Materials & Finishes PDF

Materials & Finishes Prepared by : Dr.Heba Ibrahim Level : “4” – Fiest Term – 2024 -2025 1 Natural Materials (Stone) Stone: The extraordinary allure of natural stone lies in its ability to transform any space into a breathtaking panorama of elegance. Among the array of natural stones av...

Materials & Finishes Prepared by : Dr.Heba Ibrahim Level : “4” – Fiest Term – 2024 -2025 1 Natural Materials (Stone) Stone: The extraordinary allure of natural stone lies in its ability to transform any space into a breathtaking panorama of elegance. Among the array of natural stones available, marble, granite, and quartzite stand out as the cornerstones of interior elegance. Each type of natural stone carries unique properƟes and varying degrees of durability. Types of Stones MARBLE GRANITE QUARTZITE 1) MARBLE : Marble is renowned for its regal beauty and Ɵmeless appeal.  This non-foliated metamorphic rock is formed over millions of years when limestone is subjected to intense heat and pressure.  The resulƟng rock is typically composed of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate crystal. In its purest form, marble is a sparkling white stone that consist of calcium carbonate. However, marble commonly contains other minerals, such as quartz and graphite, creaƟng color variaƟons. It displays an ethereal veining pattern against a Advantages soft soothing palette of hues ranging from pristine whites to deep blacks and every shade in between. 2   THE PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF USING MARBLE:  A remarkable choice for table tops.  It can be suscepƟble to staining, etching, and heat damage.  it’s more prone to scratches compared to granite and quartzite. 2)GRANITE : This coarse-grained igneous rock is composed primarily of quartz, feldspar and plagioclase It also usually contains a mixture of addiƟonal trace minerals.  This mixture of minerals and varying amounts of each create the wide variety of colors and textures seen in different granite stone slabs. high resistance to scratching Advantages low-maintenance choice natural resistance to heat and stains  THE PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF USING QUARTZITE: Furthermore,  despite its relaƟve hardness, it’s essenƟal to remember that no granite surface is enƟrely scratch-proof; certain materials like sharpened stainless steel or certain grades of steel wool can sƟll scratch it. . It’s an excellent choice for kitchen countertops, offering a high-end look while being resistant to heat and staining and relaƟvely resistant to scratches.  It is also suitable for bathroom vanity tops, fireplace surrounds, and flooring. 3) QUARTZITE : is composed almost enƟrely of quartz and forms when quartz sandstone is exposed to intense pressure or heat over millions of years. 3  The unique formaƟon process of each of these stones results in an array of colours, paƩerns, and textures that cannot be replicated, making each slab one of a kind. diverse patternsand colors Advantages elegance and dramatic effect offering superior hardness  THE PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF USING QUARTZITE:  It is also more naturally resistant to staining and etching than marble but less so than granite  Common types of quartzite also bear a resemblance to common types of marble.  It can be used for a variety of applicaƟons, from kitchen countertops to bathroom vanity tops, fireplace surrounds, and flooring.  UNDERSTANDING THE MAINTENANCE OF NATURAL STONE Here are some general Ɵps to ensure the longevity of your natural stone:- 1) Cleaning: Regular cleaning with a soŌ cloth or sponge and a mild, neutral pH detergent is recommended for all natural stones. avoiding abrasive cleaners or acidic substances. 2) ProtecƟon: This is an important step in the maintenance of natural stone. Our protecƟve finish will prevent staining, etching and heat damage. many 4  stone elements, such as kitchen worktops, will have been sealed but will require re-sealing every few years. 3) Avoiding Heat and Pressure: While natural stones are heat resistant, prolonged exposure to high temperatures can cause damage, such as, using a trivet or mat under hot pans or dishes. Likewise, avoid placing heavy items on the stone that could cause it to crack. 4) Addressing Stains and Spills: It’s important to wipe up any spills as soon as possible to prevent potenƟal staining, parƟcularly in the absence of our protecƟve finish. 5) Professional Maintenance: Depending on the usage and wear, Professionals can deep clean, polish, and reseal your stone to restore its original beauty. Our protecƟve finish guarantees a highly durable surface for 10 years. 6) Natural Materials (Fabrics) 7) Fabrics: There are several different fabric type. Each type has unique characterisƟcs, from stain and fade resistance to fabric strength and style.  Types of Fabrics 1) Natural Fibers: from plants and animals Linen it is best used only in low-traffic or adult-only areas due to wrinkling and staining. Lightweight, breathable CoƩon it is perfect for withstanding wear, fading, and pilling. It is not, however, as resistant to soiling and wrinkling. It can increase its durability fabric if blended with other fibers. 