The Transportation Sector of Tourism: Overview & Systems

The Transportation Sector of Tourism Chapter 3  ▪ Describe the transportation sector as one pillars in tourism and CHAPTER ▪ Recognize the history of air transportation, land transportation and sea transportation and its OBJECTIVES...

The Transportation Sector of Tourism Chapter 3  ▪ Describe the transportation sector as one pillars in tourism and CHAPTER ▪ Recognize the history of air transportation, land transportation and sea transportation and its OBJECTIVES importance to tourism and ▪ Explain the aviation systems, value chain and its support ▪ Describe the physical and non-physical attributes of airport operations and management; ▪ Illustrate air service and its different phases; ▪ Identify different flight types and routes, classification of air-lines, types of aircraft and classes of airline service; ▪ Memorize IATA and ICAO Codes for different airlines and ▪ IATA City and Airport Codes; ▪ Explain the elements of land transportation systems and its connections with other modes of transportation; ▪ Identify the users of land transportation systems and its functions in support of the economic development of a nation; ▪ Differentiate the types of ships according to its  Land Transportation ▪ Humans' first means of land transport was walking. ▪ Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of vehicles. ▪ The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks often followed game trails. Paved roads were built by many early civilizations, including Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Civilization.  Land Transportation ▪ The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century saw a number of inventions fundamentally change transport. ▪ The invention of the steam engine, closely followed by its application in rail transport, made land transport independent of human or animal muscles. ▪ With the development of the combustion engine and the automobile at the turn into the 20th century, road transport became more viable, allowing the introduction of mechanical private transport. ▪ After World War II, the automobile and airlines took higher shares of transport, reducing rail to freight and short-haul passenger. ▪ International air travel become much more accessible in the 1960s, with the commercialization of the jet engine. Along with the growth in automobiles and motorways, this introduced a decline for rail transport.  Land Transportation Systems ▪ Human-Powered Transportation - a form of sustainable transportation, is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running and swimming. ▪ Animal-Powered Transportation - is the use of working animals for the movement of people and goods. ▪ Road Transportation - Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance.  Land Transportation Systems ▪ Rail Transportation - is where a train runs along a set of two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or railroad. ▪ Other Modes: ▪ Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe; most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also send solid capsules using compressed air. ▪ Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used at steep gradient. Connections with other modes ▪ Airports - Airports serve as a terminus for air transport activities, but most people and cargo transported by air must use ground transport to reach their final destination. ▪ Seaports - As with air transport, sea transport typically requires use of ground transport at either end of travel for people and goods to reach their final destinations.  The Elements of Land Transportation Systems ▪ Infrastructure - is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to operate and consists of a way, a terminal and facilities for parking and maintenance. ▪ Vehicles - is any non-living device that is used to move people and goods. Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and riders.  The Users of Land Transportation Systems ▪ Public - refers to carriage of people and goods by government or commercial entities which is made available to the serve at large for the purpose of facilitating the economy and society they serve. ▪ Commerce - refers to carriage of people and goods by commercial entities made available at cost to individuals, businesses, and the government for the purpose of profiting the entities providing the travel. ▪ Military - refers to carriage of people and goods by the military or other operators for the purpose of supporting military operations, both in peacetime as well as in combat areas. ▪ Private - refers to individuals and organizations transporting themselves and their own people, animals, and goods at their own discretion.  