Demography and Health 8. Week PDF

NUT 107 Demographic Structure and Health İstanbul Kent University Nutrition and Dietetic Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic...

NUT 107 Demographic Structure and Health İstanbul Kent University Nutrition and Dietetic Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Topics Week 1 Basic Demographic Concepts and Data Sources Week 2 Demographic Indicators Week 3 World population Week 4 Population Structure and Change Week 5 Fertility/ Mortality Week 6 Migration and Urbanization Week 7 Midterm Week 8 Population Policies/ Population and Nutrition Week 9 Maternal and Child Health Week 10 Anthropometric Indicators of Nutrition Week 11 Sustainable Development Goals Week 12 Homework Presentation Week 13 Homework Presentation Week 14 Homework Presentation Week 15 Final Exam Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic What are Population Policies? Population policies are strategies and practices developed by a country to influence its population structure and size. economic growth social development is very important environmental sustainability health services Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic The rapid increase in the world population, on the one hand, consumes limited natural resources, and on the other hand; It continues to be important for countries for reasons such as political, military, nutrition and labor force. Until the second half of the 1900s, countries considered the numerical abundance of the population as a necessary and sufficient factor to be strong, especially in terms of defense. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic However, today the emphasis is on the qualities of the population rather than its numerical abundance. A relationship is established between socio-economic activities, population size and characteristics, and the development levels of countries. Nowadays, countries are implementing various population policies because excessive population growth creates problems and precautions must be taken against it. These policies vary according to the economic, political, educational and cultural characteristics of the countries. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Types of Population Policies Implemented Restrictive Incentive Neutral Population Population Policies: Population Policies: Policies: Policies implemented Policies implemented Policies that do not to limit or reduce to encourage directly affect population growth. population growth. population growth, but aim to improve the health, education and quality of life of the population. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Incentive Population Policies: Examples: France: Offers incentives to families such as maternity benefits, childcare subsidies and tax breaks. Scandinavian Countries: Provides long maternity leave, state support for childcare and financial assistance to families. Increasing fertility rates, solving the problem of an aging population Aims: and supporting the workforce. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Restrictive Population Policies: Examples: China: Attempted to limit population growth with the One Child Policy (1979-2015). India: Mainstreaming family planning and contraception. Control population growth, ensure sustainable use of economic Aims: resources and reduce environmental pressures. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Neutral Population Policies: Population policy, especially with the aim of improving the quality and quantity of the population. (Especially the population policies implemented by developing countries like Turkey). Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Family Planning and Birth Control in Population Policies Family Planning and its Importance: The concept of family planning refers to the methods and strategies used by individuals and couples to have the number of children they want and to regulate the birth intervals between children. Important Family planning protects maternal and child health, promotes economic and social development and controls population growth. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Family Planning and Birth Control in Population Policies Family Planning Services: Education and Awareness Raising: Health Services: Consulting Services: Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Policies That Can Be Implemented for Family Planning Scaling up Contraceptive Services Family Planning Education Programs Training of Health Workers Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Policies That Can Be Implemented for Family Planning International Organizations World Health Organization United Nations Population (WHO): Fund (UNFPA): The organization that An international provides guidance and sets organization that promotes standards for the and finances family planning development of family services worldwide. planning and reproductive health services. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Socioeconomic Impacts of Population Policies Economic Development: Family planning improves the economic situation of families and promotes economic development. Education and Employment: Increases women's education and employment opportunities and promotes gender equality. Population Size and Structure: Supports sustainable development by controlling the rate of population growth. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Policies in Turkey It is possible to talk about two periods in terms of population policies in Turkey. First period: From the first years Pronatalist (proliferation policy-population of the Republic to 1963 increasing) policy Antenatalist (limiting Second period: After this date population growth rate) Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Policies in Turkey Policies to Policies that increase the 1963 increase the quantity and population quality of the growth rate population 1923 Today Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies Implemented Between 1927 and 1963: Population-related policies have been implemented in our country, covering all direct and indirect effective measures of legal and socio- economic nature that are addressed and implemented regarding the population problem. “In the first period (1923-1963), state administrators generally followed a policy of increasing the population.” Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies Implemented Between 1927 and 1963: Due to the wars that took place before In particular, the decrease in the Republic in our country, the one of the population types population structure has changed in all that provides population aspects and the traces of the war have growth has become a been fully seen. significant problem. The article in the Penal Code that "aborting or causing abortion" is prohibited, and in addition to this article, "endangering the continuity and health of the race" has been accepted as a crime. In addition, many laws passed aim to reduce deaths by protecting public health. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies Implemented Between 1927 and 1963: Population of Turkey by Census Years (1927-2009) The reasons for this decline are; Annual Population Growth Census Year Population Rate (‰) Population Density The fact that births were low, and deaths were high during the war years of 1914 - 1922 led to a decrease in the population that would enter the reproductive age in the period 1940 - 1945. During this period, which coincided with the Second World War, a large population of men who could become fathers and marry were recruited. The deprivations of the war years, diseases, and problems in providing medicine increased the death rates. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies Implemented Between 1927 and 1963: Population of Turkey by Census Years (1927-2009) The high number of immigrants coming Annual Population Growth from abroad during this period also played Census Year Population Rate (‰) Population Density a role in the high actual increase rate of the population in the 1950 - 1955 period. It is a fact that immigrants, especially those who came through exchange, played an important role in the population growth in our country in the first years of the Republic. The same situation manifested itself after 1950. “During the population exchange, the population increased with the settlement of people from Greece and Bulgaria. After 1954, the migration movement continued, this time from Yugoslavia. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies Implemented Between 1927 and 1963: After the establishment of the State Planning Organization in 1960, a consensus was reached between the officials of this organization and the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare regarding making changes in the traditional population growth policy and to control the birth rate. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies Implemented After 1963: The main problem caused by the rapid population growth in Turkey the failure to increase the food at the same pace as well as the growing unemployment. What needs to be done is to legitimize legal means to control fertility and to promote contraceptive measures, especially among poorer strata of the population where fertility rates are high. It is aimed to accelerate urbanization, increase the level of culture and income, control the rate of population growth and increase its quality. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies Implemented After 1963: With the development of health services, the death rate began to decrease Mechanization in agriculture The importance of weapon power rather than manpower in the army Population growth is defined as a problem in the First Five-Year Development Plan and measures should be taken to control the rate of population growth. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies Implemented After 1963: I. Five-Year Development Plan (1963-1967) Practices to control population growth have begun. II. Five-Year Development Plan (1968-1972) The policy has changed to 'family planning'. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies Implemented After 1963: III. Five-Year Development Plan (1973-1977) The interaction between the quality and quantity of the population and development is mentioned. IV. Five-Year Development Plan (1979-1983) Emphasis is placed on mother and child health. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies Implemented After 1963: V. Five-Year Development Plan (1985-1989) Emphasis was placed on the population's health, education, nutrition and housing opportunities, and reducing the infant mortality rate. VI. Five-Year Development Plan (1990-1994) It has expanded to include preventing the effects of rapid population growth on the environment and increasing the status of women. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies Implemented After 1963: In the 1994 development program; Developing policies for women's participation in development, creating a gender-based database and supporting women's education were emphasized. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Population Policies Implemented After 1963: VII. Five-Year Development Plan (1996-2000) Considering the change in the family structure caused by industrialization and urbanization, it was decided to support the family with modern institutions and services against the effects of this change. VIII. Five-Year Development Plan (2001-2005) It was estimated that the decrease in the population growth rate would continue, and the principle that family planning services would be offered by integrating them with health services was adopted. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Policies Implemented After 1963: 2007 and later XI. Development plan(2007-2013) X. Development plan(2014-2018) IX. Development plan (2019-2023) It is decided to address Turkey's changing population structure, especially policies in the fields of education, employment and social security. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population and Nutrition Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Growth and Nutrition Resources Today, the world population is on an increasing trend. According to UN estimates, by 2050 the world population will be about 9.7 billion. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Growth and Nutrition Resources This population growth directly affects food demand because more people means more food. In the coming decades, the world's resources will not be able to meet the basic needs for human survival. Demand for protein sources in particular will increase as consumption of meat and dairy products increases. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Growth and Nutrition Resources To meet this growing demand for food, food production needs to be increased globally. However, this poses different challenges. More land is being cleared for agriculture to produce more food, leading Land Utilization: to the destruction of natural habitats and loss of biodiversity. Agriculture consumes a large share of freshwater resources worldwide. Water Usage: Sustainable use of water resources is critical for future food security. The use of inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides is increasing to Input achieve high yields, but these chemicals can harm the environment. Requirements Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Growth and Nutrition Resources These challenges and threats have led to the emergence of the concept of sustainability. With this concept, since the late twentieth century, emphasis has been placed on meeting the needs of current generations without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Growth and Nutrition Resources In this context, sustainable nutrition refers to dietary patterns that ensure nutritional security for present and future generations, promote healthy living and have low environmental impacts. protecting the biodiversity of food respectful of sources, ecosystems, can be The concept of sustainable considered accessible, cultural, affordable, healthy, nutrition : safe considers optimization in the use of natural resources for a life that meets adequate and balanced nutrition Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Growth and Nutrition Resources In order to meet the increasing demand for food and reduce the use of animal resources, which have many negative environmental impacts, alternatives such as plant-based sources and laboratory-produced artificial meat are being used as protein sources, allowing more protein to be produced with fewer resources. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Growth and Nutrition Resources Red meat produces the most greenhouse gases, while plant sources produce the least. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Growth and Nutrition Resources Nowadays, human nutrition has gained importance due to the fact that the needs of the rapidly increasing world population cannot be met in a necessary and/or competent manner. Although the problem is generally related to developing countries, it indirectly includes developed countries as well. Countries far away also suffer from famine and hunger in any part of the world. For this reason, countries are not satisfied with only considering their own needs, they feel the need to use all the possibilities available for food production. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Growth and Nutrition Resources We can consider nutrition as the whole of efforts to inform people about this issue and supply the nutrients they need to the market at affordable prices. Deficiencies in these efforts can cause problems such as inadequate or unbalanced nutrition and the problem of hunger. Accordingly, the most important things that a country should do in terms of nutrition policy are the production of nutrients at a quality and price that everyone can afford and the education of the public about good nutrition. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Population Growth and Nutrition Resources Normal nutrition, malnutrition and hunger vary according to the income levels, traditions and habits, population size, education and cultural status of individuals and nations. However, it is a fact that the nutrition problem is essentially a problem of developing countries. It is hoped that there will be positive changes in the nutritional status of countries during the development process. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Nutrition in developing countries has some common aspects. These are; that the daily calorie amount is below the world average, that these calories are provided by one or a few nutrients, and that although some developing countries have sufficient nutritional potential, they have inadequate and biased nutrition. This situation is, of course, due to the lack of a certain nutrition policy. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  According to FAO estimates, 20% of the people of developing countries cannot get enough nutrition, and 60% do not have enough daily nutritional value. As a result, it can be said that nearly 2/3 of the world's population cannot receive adequate and balanced nutrition. A connection is established between rapid population growth and nutritional problems. Accordingly, one consequence of rapid population growth is the chronic food problem. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Some Suggestions for Solving the Nutrition Problem in Developing Countries: In order to solve the food and nutrition problem in developing countries, first of all, production must be increased. Necessary conditions should also be prepared to increase production. Every developing country should determine a "National Food and Nutrition Policy" according to the possibilities and needs at the national level, and long and short-term plans should be made if necessary. The public should be informed about nutrition, and education on this subject should start at an early age. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Some Suggestions for Solving the Nutrition Problem in Developing Countries: A nutrition and food policy should be determined at the international level in the world, and all necessary assistance should be provided to countries in a dangerous situation in this regard. Effective food control and standardization should be implemented for all types of nutrients consumed at the country level. New technologies for growing and producing foodstuffs should also be transferred to developing countries. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Food and Nutrition Policies These are activities carried out mostly by governments in order to improve the nutritional status and health of the entire society and to ensure sustainable food safety and food security. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Food and Nutrition Policies These are activities carried out mostly by governments in order to improve and improve the nutritional status and health of the entire society and to ensure sustainable food security Food Safety, and food security. It means that food is free from physical, Food Security, chemical or biological It is the continuous physical, contaminants during economic and social access production, processing, to sufficient food for each transportation and individual to lead a healthy consumption stages and and active life. is safe for human health. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic While creating food and nutrition policies; Economic, Cultural and Political trends should be taken into account. Policies should be suitable for the; Consumer's habit Social and cultural structure. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL 48 Nutrition and Dietetic  Nutrition Policies Flow Chart Social Nutrition Specific Nutrition Problems Are National or Strategies and Detected as a Targets Are Result of Food and Regional Policy Determined Within Nutrition Research Is Determined the Scope of Policies As a result of Action Programs Reach Plans, National, Action Plans are Local or Population- Made in Line with the Target Specific Nutrition Strategies and Audience Programs are Goals Created Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL https://globalnutritionreport.org/resources/nutrition-profiles/ Nutrition and Dietetic  Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic https://www.fao.org/3/cc3017en/online/state-food-security-and-nutrition-2023/global-nutrition-targets-trends.html Demographic Changes and Nutrition Safety In the past, urban children had a distinct advantage over rural children in terms of being better nourished. Higher incomes and better food access and availability as a result of urban residence have enabled children to have more regular and varied diets, as well as access to health services, drinking water and sanitation. However, with continued urbanization and the rapid increase in the number of urban poor, a larger population is dependent on the most readily available and cheap foods, which are often not nutritious or hygienic, increasing the risk of malnutrition. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Demographic Changes and Nutrition Safety An Aging Population; Nutrition Needs The nutritional needs of older people differ from those of younger people. With age, metabolism slows down and the need for certain nutrients increases (e.g. calcium and vitamin D). Access to Health Services Access to appropriate nutrition and health services for older persons is critical, especially in the management of chronic diseases. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Demographic Changes and Nutrition Safety Urban and Rural Population Dynamics; Urban Food Access People in cities are often closer to modern food distribution channels such as supermarkets, but this does not always guarantee nutritional quality. Food Production in Rural Areas Those living in rural areas are often directly linked to agricultural production, but access to markets can be limited. Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic Demographic Changes and Nutrition Safety Urban and Rural Population Dynamics; Food Deserts: Some urban and rural areas are characterized as “food deserts” where healthy food options are limited. Areas without access to nutritious, quality, affordable food Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic  THANKS [email protected] Lecturer Beyzanur ÇAMLIBEL Nutrition and Dietetic