5  This is excellent at resisƟng stains, wrinkling, fading, and pilling ool This is a very delicate and soŌ material. Due to its fragility, it's best placed in a formal area and needs professional ilk cleaning if dirty. 2) SyntheƟc Fibers: is a manufactured product is typically blended with other fibers to create an upholstery resistant to wrinkling, crushing, and fading Ex: velvet. crylic Developed as an imitaƟon wool, this syntheƟc fiber is great at resisƟng wear, wrinkling, soiling, and fading. olyest is andresistant chemicals.toOlefin abrasions, is a perfect stains, material sunlight, to receive heavy use. lefin is a good alternaƟve to leather, offering a cheaper price tag with comparable toughness. Vinyl  Leather: There are types of Leather :- 1) Full-grain leather: it has Natural markings and grains are visible , giving it unmatched authenƟc beauty. provides excepƟonal durability and allows the leather upholstery to paƟna gracefully over Ɵme. 6  2. Full-aniline vs. semi-aniline leather: it offers a more uniform finish, minimizing some imperfecƟons Practical reasons to choose it easy to clean durable doesn't attract dirt or pet hair  How to keep leather furniture looking fresh 1. rotate seat cushions every three months To evenly distribute wear, remove your leather seat cushions and back cushions and rotate them every three months. Just swap the posiƟons of the leŌ cushions and the right ones and give each one a good fluff. Easy! 2. don’t underesƟmate the power of accessories DecoraƟve throw pillows and throw blankets are two stylish ways to prevent oils from skin and dirt from coming into direct contact with the cushion back, seat and arms of your leather furniture. 3. control your home’s climate Leather is sensiƟve to extreme temperatures and humidity levels. Ideally, you should keep the temperature of the room your leather furniture is in between 60°F and 77°F and ensure the humidity level is between 40% and 60%. High humidity can lead to mold growth and high temperatures cause cracking, while low humidity and temperatures can cause the leather to become dry and fade. 4. avoid exposure to heat Extended exposure to sun streaming in through windows and exposure to radiators will increase the temperature of your leather furniture, causing the leather to dry out, crack or fade. 7   How to Choose the Best Material( (Fabrics ) As important as looks are when buying a furniture , you should first some considers : If you have young children or pets it is essenƟal to buy a more durable material to hold up to inevitable messes.  Factors (funcƟons of spaces and furniture pieces ) will determine comfort level, maintenance, and durability.  Do allergies concern you? Choosing a sofa that's easy to clean and won't collect allergens as easily is essenƟal to you and your health. Secondly : SyntheƟc Materials 1) PlasƟc  Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) : is a strong yet lightweight thermoplasƟc, originally developed in the 1940s  High-density polyethylene (HDPE) : the most common type of plasƟc in use today ,it is easy to fabricate using standard machining methods and common woodworking tools, it has woodgrain textured for outdoor environments.  Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) : Derived from chlorine and ethylene, Due to its strength and durability, it is commonly used to create pipes, window frames and cladding. With the addiƟon of a phthalate plasƟcizer, PVC can be turned into flexible vinyl and used to form flooring, shower curtains and imitaƟon leather. 8  Due to addiƟves like phthalate, vinyl is among the least recyclable plasƟcs and has been linked to a number of health concerns.  Polypropylene (PP)  Polypropylene is derived from propylene gas, a byproduct of the gasoline refining process, and is commonly used to form more rigid, hardwearing items such as kid's toys and outdoor furniture.  Designers began experimenƟng with the material in the 1950s to create monobloc chairs, injecƟon molded and formed from a single piece of material.  Among the most notable designs are Verner Panton's Panton chair, the Air- Chair by Jasper Morrison and more recently the recycled polypropylene Bell Chair by KonstanƟn Grcic, which is manufactured in less than a minute.  The thermoplasƟc can also be spun into fibers to create surgical masks, which South Korean designer Haneul Kim has recycled to create a series of stackable stools, or used as a 3D-prinƟng filament.  BioplasƟc furniture is craŌed from renewable resources such as plants, algae, or bacteria, in stark contrast to convenƟonal furniture materials derived from fossil fuels. 2) Fiberglass : Also known as glass-reinforced plasƟc or GRP, fibreglass is made by taking thin glass filaments, either loose or woven into cloth, and encasing them within a petrochemical resin. The composite material is lighter and stronger than steel while being cheaper and more flexible than carbon fibre.. Architects have made use of the material to create tall, lightweight structures such as BIG's 2016 SerpenƟne Pavilion. 