The Functions of Land Transportation Systems Passenger ▪ Public transport is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders desire. The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental impact. Freight ▪ or shipping, is a key in the value chain in manufacturing. With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for transport. The Impact of Land Transportation Systems ▪ Economic - Economic growth has always been dependent on increasing the capacity and rationality of transport. But the infrastructure and operation of transport has a great impact on the land and is the largest drainer of energy, making transport sustainability a major issue. ▪ Planning – transport planning allows for high utilization and less impact regarding new infrastructure. Using models of transport forecasting, planners are able to predict future transport patterns. ▪ Environment - Transport is a major use of energy and burns most of the world's petroleum. This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for  Sea Transportation ▪ Historically, societies have always located near water, due to partly fact that water enables more efficient travel compared to going over land. ▪ The complex network of connections between coastal ports, inland ports, rail, air and truck routes forms a foundation of material economic wealth worldwide. ▪ The ships we come across nowadays are large, sturdy and self-propelled vessels case centuries to transport cargo across seas and oceans. ▪ The first boat was a simple frame of sticks lashed together and covered  History of Sea Transportation The Usage of Poles and Invention of Oar ▪ Ancient marine history makes for quite an interesting study of the strength and survival instincts of humanity at large. For instance, in ancient times, the simple oar was not in use. Invention of Sails ▪ The invention of the sail was the greatest turning point in maritime history. The sails replaced the action of human muscles and sail boats could embark on longer trips with heavier loads.  History of Sea Transportation Phoenicians and their Contribution ▪ History of ships is never complete without mentioning the Phoenicians. They deserve special mention since it is highly probable that they were the pioneers of the wooden sailing vessels that were to sail the high seas centuries later. The Phoenicians fashioned out galleys from the earlier dugouts with sails and oars providing power. Types of Ships in ancient Maritime History ▪ As marine history and along with it, the history of ships unfolds; it draws images of intrigue and amazement at the expert and diligent craftsmanship of the ancient mariners. The medieval ships were clinker built, which refers to the clenching of nail on technique used for securing planks.  Improvements in Marine Vessels ▪ Ships continued to develop as overseas trade became increasingly more important. By late 1100's a straight stern post was added to ships to facilitate the hanging rudder. ▪ As years passed, in order to avoid risk of water damage, cargo was transported in large gallon barrels called tuns. ▪ The British relied heavily on the nef a term used for ships. 1800’s ▪ Black Ball Line in New York, in 1818, was the first shipping company to offer scheduled service from the United States to England to be concerned with the comfort of their passengers. ▪ English companies dominated the market led by the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet (later the Cunard Line) ▪ On July 4, 1840, Britannia, the first ship under the Cunard name, left Liverpool with a cow on board to supply fresh milk to the passengers on the 14-day transatlantic crossing. ▪ During the 1850s and 1860s there was a dramatic improvement in the quality of the voyage for the passengers. In 1867, Mark Twain was a passenger on the first cruise originating in America, documenting his adventures of the six month trip in the book Innocents Abroad. The  Improvements in Marine Vessels Early 20th Century ▪ By the early 20th century the concept of the superliner was developed and Germany led the market in the development of these massive and ornate floating hotels. The Mauritania and the Lusitania, both owned by the Cunard Line of England, started the tradition of dressing for dinner and advertised the romance of the voyage. ▪ Speed was still the deciding factor in the design of these ships. The White tar Line, owned by American financier J.P. Morgan, introduced the most luxurious passenger ships ever seen in the Olympic and Titanic. World War I ▪ World War I interrupted the building of new cruise ships, and many older liners were used as troop transports.  Improvements in Marine Vessels After World War I ▪ Increasing air travel and the first non-stop flight to Europe in 1958 marked the ending of transatlantic business for ocean liners. ▪ A global transportation network of airports was being established - the age of the jumbo jet had arrived. ▪ The 1960s witnessed the beginnings of the modern cruise industry. Cruise ship companies concentrated on vacation trips in the Caribbean and created a "fun ship" image which attracted many passengers.  