Understanding Tourism as a System PDF

### Understanding Tourism as a System [A Tourism Model]: - Human and Natural Settings contains to tourism - A distinction is made between locals (traditional communities) and Tourists (domestic, international) - Brokers (Maklerin) have impact on the social and natural Environment [Cla...

### Understanding Tourism as a System [A Tourism Model]: - Human and Natural Settings contains to tourism - A distinction is made between locals (traditional communities) and Tourists (domestic, international) - Brokers (Maklerin) have impact on the social and natural Environment [Classification of travelers : ] - Tourists (overnight visitors) : - Visitors who stays at least one night in a collective or private accommodation in the place visited - Same-Day Visitors (Tagesbesucher): - Visitors who do not spend the night in a collective or private accommodation in the place visited. [definition tourism: ] - Activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure , business, and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within a place visited - Include tourism within a country or between countries [Characters: ] - Complex socio-economic dynamics - Movement of people - Encounters among different actors [Prerequisites ( Vorraussetzung ): ] - Political: Freedom to Travel - Economic: financial means - Personal : health, fitness \> trend topic to accessible, inclusive , barrier-free tourism Basic - Traveller generating regions ( Quellgebiete) : - Home of tourist - Where journeys begin and end - Main tourist markets & major marketing functions (tour operation) - Pull-factor: explaining the desire of travel - Example: Canaren / hotel - Tourist destination region: - Attract tourist to stay temporarily - Features and attractions that are unique for this area - Tourist industry comprise the accommodation, retailing and service - Pull-factor: expl. the destination choice - Example: Siam Park - Transit routes: - Link the two areas - Represent the transport component - Effectiveness and characteristics shape of volume and directions of tourist flows Tourist flow: - Form of spacial (räumliche) interaction between two areas, with the destination area containing a surplus (Überschuss) of a commodity and the generating area having a deficit or demand (Nachfrage) for that commodity. - Influenced by push and pull factors Forms of Tourism: - Domestic Tourism: - Tourism of resident visitors within the economic territory of the country of reference - Internal Tourism: - Domestic and inbound tourism totalled up ( cross the border wi - Inbound/ Incoming tourism - Tourism of non-resident visitors within the economic territory of the country of reference  History development of Tourism: - Ancient timers an Roman Empire \> mostly serious purpose for travelling / military induced tourism - Renaissance \> only serious purpose for traveling such as health travelling or study tours - Grand tour \> purpose of travelling loosen up / goals such as socialize, Preparation for leadership - Development in Germany\> first wave of traveling with cars and mostly on the german coast - Development Stage \> after WW2 first German tourism boom \> Leisure and recreation become important travel purpose Tourism and Sociology: - definition Sociology: - study of human social life, groups and societies - very wide scope of enquiry, ranging from analysis of passing encounters of individuals to investigation of global social processes - future thinking - rethinking the cercentenses persons are in - societies consist of the group that people from and of institutions - Social Values: - Are pattern of behaviors and beliefs considering by societies to be important for its welfare - Gives directions for choosing courses of action - Individuals recreations behavior are modified by personal, social and cultural expression - Leisure activities are individual but related to social values of the whole society - Social values are subjects to change over the years - Individual values may clash with the ones of society Symbolic Interactionism: - Individuals evaluate their own conduct by comparing themselves with others Tourism as a social phenomenon: - Tourism can be understood as a social phenomenon that influence and is shaped by living environment and practice of individuals, groups , organizations, institutions and societies Tourism and Antropology - Definition: The study of human beings in all their diversity, culture experience around the globe - It simultaneously explores human diversity and what it is all human beings have in common - Its study the past and present with the sociology focus ( Western/ urban societies) & Anthropoplgy focus 4 H's of Tourism - Habitat \> climate, landforms, resources - Heritage \> origins, value system, world view - Handicraft \> Verbal and oral history, music and dance - History \> Events which alter heritage and view of the world - Anthropology and Culture conflicts such as Alcohol consumption in other countries Culture Heritage - Heritage - What we inherit from the past and use in the present day - Modern-day use of the past for tourism and other purpose - Natural heritage - Naturally occurring formation or phenomena ( e.g. canyon ) - Culture heritage - The past created by humankind in various manifestations - Material objects \> rural landscapes, villages, cities, artefacts - Non-material objects\> music, dance, ceremonies, rituals, beliefs - Heritage Tourism - People visiting heritage places or viewing historical places - Is based on visits by people who want to learn something new or enhance their lives - Common threads in definitions - Elements of human past as resources - Variety of motives among the tourists