9 3) Acrylic : is a catchall term used to describe a range of different resins derived from acrylic acid. it is known as plexiglass and used as a low-cost, shaƩer- resistant alternaƟve for glass due to its excepƟonal opƟcal clarity. This applicaƟon was pioneered during the second world war when it was used to form fighter jet windows and submarine periscopes. 10  Materials & Finishes Prepared by : Dr.Heba Ibrahim Level : “4” – Fiest Term – 2024 -2025 1 Natural Materials (Stone) Stone: The extraordinary allure of natural stone lies in its ability to transform any space into a breathtaking panorama of elegance. Among the array of natural stones available, marble, granite, and quartzite stand out as the cornerstones of interior elegance. Each type of natural stone carries unique properƟes and varying degrees of durability. Types of Stones MARBLE GRANITE QUARTZITE 1) MARBLE : Marble is renowned for its regal beauty and Ɵmeless appeal.  This non-foliated metamorphic rock is formed over millions of years when limestone is subjected to intense heat and pressure.  The resulƟng rock is typically composed of an interlocking mosaic of carbonate crystal. In its purest form, marble is a sparkling white stone that consist of calcium carbonate. However, marble commonly contains other minerals, such as quartz and graphite, creaƟng color variaƟons. It displays an ethereal veining pattern against a Advantages soft soothing palette of hues ranging from pristine whites to deep blacks and every shade in between. 2   THE PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF USING MARBLE:  A remarkable choice for table tops.  It can be suscepƟble to staining, etching, and heat damage.  it’s more prone to scratches compared to granite and quartzite. 2)GRANITE : This coarse-grained igneous rock is composed primarily of quartz, feldspar and plagioclase It also usually contains a mixture of addiƟonal trace minerals.  This mixture of minerals and varying amounts of each create the wide variety of colors and textures seen in different granite stone slabs. high resistance to scratching Advantages low-maintenance choice natural resistance to heat and stains  THE PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF USING QUARTZITE: Furthermore,  despite its relaƟve hardness, it’s essenƟal to remember that no granite surface is enƟrely scratch-proof; certain materials like sharpened stainless steel or certain grades of steel wool can sƟll scratch it. . It’s an excellent choice for kitchen countertops, offering a high-end look while being resistant to heat and staining and relaƟvely resistant to scratches.  It is also suitable for bathroom vanity tops, fireplace surrounds, and flooring. 3) QUARTZITE : is composed almost enƟrely of quartz and forms when quartz sandstone is exposed to intense pressure or heat over millions of years. 3  The unique formaƟon process of each of these stones results in an array of colours, paƩerns, and textures that cannot be replicated, making each slab one of a kind. diverse patternsand colors Advantages elegance and dramatic effect offering superior hardness  THE PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF USING QUARTZITE:  It is also more naturally resistant to staining and etching than marble but less so than granite  Common types of quartzite also bear a resemblance to common types of marble.  It can be used for a variety of applicaƟons, from kitchen countertops to bathroom vanity tops, fireplace surrounds, and flooring.  UNDERSTANDING THE MAINTENANCE OF NATURAL STONE Here are some general Ɵps to ensure the longevity of your natural stone:- 1) Cleaning: Regular cleaning with a soŌ cloth or sponge and a mild, neutral pH detergent is recommended for all natural stones. avoiding abrasive cleaners or acidic substances. 2) ProtecƟon: This is an important step in the maintenance of natural stone. Our protecƟve finish will prevent staining, etching and heat damage. many 4   How to Choose the Best Material( (Fabrics ) As important as looks are when buying a furniture , you should first some considers : If you have young children or pets it is essenƟal to buy a more durable material to hold up to inevitable messes.  Factors (funcƟons of spaces and furniture pieces ) will determine comfort level, maintenance, and durability.  Do allergies concern you? Choosing a sofa that's easy to clean and won't collect allergens as easily is essenƟal to you and your health. Secondly : SyntheƟc Materials 1) PlasƟc  Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) : is a strong yet lightweight thermoplasƟc, originally developed in the 1940s  High-density polyethylene (HDPE) : the most common type of plasƟc in use today ,it is easy to fabricate using standard machining methods and common woodworking tools, it has woodgrain textured for outdoor environments.  Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) : Derived from chlorine and ethylene, Due to its strength and durability, it is commonly used to create pipes, window frames and cladding. With the addiƟon of a phthalate plasƟcizer, PVC can be turned into flexible vinyl and used to form flooring, shower curtains and imitaƟon leather. 