Types of Ships according to its Features and Purpose ▪ Multi-purpose ships – These are vessels that carry cargo, transport passengers between close-by villages and serve as cruise ships for leisure travelers too. ▪ Contemporary cruise ships – This type of vessel has broader, boxier bodies but are still attractive and built to accommodate uniformly sized staterooms and the numerous activity venues that the modern cruise vacation experience requires. ▪ Ferries – This type of vessel form a part of the public transport systems of many waterside cities and islands, allowing direct transit between points at a capital cost much lower than bridges or tunnels. ▪ Barges - This type of vessel is flat-bottomed, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. However, they can also be luxurious, affording a pampered and leisurely discovery at the countryside.  Types of Ships according to its Features and Purpose ▪ Masted sailing ships – This type of vessel has masts and sails and are partly or almost entirely powered by the wind. ▪ Riverboats – This type of vessel is also known as "paddle wheelers" and are often modeled after the great steamboats of the nineteenth century. ▪ General cargo ships (sometimes called Breakbulk Carriers) – have 4 or 5 holds (a hold is the cargo space in a ship). ▪ Bulk Carriers - Bulk carriers are used for things such as grain, ore, wood chips, etc., that can be poured down into a hold. They will load and off-load at special port terminals for whatever cargo they may carry.  Types of Ships according to its Features and Purpose ▪ Container ships – are designed to carry large steel containers that are usually 20 feet or 40 feet long, eight feet wide and eight feet tall. ▪ Auto carriers – These are huge ships that are nothing more than floating parking garages. ▪ Tankers – These are little more than oil drums with an engine. Though the most common tanker hauls oil, there are other tankers that haul many different types of liquids and gases. ▪ Fishing vessels – Most people think of fishing vessels as being just boats, but in today’s industrial world many of these vessel are as large as some ships and converted general cargo ships. ▪ Oil industry vessels – These are the vessel that are used by the oil industry in offshore drilling.  Types of Ships according to its Size ▪ Very small ships – Under 10,000 GRT; under 200 pax ▪ Small ships – 10,000 GRT – 20,000 GRT; 200– 500 pax ▪ Large ships – 50,000 – 70,000 GRT – 20,000 GRT; 1, 200 - 2,000 pax ▪ Mega ships – 70, 000 GRT or more; 2, 000 pax or more  Cruise Ship Personnel Sailing Operations Personnel 1. The Captain - Is the over-all in-charge of the ship operations. 2. The Deputy Captain or the First Officer - Is in- charge when the captain is busy or not on-board. 3. The Chief Engineer - Oversees all the mechanical operations, including the engines, electrical systems, lighting, plumbing, waste management, onboard climate control, and the maintenance or repair of the ship itself. 4. The Chief Medical Officer or Doctor - Tends to the health of passengers and crew. 5. The Chief Radio or Communications Officers - This person oversees in-room satellite TV Programming, ship-to-shore phone calls, Internet Service, and all other shipboard communication systems.  Cruise Ship Personnel Hotel Operations Personnel 1. The Hotel Manager or the Hotel Director or the Chief Purser - Conducts his or her business very much like the manager of a land-based hotel or resort, but with specialized understanding of the cruise experience. 2. The Purser - Is much like a hotel front-desk manager or assistant manager. 3. The Shore Excursion Manager - Orchestrates the operation and booking of port-based packages. 4. The Cruise Director – Coordinates all entertainment and informal activities take place as part of the cruise experience. 5. The Executive Chief – Controls the preparation and serving of all food and beverages. 6. The Executive Housekeeper or Chief Steward – Manages all staterooms public spaces and other shipboard cleaning. 7. The Food and Beverage Director or Manager – Overseas the serving of meals and drinks.  The Environmental Impact of Shipping 1. Sound Pollution - Noise produced by ships often travels long distances and interferes with the normal behavior of marine species like whales that rely on sound for their activities. 2. Oil Spillage – Oil spills into the ocean have devastating effects on marine life. Oil remains on the surface of the water blocking the diffusion of oxygen into the water. This kills numerous marine life. 3. Sewage - Human wastes loaded with harmful microorganisms enter the waters through the sewage discharged by the ships into the water. 4. Loss of Marine Life - Whales, manatees, and other large marine fauna are at risk of collisions with ships. Collisions with ships moving at high speeds can definitely kill or injure such marine animals. 5. Emission of Greenhouse Gases - Ships also contribute to air pollution. The combustion of fuels releases great volumes of smoke and dust into the air. Many of these gases are greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change on Earth.