric child can best be described as: A. selfish. B. conceited. C. lacking in self-esteem. D. cognitively limited. 76. Although Mr. Tong was obviously busy reading an absorbing novel, his 5-year-old daughter kept interrupting him with comments and questions about the TV cartoons she was watching. Before Mr. Tong becomes irritated with his daughter for being inconsiderate, he should be alerted to Piaget’s concept of A. object permanence. B. Habituation C. conservation. D. egocentrism. E. accommodation. 77. Gilbert notices that his sausage is sliced into six pieces, whereas his brother’s is sliced into nine pieces. He understands, however, that his brother’s sausage is not actually any larger than his own. This indicates that Gilbert has by now reached the ________ stage of development. A. concrete operational B. sensorimotor C. formal operational D. preoperational 78. According to Piaget, the preoperational stage is to the concrete operational stage as ________ is to ________. A. assimilation; accommodation B. object permanence; stranger anxiety C. egocentrism; conservation D. responsive parenting; temperament 79. Eighteen-month-old Justin follows his mother around the house, clinging tightly to her when he is frightened. This best illustrates: A. object permanence. B. attachment behavior. C. stranger anxiety. D. the rooting reflex. E. habituation. 80. Which of the following statements supports Lev Vygotsky's theory? A. Cognitive development occurs in four qualitative stages B. Adaptation occurs through assimilation and accommodation C. Cognitive growth is a collaborative process D. Cognitive development is independent of social and cultural processes 81. What describes the imaginary psychological space between what children can individually do, and what they could achieve with another person's assistance? A. The zone of proximal development B. A scheme C. Reciprocal determinism D. A normative influence 82. While teaching his son to learn cycling, Mark initially held his bike to help him to maintain his balance. Once his son was able to balance himself, Mark gradually let go of the support. What describes the temporary support Mark provided to his son? A. Equilibration B. Scaffolding C. Social learning D. Assimilation 83. According to Piaget, what do people use to create increasingly complex cognitive structures, or ways of organizing information about the world? A. Schemes B. Scaffolds C. Associations D. Memes 84. People learn appropriate social behaviour by watching other people and learning both about what potential behaviours might be as well as the likely consequences of such behaviours. What do we call this process? A. Classical conditioning B. Assimilation C. Reciprocal determinism D. Observational learning 85. What form of learning occurs, when, during a critical period in early development, a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees? A. Classical Conditioning B. Love at first sight C. Imprinting D. Operant Conditioning PSYCHOANALYSIS 1. Freud’s psychoanalysis rests on which two cornerstones? A. Sex and aggression B. Sex and hunger C. Security and safety D. Security and sex 2. Freud saw himself primarily as a _______ A. Psychologist B. Scientist C. Philosopher D. Fiction writer E. General practitioner 3. Freud’s lifelong optimism and self-confidence may have stemmed from ______ A. Being his mother’s favorite child B. His father’s outstanding business success C. The death of his younger brother D. The presence of much older half-brothers 4. Freud’s free association technique evolved from _____ A. Charcot’s hypnotic technique B. His use of cocaine C. Breuer’s cathartic method D. The periodicity theory of Wilhelm Filess 5. Freud abandoned his _____ theory in 1897, the year after his father died. A. Seduction B. Oedipal C. Dream D. Childhood sexuality E. Anal 6. After World War I, Freud made which revision to his theory of personality? A. He placed greater emphasis on the aggression instinct B. He identified the three levels of mental life C. He rejected repression as an ego defense mechanism D. He rejected the notion of a female Oedipus complex 7. Freud’s three levels of mental life are A. Unconscious, preconscious and conscious B. Id, ego, and superego C. Aim, object, and impetus D. Thanatos, eros, Oedipus 8. According to Freud, most of our mental life is A. Conscious B. Preconscious C. Unconscious D. A function of the superego E. A product of phylogenetic endowment 9. Freud believed that unconscious ideas A. Influence behavior only when one is aware of them B. Have no influence on behavior C. Influence behavior even when one is unaware of them D. Are learned only after birth 10. Freud claimed that an important function of repression is to A. Protect a person against the pain of anxiety B. Convert superego functions into ego functions C. Protect a person against public disgrace D. Convert id functions into ego functions E. Convert ego functions into id functions 11. Which of these progressions is most consistent with psychoanalytic theory? A. Anxiety leads to repression, which leads to suppression of sexual feelings, which lead to reaction formation. B. Punishment of child’s sexual behavior leads to repression which leads to anxiety, which leads to suppression of sexual activity. C. Punishment of a child’s sexual behavior leads to suppression of sexual behavior, which leads to anxiety, which leads to repression D. Anxiety leads to suppression of sexual feelings, which leads to repression, which leads to punishment of sexual behaviors. 12. Freud’s notion of phylogenetic endowment refers to A. Anatomical differences between the sexes that lead to psychological differences B. The physical structure of the brain where the unconscious is located C. Our ancestor’s experiences that we inherit and that form part of our unconscious D. The social rules we learn from our parents that form the superego. 13. According to Freud, ideas that slip in and out of awareness with greater or lesser degrees of ease are A. Unconscious B. Preconscious C. Conscious D. Repressed E. Censored 14. Freud held that ideas in the preconscious originate from A. The conscious B. The unconscious C. Both the conscious and the unconscious D. Neither the conscious nor the unconscious 15. Freud believed that the id A. Serves the reality principle B. Serves the moral or idealistic principle C. Constantly seeks to increase pleasure and reduce tension D. Is the executive branch of personality E. Is reasonable and logical 16. The id is primarily involved in which of the following activities, according to Freud? A. Solving problems in geometry B. Contemplating the meaning of life C. Thumb-sucking behavior D. Guilt feelings 17. Freud claimed that pleasure-seeking people with no thought of what is reasonable or proper are dominated by the A. Id B. Ego C. Superego D. Ego-ideal 18. Freud held that the secondary process functions through ______ A. The id B. The ego C. The superego D. The conscience E. The ego-ideal 19. According to Freud, the ego is A. Conscious only B. Preconscious only C. Unconscious only D. Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious E. Conscious and preconscious only 20. Freud believed that the ego begins to evolve from the id soon after birth. While the ego is developing, the id A. Begins to diminish B. Develops parallel to the ego C. Disappears completely D. Remains stationary 21. Freud believed that the superego develops from the A. Id B. Ego C. Ego-ideal D. Conscience E. Preconscious 22. Freud’s notion of the superego includes A. Conscious and preconscious levels B. Pleasures and reality principles C. The ego and the id D. A conscience and an ego-ideal 23. In psychoanalytic theory, unaccept

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