engaging in it - Difference for every individual and every place visited - Importance & ideals - In domestic Tourism, cultural heritage stimulates national pride in one\`s history - In international tourism, culture heritage stimulates respect and understanding of others culture thus promotes peace Tourist motivation and Categories - Serious heritage tourist - Heritage places and history as hobby - Want to learn something new, expand skills - Visited are desired, actively, well-prepared - Casual heritage tourist - Visit not necessarily planned, but opportunity used on site - Determined friends of relatives may drag them along - Curious about attraction, but not to determined to see particular place or particular historic context World heritage as a pull factor main characteristics of pseudo-culture events - Planned rather than spontaneous - Designed to be reproduced to order for the convenience of paying customers ( tourist) - Have an ambiguous relationship to real events based within the local community - May become regarded over time as " authentic ", and replace original events they represented - Events become commodified, and the meanings of such events change but they remain authentic - E.g. Viehabtrieb, Oktoberfest, Fest der 1000 Lichter Tourism as business - Consist of a vast network of connected actors form private and public sectors - Plentiful business opportunities and forms in tourism - Typical regional/local tourism business structures show a large proportion of a small and medial-sized enterprise (SME) - There a also large or global player ( e.g. tour operator groups)  Value chain: - Is a set of activities that a firm operating in a specific industry performs in order to deliver a valuable product for the market ( Andersrum für Privatpersonen) The tourist Destination - A place of area where collection of tourism related products and attractions are offered which deliver a tourism experience for individuals or groups traveling away form their home - Physical space in which a visitor stays at least one night, which has tourism products, including infrastructure support, attractions and tourism resources Tourist Destinations - Seaside Destinations \> natural beaches, costal paths - Rural destinations \> lakes, Mountains, farms - Urban destinations \> cities or towns with unique cultural, historical offering Tourist Destination Classifications - Nodal Destinations ( Knotenziel) - Attractions closely grounded geographically - Linked to honey-pot tourism development - Example: ski resorts like oberstdorf - Linear Destinations - Attraction spread over wide areas - Normally no specific focus - Example: Road 66 Three essential benefits - Attractions - Site- permanent e.g. castles - Event -- temporal e.g. festival - Amenities (Ausstattung) and facilities (Einrichtung) - Essential services catering to tourists need - Example: food, entertainment - Accessibility - Infrastructure Destination Management Organization (DMO) - Structure mostly public entities or private-public partnerships \> tourismus GmbH, kulturverwaltung - Task - Marketing, promoting, communicating to the outside world - Coordinating, facilitating, encouraging, moderating to the inside world - Guest information and services, local tour offering Challenges by DMO - Manage for competitiveness and stewardship (Verwaltung) - Multi-component product -- many contributors with different goals (hoteliers, museums) and potential conflicts of interest - Exchangeability (if no unique attraction factor) - Dependence on tour operators as multipliers - Seasonality Destination as package tour component: guest services - Local guest contact for tour operator - Organize tours, suggest activities - Sell tickets - Organize and oversee transfers - Large tour operators: own employees, otherwise outsourced to local business What is a hotel? - Every building or other structure kept, used, maintained, advertised, or help out to a public to be a place where sleeping & other accommodions are offered for pay, to transient guest - Ten or more person at an accommodation or five or more rooms are used to transient guests - With or without one or more dinning rooms of cafés were meals are served Major hotel types - City (Center) Hotel - Located in the heart of the city - Short distance from business, shopping district - Rate normally higher, location advantage - Resort (Hotel) - Located at attractive holiday sites - Often health/wellness/sports offered - Often subject to seasonality - Airport Hotel - Located at or nearby the airport - Cater to transit guest - Also day rooms featured - Boutique Hotel - Mostly located in urban areas - Design-driven & lifestyle-oriented - Small, unique building, often high end - Congress Hotels - Located near fairgrounds/convention centers - Garage/valet parking, often shuttle service - Meeting room, full banquet service - Casino Hotel - Lodging& gaming under one roof - Often show theaters integrated - Several restaurants / food courts on site - Motel - Located primarily on highways - Parking space provided - Usually designed for just one night stay - Bed& Breakfast - Family/individually owned and operated - Often distinctive or historic buildings - UK: small, individual private character - USA: high-price & exclusive - Lodge: - Located primarily in nature/game reserves - Overnight basis for wildlife/ nature tourism - Various comfort levels Hoteliers Perspective: Challenges - Sell rooms-as many as possible, every night at profitable price - Satisfy guest, generate loyal costumers - Local/regional competitions - Negotiation power of tour operators and OTA - Seasonality - Building status frequents renovation required Key Performance Indicators (KIP)   ! Transportation