The Crusades PDF

The Crusades The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. In all, eight major Crusade expeditions — varying in size, strength and degree of success — occurred between 1096 and 1291. Th...

The Crusades The Crusades were a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups. In all, eight major Crusade expeditions — varying in size, strength and degree of success — occurred between 1096 and 1291. The costly, violent and often ruthless conflicts enhanced the status of European Christians, making them major players in the fight for land in the Middle East. Historical Context: Rise of Islam and the Byzantine Empire Rise of Byzantine Islam The rapid expansion of the Islamic Empire The Byzantine Empire, the caliphates in the 7th century had Eastern Roman Empire, had been brought Jerusalem and the Holy a major power in the region but Land under Muslim control. was now facing threats from the Seljuk Turks. ❑ In the Year 637, Umar ibn Khattab( RA) Muslim armies captured the city of Jerusalem from the Christians ❑ Jerusalem is sacred to three religions ❑ Islam, Judaism and Christianity ❑ Building of Churches and Synagogues and display of crosses were not allowed however no existing places of worship was destroyed. ❑ Jews and Christians were never prevented from practicing their religion freely. ❑ Christian and Jewish pilgrims were allowed to enter Jerusalem peacefully and worship at their holy sites under both the Umayyads and the Abbasids. The Umayyad Caliphate was the first Muslim dynasty from 661 to 750 CE; founded as an empire in disarray, over time it became prosperous and expansive ⚫Umayyads and Abbasids- Two families who became rulers of Islamic society. ⚫Bani Umayyah is from the Quraysh family. The Abbasid Caliphate ruled from Baghdad and was considered the Islamic Golden Age, from 750 to 1258, fostering great cultural and scientific growth  Seljuk Turks ⚫The Seljuk turks are a major branch of Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle east from 11th to 14th centuries. ⚫The Seljuks migrated from the north Iranian provinces in Central Asia into mainland Iran formerly known as Persia. ⚫In the 11th Century the Seljuk Turks had a powerful empire in Persia. ⚫They saw that the Muslim empire with both Abbasid and the Umayyads in Spain were losing power. ⚫They felt that they were the inheritors of the Muslim lands ⚫Fierce wars overran all that lay in their path and their empire across Central Asia in the East and moved westwards towards Constantinople. Con Constaninople is modern day Istanbul ⚫They took over Jerusalem in 1076. ⚫Seljuks then began their assault on Byzantine ruled Asia Minor ( Anatolia). It makes up the majority of the modern day Turkey. ⚫Byzantine Empire is the continuation of the Easterm Roman empire ⚫In 1071, they achieved victory against the Byzantines in the Battle of Manzikert, in Armenia Romanos Diogenes The Seljuk Turks captured the Byzantine emperor, Romanos Diogenes and forced him to accept a peace treaty. ⚫In 1078, Seljuks took over Nicaea ( ancient Greek city), near Constantinople and Seljuk sultan, Suleyman moved his capital there. It was the first permanent Turkish settlement in Asia Minor and the Turkish presence in the region has continued since then. Seljuk Sultan- ⚫In March 1095, the Council of Piacenza, - Ambassadors sent by Byzantine emperor Alexius I called for help in defending his empire from the Seljuk turks. He told the pope that Byzantine undermanned army could not hold out and Constantinople (Istanbul), the bastion (institution) of Christendom in the East would fall to the Turks. ⚫ In response Pope Urban II called a conference at the city of Clermont, France in 1095. This was one of the most influential speeches. ⚫ He told the ones who were gathered there that the Holy Land is in the hands of the Infidel and that we need to fight them and take it back. He iterated that God would absolve them from any sin in doing so. ⚫ His word was accepted by the crowd readily with cries of “It is the will of God”. Pope Urban not only rallied troops to save Constantinople but set in action a series of ‘holy wars’ to free Jerusalem from Muslim rule. These wars were later called as the Crusades. Pope The Call to Arms: Pope Urban II's Speech at Clermont Papal Appeal Pope Urban II called for a holy war to liberate Jerusalem and the Christian holy sites from Muslim rule. Rousing Rhetoric The Pope's impassioned speech at the Council of Clermont in 1095 stirred the emotions of the audience, leading to widespread enthusiasm for the Crusade. Mobilization Thousands of knights, nobles, and common people answered the Pope's call, eager to embark on the perilous journey to the Holy Land. ⚫At the time of Crusades, The standard of life in the Muslim empire was much better than the Europeans. The cities of the Muslim empire was paved, had street lighting and running water. Jerusalem before the crusades was a place filled with thriving trade , scholars and madrasas. ⚫ Responding to the Pope’s challenge, thousands of peasant rallied to the cause motivated religiously and also the desire to escape their squalor conditions. ⚫ Four armies of Crusaders were formed from troops of different Western European regions ⚫ A less organized band of knights and commoners known as the “People’s Crusade” set off before the others under the command of a popular preacher known as Peter the Hermit. Ignoring Alexius’ advice to wait for the rest of the Crusaders. They marched across Europe to Constantinople, but were slaughtered by the Turks soon after crossing Bosphorous into Asia Minor. Peasants march to Jerusalem ⚫The other group of nobility raised an army of thousands made its way through various routes and reached Constantinople. ⚫Unfortunately many of these crusaders couldn’t wait to attack the Muslims on the battlefield that they demonstrated their religious zeal. As they passed through Europe , many Jewish communities became the target of their wrath and thousands were massacred drawing widespread outrage and causing a major crisis in Jewish-Christian relations. ⚫The Crusaders entered the outskirts of Constantinople in mid 1090’s and proceeded into Asia Minor. They were harassed by Turks and other tribes. The Crusading Army overcame all attacks and took over Niceaea, Antioch and Tripoli in 1097. The crusaders tried to control Tyre but were defeated by Muslim. The people of Tyre asked Zahiruddin Atabek, leader of Damascus for help in defending their city from the crusaders with the promise to surrender Tyre to him. When the crusaders were defeated the people of Tyre did not surrender the city, but Zahiruddin simply said, “ What I have done I have done only for the sake of God and Muslims, not out of desire for wealth ⚫Then they laid siege to Jerusalem. ⚫The Jews and Muslims fought together to defend Jerusalem but were unsuccessful and the city fell in 1099. ⚫The sacking of Jerusalem was brutal. The crusaders massacred the inhabitants, destroyed madrasas and libraries and desecrated the places of worship of both the Muslims and Jews.  After gaining control of Jerusalem The Crusaders created four Crusader States The kingdom of Jerusalem The County of Edessa (Urfa, southeast Turkey) The Principality of Antioch ( Turkish Antakya) The County of Tripoli ( libya) In 1099, Godfrey Buillon was King of Jerusalem. He ruled for three months until his death when his brother Baldwin I took over. Show video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydVFqpbIIwA ( 7g3- done with first part) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAodRUPN7lE 7g2-first part seen Godfrey Buillon  The Second Crusade-7g2 ⚫Three reasons for failure of First Crusade ⚫Distance between Jerusalem and Baghdad ⚫Disunity among Muslims ⚫Unprepared for war The failure of the First Crusade made them wake up and regroup. Eventually everyone reunited under the leadership of Imaduddin Zangi (governor) of Mosul and Aleppo – He was a remarkable leader Imaduddin Zangi ⚫He began by recapturing Edessa in 1144. This was the first city to fall to the Crusaders and became the first to be recaptured by the Muslims ⚫News of the fall of Edessa was spread and a second crusade by Pope Eugenius III was called. Pope Eugenius III ⚫ The Holy Roman Emperor, Conrad III and French King Louis VII with a few important nobles joined this crusade, making it the first crusade led by European Kings. Conrad King Louis III VII ⚫ The armies of the empire marched separately across Europe and were somewhat hindered by Byzantine emperor Manuel I ⚫ While crossing Anatolia, both armies were defeated by Selkjuk Turks. ⚫ Louis and Conrad and the remnants of their armies reached Jerusalem, in 1148, attacked Damascus. ⚫ By 1150, both leaders returned to their countries without any result. The Second crusade was a failure for the crusaders and a great victory for the Muslims. The Kingdom of Jerusalem continued to change ⚫Arabic became first language of Christians ⚫They intermarried with Arab Christians ⚫Trade with Muslims increased ⚫They adopted the dress of the people of the area  Third Crusade ⚫Imaduddin Zangi was assassinated in 1146 ⚫He was succeeded by his second son Nuruddin ⚫Nuruddin’s dream was to unite the Muslim forces between the Euphrates and the Nile to make a common front against the crusaders. ⚫His dream of a united Syria under single rule came true when the inhabitants of Damascus helped him capture the city in 1154 ⚫Before his death, he wanted to recapture Jerusalem. He even built a pulpit from which he hoped to deliver the Friday sermon, after regaining the holy city. However before realizing his goal , he passed away in Shawwal AH569 (1173 CE) Among Nuruddins military leaders was YUSUF IBN AYYUB. When the Crusaders threatened Egypt in 1168, The Ubaidi ruler of Egypt appealed to Nuruddin for help. Nuruddin send his commander Sherkoh and his nephew Yusuf to Egypt, to head off the crusader attack on Egypt. The expedition was a success and the army welcome