Anatomical Variations of Bones and Organs PDF

Anatomical Variations of Bones and Organs I- Osteology and Arthrology The skeleton composed of some 200 bones, acts as a supportive and protection of soft tissues beside locomotion and movement, it also work as blood forming organs especially in early of life (young Animals). Meat Scientist observes...

Anatomical Variations of Bones and Organs I- Osteology and Arthrology The skeleton composed of some 200 bones, acts as a supportive and protection of soft tissues beside locomotion and movement, it also work as blood forming organs especially in early of life (young Animals). Meat Scientist observes the differences in bone structure and shape appear on different Food Animals and use it as a way to Animal species Identification & Age determination. Bones of young are smooth, soft and have red bone marrow while it became more rigid and hard with white or yellow bone marrow with age due to ossification, but it became brittle and fragile at very old animals due to decrease in bone organic matter Number of Ribs also used to differentiation between animal species as following Animal Species Number of Ribs (in Pair) Cattle & Buffalo 13 Horse 18 Sheep & Goat 13 Pig 14-15 Rabbit 12 Therefore, Carcass bone is very valuable for Food Animal Identification where substitution is suspected and animal age determination when teeth not available to be examined Fig. 1: Cow Skeleton 1)Atals;2) 7th Cervical Vertebrae; 3) Scapula; 4) Ribs; 5) Pelvic Girdle; 6) Femur; 7)Patella; 8)Tibia;9) Tarsus;10) Metatarsus;11) phalanges;12) Humers; 13)ulna;14) Radius ;15) Sternum;16)Xiphoid Cartilage;17)Carpus;18)Meatcarpus;19) phalanges;20)Mandible; 21) Cranium. (Gracey, et al., 1999). Carcase bones are valuable means of identification of the different species of food animals, for example, where substitution is suspected. Where the teeth of a bovine animal are unavailable for examination, the age can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by examination of the carcase bones. This estimation is based on the degree of ossification of certain parts of the skeletal system, the most valuable of which are the cartilaginous extensions of the spines of the first five dorsal vertebrae. Ossification in these spines develops as shown in the following Table and Figures. Age Ossification The extension is entirely cartilaginous, soft, pearly white and sharply delineated from 1 the bone, which is soft and red 2 Small red islets of bone appear in the cartilage 3 The cartilage is greyish, and red areas are more numerous The area of ossification within the cartilage extends until the proportion of bone is 4-5 greater than that of cartilage The cartilage has ossified into compact bony tissue, though the line of junction 6 between the cartilage and bone can still be defined Pearly white and Declined Red islets in the cartilage More numerous red areas Ischiopubic symphysis role in Animal Species identification The ischiopubic symphysis is differing in its shape from cattle to buffalo that in buffalo it is strikingly plane while is curved in cattle see following figure. Also, degree of curvature of The Ischiopubic symphysis in cattle determine sex (Steer very curved, Heifer curved and cow very slight curved Buffalo Cattle  II- Organs Differentiation A) Tongue Cattle Sheep & Goat Horse Pig Shape Heavy, firm with wide Roof and body Narrow than cattle Long & narrow with pointed apex Filiform Papillae Long and horny Short and blunt Long and horny Very small Dorsum present present No dorsal ridge No dorsal ridge Vallate Papillae 10 – 14 in number 18-24 in sheep & 18 in goat 2 one on either 2 one on either sides sides Foliate Papillae Absent Absent Present Present Fungiform P. Present Present Present Present The root Have long conical Have Lentiform papillae No papillae present Have long conical papillae papillae Pigmentation Black pigment normally present with no Pigmentation was never seen pathological significance & very common in black animals Source: (Gracey, et al., 1999; Budras et al., 2003; and Chauveau and Arloing, 1893). Cattle Tongue Sheep Tongue Pig Tongue Anatomical structure Fig. Tongue of the ox, dorsal view. The pharynx and soft palate are transected and reflected laterad. A, Vallate papillae; B, torus linguae with conical papillae; C, fungiform papillae; D, filiform papillae; 1, oropharynx; 2, tonsillar crypt; 3, cut surface of soft palate; 4, palatopharyngeal arch; 5, epiglottis; 6, opening into larynx (Budras et al., 2003).  B) Stomach Cattle Sheep & Goat Horse Pig Esophagus Short and wide with 5cm wide used as natural Long and narrow Short but Narrow sausage casing while is narrow in sheep & goat Stomach (pouch) 4 compartment (Reticulum, rumen, omasum & Single compartment Single compartment or simple abomasum) or simple stomach stomach Shape Large pear shape Bean shape Semilunar shape Capacity 150 liter 18 liter 12 liter 6.5 liter Tripe Reticulum & Rumen forming Tripe No Tripe No Tripe Mucus m.m Rumen is brown or black except at pillars or folds White at cardiac and Pale gray at cardiac region Reticulum is Honeycomb-like appearance esophageal region Reddish brown at fundic region Omasum is folded about 100 Reddish at fundic Corrugated at pyloric region Abomasum is folded oblique about 30 and pyloric Blind sac Absent Absent Present Absent Gastric Absent Absent Absent Present Diverticulum Source: (Gracey, et al., 1999; Budras et al., 2003; and Chauveau and Arloing, 1893). Horse Stomach Dorsal view Horse Stomach Diagrammatic Ruminant stomach Diagrammatic Pig stomach Diagrammatic Detailed anatomy of the bovine stomach. A) External anatomy from the left (top) and the right (bottom). B) Internal anatomy; grooves on the exterior of the stomach correspond to raised, muscular ridges (“pillars”) on the interior of the stomach.  