Anatomical Terms PDF

Anatomical Terms By Dr. Rania Elsyade Assistant Professor of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University  Objectives By the end of this lecture, students will be able to: 1. Define anatomy. 2. Elucidate how to s...

Anatomical Terms By Dr. Rania Elsyade Assistant Professor of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University  Objectives By the end of this lecture, students will be able to: 1. Define anatomy. 2. Elucidate how to study anatomy. 3. Differentiate between regional and systemic anatomy. 4. Describe the anatomical position. 5. Identify the anatomical planes. 6. Identify the anatomical terms related to the position of structures. 7. Define the anatomical terms related to movement.  What is anatomy? Anatomy = Ana (Apart) + Tome (To Cut ) = To cut apart = Dissection Anatomy is the study of the human body structures and their relations to each other.  How to study anatomy? 1– Cadaveric Anatomy (Dissection). 2– Microscopic Anatomy (Histology). How to study anatomy? 3- Developmental Anatomy (Embryology). 4– Clinical Anatomy (Applied). How to study anatomy? 5 – Surface (Topographic or Living) Anatomy.  How to study anatomy? 6 – Radiographic Anatomy e.g. (PlainX-ray, US, CT & MRI). 7- Endoscopy.  How to study anatomy? 8 – Sectional Anatomy e.g. (CT & MRI). 9 –Comparative Anatomy.  How to study anatomy? 1 – Cadaveric Anatomy (Dissection). 2 – Microscopic Anatomy (Histology). 3 – Developmental Anatomy (Embryology). 4 – Clinical Anatomy (Applied). 5 – Surface (Topographic or Living) Anatomy. 6 – Radiographic Anatomy. 7 – Endoscopy. 8 – Sectional Anatomy. 9 –Comparative Anatomy. Differentiate between regional and systemic anatomy REGIONAL ANATOMY ✓Head & Neck. ✓Brain. ✓Trunk (Thorax –Abdomen –Pelvis & Perineum). ✓Extremities (or limbs) (Upper –Lower). Differentiate between regional and systemic anatomy SYSTEMIC ANATOMY ✓ Integumentary system ✓ Skeletal system ✓ Muscular system ✓ Nervous system ✓ Cardiovascular system ✓ Lymphatic system ✓ Endocrine system ✓ Digestive system ✓ Respiratory system ✓ Urogenital system  Describe the anatomical position. It is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the anatomical relations of the human body structures.  Describe the anatomical position. ✓ The body is standing upright. ✓ The face (eyes) looking forward. ✓ The upper limbs hanging by the side of the body and palms facing forward and fingers straight. ✓ The lower limbs are parallel with feet together and toes pointing forwards. list two criteria of the anatomical position.  Identify the anatomical planes. Sagittal planes: Coronal plane (frontal) Transverse plane (horizontal)  Identify the anatomical planes. ✓ Sagittal planes: These are vertical planes that divide the body into right and left parts. ✓ Midsagittal (Median) Plane: This passes in the midline of the body dividing it into equal right and left halves. ✓ Parasagittal (Paramedian) Planes: These are parallel to the midsagittal plane and divide the body into unequal right and left parts.  Identify the anatomical planes ✓ Coronal (frontal) plane: These are vertical planes perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts. ✓ Transverse (or axial) planes: These are horizontal planes that divide the body into upper and lower parts Identify the anatomical terms related to the position of structures. ✓ Anterior/Ventral/ Rostral: near the front of the body. Dorsal planter ✓ Posterior/Dorsal: near the back of the body. Anterior Posterior ✓ Palmer: anterior surface of the hand. palmar ✓ planter: sole of the foot. Dorsal Identify the anatomical terms related to the position of structures. ✓ Superior/Cephali c/ Cranial: nearer to the head. ✓ Inferior/Caudal: nearer to the Superior Superior feet. Inferior Inferior Identify the anatomical terms related to the position of structures. ✓Median: at the midline of the body. ✓Medial: nearer to the midline of the body. ✓Lateral: nearer to the side of the body. Identify the anatomical terms related to the position of structures. ✓Proximal: near to the structure origin or root of the limb. ✓Distal: away from to the structure origin or root of the limb. ✓Intermediate: between 2 points. Identify the anatomical terms related to the position of structures. ✓Ipsilateral: same side of the body. ✓Contralateral: opposite side of the body. Identify the anatomical terms related to the position of structures. ✓Superficial: nearer to the surface of the body. ✓Deep: away from the surface of the body. Identify the anatomical terms related to the position of structures. ✓External: outside an organ or cavity. ✓Internal: inside an organ or cavity.  Define the anatomical terms related to the movements. ✓Flexion (bending): - Moving part is carried forwards - Movement on the transverse axis. ✓Extension (Straightening):- Moving part is carried backward – Movement on the transverse axis. ✓Planter Flexion and dorsi Flexion  Define the anatomical terms related to the movements. ✓Abduction: The moving part is carried away from the body/ reference line. – Movement on the anteroposterior axis. ✓Adduction: - The moving part is carried towards the body/reference line. -Movement on the anteroposterior axis.  Define the anatomical terms related to the movements. ✓ Medial Rotation: The moving part is rotated towards the midline. – Movement on the vertical axis. ✓ Lateral Rotation : The moving part is rotated away from the midline. – Movement on the vertical axis. Define the anatomical terms related to the movements.  Define the anatomical terms related to the movements. ✓ Circumduction: The moving part forms the base of a cone Test your self The anatomical term Abduction means………………… a.Near the root of the limb b.Outside an organ or cavity c.The moving part is carried away from the body. d.Opposite side of the body  References Gray’s Anatomy, 39th Edition Edited by Standring. Churchill Livingstone: Elsevier, 2004.