them as liberators in Cairo. Soon after this victory the Ubaidi ruler died and Yusuf ibn Ayyub took control of Egypt. He took the title Salahuddin , “Salah ad-Din" is a an honorific epithet, meaning "Righteousness of the Faith."and took an oath of piety deciding to seek the pleasure of Allah alone. Salahuddi n He also took an oath to free the Holy land of Jerusalem. ⚫When Nuruddin died all his lands came under Salahuddin. ⚫Yemen and Hijaz also succeeded to him and Salahuddin Ayyubi became the sole ruler of all lands between the Nile and the Tigris. ⚫During the years Salahuddin strengthened his position avoiding open warfare till he established himself. In 1186, Reginald of chatillon ( place in Paris) had made it known that he intended to conquer Makkah itself. attacked a large caravan travelling through the desert For Salahuddin who had been patient with the Franks when they repeatedly broke their truces with him, this was the last straw. He proclaimed Jihad against crusaders. ⚫On July 4 1187, A vast force under Salahuddins banner defeated the Frankish army in the battle of the Horns of Hattin- in which Salahuddin himself struck down Reginald. ⚫90 years after the First crusaders took the Holy City, came the moment of Saluddins career- The capture of Jerusalem Horns of Hattin ⚫ Salahuddin had taken over Jerusalem with little loss of life on either side and magnanimously ( forgiving, generous) freed thousand of his prisoners. ⚫ He released the King Guy de lusignan and his nobles after extracting a promise from them that they would never bear arms against him again. ⚫ Salahuddin usually wore a simple wool or linen cloak. His personal retinue- loyal men who were willing to die for him and often did- followed his example. In his later years he wore a padded coat while on horseback to keep off the chill ⚫After Jerusalem, He attacked and conquered Antioch(Antakya,turkey) and its surrounding cities. He also conquered Karak( city in Jordan), the same place where Reginald used to attack the Muslim caravans. ⚫Salahuddin was successful in unifying the Muslims so that they could more effectively face external challenges  The Fall of Jerusalem-7g1 ⚫The fall of Jerusalem prompted Pope Gregory VIII to call for a crusade. ⚫This crusade was undertaken by Pope Gregory ⚫King Richard I of England.(Richard VIII the Lionheart) Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I and King Philip II of France King Philip II King Richard I of Emperor ⚫Before their arrival, Richard captured the island of Cyprus from the Byzantines in 1191. ⚫Cyprus would serve as a Crusader base for centuries to come and would remain in western hands until the Ottoman empire conquered the island from Venice in 1571. ⚫Richard promised to leave non combatants unharmed if they surrender Acre to him. A few weeks later the Muslims agreed to surrender. ⚫ In exchange for sparing their lives, Salahuddin had to pay a ransom of 200,000 gold pieces, release 1500 Christian prisoners and return the Holy Cross ⚫ These actions had to be completed within one month ⚫ Richard would hold 2700 Muslim prisoners as hostage until the terms were met ⚫ But when Muslims got slow to pay the ransom, Richard had 2500 captives beheaded. ⚫ From the Frankish point of view, an oath made to a non Christian was no oath at all. Philip left for home soon after ⚫Richard advanced from Acre as a sole leader of the Crusade fought and won a battle at Arsuf, recaptured the port of Jaffa and Jerusalem was his next target ⚫The battles between Salahuddin and Richard were not conclusive and Richard came to believe that the crusaders would not be able to hold Jerusalem once it was captured. ⚫After negotiating a treaty with Salahuddin, Richard left for home. ⚫The treaty allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims to make pilgrimages to the Holy Land while it remained under Muslim control. ⚫Hence this Crusade too was a failure for the Christians Salahuddin was of very noble behaviour ⚫ During one battle, Richards horse was shot from under him, Salahuddin ordered a ceasefire while he sent him another ⚫ When Richard suffered a fever, Salahuddin sent his personal physician along with fresh fruits and cooling snow from the mountains. ⚫ A year after Richard left for Europe, Salahuddin passed away at age 55. He left a legacy of one dinar and the reputation for courage, wisdom and magnanimity. ⚫ Salahuddin was successful in unifying the Muslims so that they can face external challenges. ⚫ Read more about Salahuddin from the textbook.  