C-Liver Cattle Sheep & Goat Horse Pig Shape Africa map like shape Elongated bean shape Color Gray to Grayish black Reddish Brown Purplish Reddish Brown Lobes 3 lobes (Right, left & caudate lobe) 3 lobes (Right, left & 5 lobes (2 small inner and 2 small Left and right divided by slight notch but caudate lobe which is outer with caudate lobe) caudate lobe is more blunt in sheep & goat pointed) caudate lobe is toungue shape like Umbilical Fissure Present Less prominent Present Absent Weight 5.4 kg while in calf 6.5 450 -600 g 4.5 kg 2kg kg Esophageal notch Less developed Less developed Prominent Interlobular tissue Less developed Present Very visible give morocco leather shape Gall bladder Large pear Small cigar shape & camel Absent Small pear or round Consistency Hard Intermediate Hard Hard Hepatized Surface lobulation Present irregular Absent Present irregular Present regular Source: (Gracey, et al., 1999; Budras et al., 2003; and Chauveau and Arloing, 1893). Camel liver is characterized by  Elongated large shape appear as triangular from visceral view with 3 defined lobes  Have many fissures on the visceral surface  Interlobular connective tissue present forming visible hexagonal shape cell on the surface of liver  Hard in consistency due to large content of connective tissues  Have no Gall bladder Pig Liver Cattle liver Horse liver Sheep liver Cattle liver Camel liver Horse liver Pig liver Sheep liver  D- Lung Cattle Sheep & Goat Horse Pig Trachea Cartilaginous ring meet at angle forming distinct Cartilaginous ring Cartilaginous ring ridges along dorsal aspect overlapped overlapped Left lung 3 lobes (Apical, cardiac, diaphragmatic) 2 lobes 2-3 lobes Right lung 4-5 lobes 3 lobes 3-4 lobes Accessory bronchi Present at Right Apical lobe Absent Absent Lung lobulation Well marked due to C.T Less marked Absent Well marked and spongy Weight (Pair) 2.2-3 kg 350-907 g 2.2-3 kg 340-453 g Color Grayish red but small & Duller in sheep Grayish Red to light pink Source: (Gracey, et al., 1999; Budras et al., 2003; and Chauveau and Arloing, 1893). Camel lung is characterized by Orange and spongy in consistency Lobulation Not clear Left lung has 1 lobe and Right lung has 1 lobe with accessory bronchus /Q1 Have fringe like structure by reflection of visceral pleura Tracheal Ring is not complete Horse Lung Pig Lung Ox lung Sheep lung Figure showing: Lungs of horse, sheep, ox, and pig. L, left; R, right; A, cranial (apical); C, middle (cardiac); D, caudal (diaphragmatic); I, accessory (intermediate). (Redrawn after Nickel and Schummer., 1960.) Cattle lung Camel lung  Sheep lung Pig lung E- Spleen Cattle Sheep & Goat Horse Pig Shape Elongated flattened with Triangular with Sickle like Elongated & Narrow like sharp round extremities round angles Tongue shape (Pyramidal) Color Bluish Reddish Brown Bluish Reddish Lymph follicles Appear at Cross section Not appear Not appear Not appear Consistency Hard Soft & elastic Hard Hard Weight 0.9 – 1 kg 56-85 g 450 -970 g 113- 456 g Visceral Ridge Absent Absent Absent Present where the Hilus is present Source: (Gracey, et al., 1999; Budras et al., 2003; and Chauveau and Arloing, 1893). Camel spleen is characterized by Crescentic in shape with large size and have posterior serrated borders Cattle Spleen Camel Spleen Horse spleen Pig spleen Sheep spleen  F- Heart Cattle Sheep & Goat Horse Pig Shape Conical Elongated conical Globular Os cordis 2 present 3 present 2 present Absent Size Large Small Large Small Coronary grooves 3 grooves 3 grooves 2 grooves Apex Round Formed of left Pointed and small Round More round lower border of ventricle left auricle is serrated and camel situated lower than right Weight 1.8 – 2.2 kg 85 -113 g 2.5 kg – 6.5 kg 170 -198 g Source: (Gracey, et al., 1999; Budras et al., 2003; and Chauveau and Arloing, 1893). Camel Heart is characterized by It Funnel shape with 2 coronary grooves and larger than cattle heart Its Apex is formed of left & right ventricle Os cordis is present 1 in number Figure show Left lateral view of the heart Cattle heart Camel heart Horse heart Pig heart Sheep heart  G- Kidney Cattle Sheep & Goat Horse Pig Colour Reddish brown Dark brown Chocolate Reddish brown Lobulation Multilobulation (15-25) unilobular unilobular unilobular Papillation Unipapilated Unipapilated Multi-papillated Shape Elongated elliptical Bean shape Heart shape Elongated bean shape Renal pelvis No renal pelvis Present Present Present Structure Left kidney have 3 sided convex surface and convex surface and round Thinner and flatten than and movable round extremities & extremities other (wandering kidney) Have wandering heart shape kidney Source: (Gracey, et al., 1999; Budras et al., 2003; and Chauveau and Arloing, 1893). Camel kidney is characterized by It bean shape, unilobular and unipapilated It has convex surface and round extremities It has no renal crest or pelvis Cattle kidney Camel kidney Horse kidney Pig kidney Sheep kidney