Main function of transportation is one of transit, carrying tourist between generating regions & the tourist destination regions. Adequate transportation infrastructure offering access from generating market Three essential functions of transport - Means to reach destination - Transit function - Airlines/ ferry/ shipping companies \> long distance travel - Accounts for 90% 0f tourism-related transport \> more domestic tourism - The impact of nature, mood, emotion and trends is important for the industry - Means of movement at destination - Public transport shared with local population \> Barcelona overtourism city - Sometimes infracture will be improved by it - Dedicated shuttle services \> Tui shuttle service to the hotel - Bus, metro, taxi, regional - Tourist attraction - Transport experience as main pull factor - Cruise, historic trains, scenic railways - German invent more and more by planes Travel intermediaries - Connect service providers and costumers/tourist - 4 different actors - Tour operator - Travel agencies - Online booking/ online travel agency - Income agencies 1. Tour operator - Purchase services from providers (hotels, airlines...) - Combine these elements to "assemble or bundle a package tour - Legal status in Germany: principal (Handelsherr) - Pays a commission to travel agents - Remains in control of the product price - Sells this product directly to customers via travel agencies - Creates product though bundling services \> create bundles of adventures trips and will sell them to an agency - Potential conflicts between hotels & tour operator - Prices as a problem wit tour operator - Tour operator bankruptices - Late release of unwanted locations - Payment delays - Legal coverage one sided, covering only tour operator 2. Travel agency \>tui Deutschland - Provides information and costumer services - Normally does not organize own tours - Sell separate services of various providers and package tours of tour operator - Status as Hadelsvertreter - All services sold on behalf of principals at the price established by principals ( alle Dienstleistungen werden im Namen des Autraggeber zu dem von dem Autraggeber festgelegten Preis verkauft) - Connects producer / provider and tourist - Receives commission (Provision) by principals for selling their products 3. Online Travel agency (OTA) \> most famous booking.com - The same function as normal travel agency expect that they sell their products via websites / platforms - Only sell separate service or package tours online - Independent of specific location ( international business) - Often specialized in either hotels or airline booking - Traditional agencies also offer their services via own websites - Hybrid operator ( online/offline ) 4. Income agencies - Specialized in inbound tourism - Typical range of services : - Representation of destination at trade fair - Guest services & local representation of tour operators - Production of full tours - Often single point of contact for foreign tour operators - Connecting tour operators ( from abroad/oversea) & service provider :selection of suitable services , providers ,products After examen Tourist motivation & behavior Psychology: the study of the mind. Implicated psyche ( mind soul) & logos ( knowledge, discourse ) Maslows´s Hierarchy of needs - VFR \> visiting friends and relatives - Each level needs to fulfil to reach a higher level - Incentive trips \> business trip where to get paid for \> more luxury Push and Pull factors that are connected to the ladder:  - Push - Rest and relaxation - Adventure - Exploration - Regression - Pull - Beaches - Budget - Cultural resources Travel behaviour in Europe - A majority of Eu citizens travelled for leisure or work \> at least once a year ( 43%) - Types of accommodations Eu citizens choose are often commercial accommodation or private accommodation - Large majority of Eu citizens expect that covid will have some type of lang term effects on their travel behaviour - Preferred source of information is recommendation from friends, colleagues or relatives ( 56%) - Eu citizen most often rely on online Platforms for professional accommodation services Plog´s tourist types ( categories different tourist behaviours ) - Allocentric ( venturers ) - Enjoy traveling independently - Cultural exploration - Backpacker travelers - Low budget - Often above average income groups - Non-tourist destination - Mid-centric - Go to known destination - Not that far away from their usually environment - Do not go for explorations & adventure - Go to destinations that are quit famous \> mainstream - Often package tour - Psychocentric - Rather unsure & insecure about travel - Go to places similar to their home environment - Low activity levels Individual characteristics Age - Often proxy for physical fitness, activity levels, interest - Youth travel history movement - Contemporary youth travel \> backpacker - Demographic shift in Germany \> " senior tourist" Nationality - Proxy of cultural allegiance or roots of e tourist - Identifiable markers : physical apperance, clothing - Those interacting with tourists frequently employ nationality-based interpretations in their dealings with relevant groups Gender - Assumption that tourist settings have masculine bias \> Müleimer toiletten - Areas of concern : treatment of female business travelers - Study assumption \> the typical images of older women primary determinant of good holiday experience \> Austria Additional demographic factors - Pluralistic, multipolar scenery of travelling style - How do people from different occupational ( berufliche) background travel ? - Within-profession similarities, between-profession differences due to taste & status