8  This is excellent at resisƟng stains, wrinkling, fading, and pilling ool This is a very delicate and soŌ material. Due to its fragility, it's best placed in a formal area and needs professional ilk cleaning if dirty. 2) SyntheƟc Fibers: is a manufactured product is typically blended with other fibers to create an upholstery resistant to wrinkling, crushing, and fading Ex: velvet. olyest crylic Developed as an imitaƟon wool, this syntheƟc fiber is great at resisƟng wear, wrinkling, soiling, and fading. is andresistant chemicals.toOlefin abrasions, is a perfect stains, material sunlight, to receive heavy use. lefin is a good alternaƟve to leather, offering a cheaper price tag with comparable toughness. Vinyl  Leather: There are types of Leather :- 1) Full-grain leather: it has Natural markings and grains are visible , giving it unmatched authenƟc beauty. provides excepƟonal durability and allows the leather upholstery to paƟna gracefully over Ɵme. 6  2. Full-aniline vs. semi-aniline leather: it offers a more uniform finish, minimizing some imperfecƟons Practical reasons to choose it easy to clean durable doesn't attract dirt or pet hair  How to keep leather furniture looking fresh 1. rotate seat cushions every three months To evenly distribute wear, remove your leather seat cushions and back cushions and rotate them every three months. Just swap the posiƟons of the leŌ cushions and the right ones and give each one a good fluff. Easy! 2. don’t underesƟmate the power of accessories DecoraƟve throw pillows and throw blankets are two stylish ways to prevent oils from skin and dirt from coming into direct contact with the cushion back, seat and arms of your leather furniture. 3. control your home’s climate Leather is sensiƟve to extreme temperatures and humidity levels. Ideally, you should keep the temperature of the room your leather furniture is in between 60°F and 77°F and ensure the humidity level is between 40% and 60%. High humidity can lead to mold growth and high temperatures cause cracking, while low humidity and temperatures can cause the leather to become dry and fade. 4. avoid exposure to heat Extended exposure to sun streaming in through windows and exposure to radiators will increase the temperature of your leather furniture, causing the leather to dry out, crack or fade. 7   How to Choose the Best Material( (Fabrics ) As important as looks are when buying a furniture , you should first some considers : If you have young children or pets it is essenƟal to buy a more durable material to hold up to inevitable messes.  Factors (funcƟons of spaces and furniture pieces ) will determine comfort level, maintenance, and durability.  Do allergies concern you? Choosing a sofa that's easy to clean and won't collect allergens as easily is essenƟal to you and your health. Secondly : SyntheƟc Materials 1) PlasƟc  Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) : is a strong yet lightweight thermoplasƟc, originally developed in the 1940s  High-density polyethylene (HDPE) : the most common type of plasƟc in use today ,it is easy to fabricate using standard machining methods and common woodworking tools, it has woodgrain textured for outdoor environments.  Polyvinyl : Derivedchloride (PVC) and ethylene, Due to its strength and from chlorine durability, it is commonly used to create pipes, window frames and cladding. With the addiƟon of a phthalate plasƟcizer, PVC can be turned into flexible vinyl and used to form flooring, shower curtains and imitaƟon leather. 8  Due to addiƟves like phthalate, vinyl is among the least recyclable plasƟcs and has been linked to a number of health concerns.  Polypropylene (PP)  Polypropylene is derived from propylene gas, a byproduct of the gasoline refining process, and is commonly used to form more rigid, hardwearing items such as kid's toys and outdoor furniture.  Designers began experimenƟng with the material in the 1950s to create monobloc chairs, injecƟon molded and formed from a single piece of material.  Among the most notable designs are Verner Panton's Panton chair, the Air- Chair by Jasper Morrison and more recently the recycled polypropylene Bell Chair by KonstanƟn Grcic, which is manufactured in less than a minute.  The thermoplasƟc can also be spun into fibers to create surgical masks, which South Korean designer Haneul Kim has recycled to create a series of stackable stools, or used as a 3D-prinƟng filament.  BioplasƟc furniture is craŌed from renewable resources such as plants, algae, or bacteria, in stark contrast to convenƟonal furniture materials derived from fossil fuels. 2) Fiberglass : Also known as glass-reinforced plasƟc or GRP, fibreglass is made by taking thin glass filaments, either loose or woven into cloth, and encasing them within a petrochemical resin. The composite material is lighter and stronger than steel while being cheaper and more flexible than carbon fibre.. Architects have made use of the material to create tall, lightweight structures such as BIG's 2016 SerpenƟne Pavilion. 9