FOURTH CRUSADE-7g2 ⚫After death of Salahuddin, The Christians were waiting to take control of Jerusalem. ⚫In 1202 Pope Innocent III called for the fourth crusade. ⚫He realized that going through Turkey was a mistake and he decided to use Egypt as a base. ⚫All the four European kings were busy in their own squabbles and so he was able to gather some nobles to go crusading to Jerusalem ⚫Venice ( richest city in the west) offered to provide a fleet but there was a hidden agenda behind this ⚫Venice and Egypt were trading partners. ⚫They pocketed a rich bribe from Egypt for diverting the force. ⚫The Venetians conspired to use French arms against its own enemies. ⚫It was one of the most successful coup in the history of politics ⚫The Doge of Venice, the blind 94 yr old Henry Dandalo, he cunningly set a price for transporting their troops to Jerusalem well beyond the ability of the French to pay, and then generously agreed to forego the difference if the French land forces would assist Venice in the recovery of Zara. ⚫ Zara was a maritime city that was the sole outlet for Hungary for Adriatic trade. It was once a Venetian holding but it fought for its independence and now threated Venice with unwelcome competition. ⚫ So basically this was a golden opportunity for Venice to attack and capture Zara ⚫ Zara was taken over in 5 days. The Crusaders kept their loot and turned to attack their second enemy the first Christian power. ⚫ Their relationship with Constantinople was straining because The Emperor Manuel of Constantinople had removed privileges given to Venice and arrested and imprisoned thousands of Venetian businessman who had attracted the jealousy of local merchants. ⚫ Alexius the son of the deposed ( removed from office) Byzantine Emperor Isaac. Alexius pleaded with the Venetians to restore his father to the throne of Byzantium Dandalo and few French barons seized this opportunity and agreed to put him back in the throne if he would hand over to the crusaders 200,000 silver marks, equip an army of 10,000 for service against the Muslims and submit the Greek Orthodox Church to Roman rule. The Crusaders set sail aboard 480 ships of the Venetian fleet and on October 1, 12o2 sailed to Constantinople, where they quickly took over the Greek defenses and sacked the city Henry Dandalo also known as Eric Dandalo ⚫ The Doge of Venice annexed Constantinople and declared himself as ‘Doge of Venice, Lord of One- Fourth and One- eighth of the Roman empire. His newfound Latin Kingdom of Constantinople did not survive long, staying only long enough to weaken the city’s social and military organization irremediably, so that in two centuries it would fall easily to the Ottoman Turks. Of the crusaders, many dispersed, filled with riches back to their homes in Europe. Some of them went to Palestine In the end Palestine was never attacked and Jerusalem continued to remain in Muslim hands.  The Final crusades ⚫The 13th century saw 5 more crusades all of which failed to capture Jerusalem. ⚫In 1217, Pope Innocent III called for another crusade which was headed by Andrew of Hungary, they wanted to continue the discarded battle plan of the Fourth crusade.  Fifth Crusade ⚫ Troops from Hungary, Austria and Germany besieged and took control of Damietta. Egypt lay defenseless in front of the Europeans ⚫ The Sultan of Egypt and Syria, Al Malik al Kamil tried to make a peace offering with the crusaders. They agreed to give different parts of Jerusalem, give back Christian prisoners of war and return the True Cross. ⚫ Crusaders got greedy and they wanted more money as compensation for which Malik refused and the war continued for long time. The Nile flooding led to a disastrous loss for the Christians who finally traded Damietta and Egypt for the True Cross.  Sixth Crusade- 7g1/7g3 ⚫ After 150 years from the First Crusade, Pope Innocent IV called for another crusade against not the Turks or Syrians, it was against the hero of the sixth crusade Emperor Fredrick II. When nothing came of it, pope sent friar Giovanni de Piano Carpini to the Great Genghis Khan also known as Khan Genghis Khan suggesting a union between Mongols and Christians against the turks. Carpini returned with the Khans counterproposal for their submission to the Khan ⚫Emperor Fredrick had repeatedly vowed a crusade but failed to live up to his words so he was excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX in 1228. He set sail from Brindisi and landed in Palestine. He was able to achieve unexpected success: Jerusalem, Nazareth and Bethlehem were delivered to the crusaders for a period of ten years. This was the first Crusade that had no Papal involvement. The Pope eventually lifted the excommunication.  Seventh Crusade-7g2 ⚫King Louis IX of France embarked on the Seventh Crusade, captured Damietta and then was stranded in the city for six months by the annual Nile floods. Enforced idleness, much eating, disease and indiscipline weakened the troops to a degree that when the next battle was fought at Mansura, the Christians were roundly defeated and 10,000 prisoners, including King Louis himself, were taken by the Muslim enemy. King Louis purchased his freedom for a ransom and the surrender of Damietta.  Eighth Crusade ⚫In his old age, King Louis tried once again in 1270, but this Eighth Crusade was doomed from the start. Europe was finally too bored with crusades to lend the slightest support and Louis launched his totally inadequate forces in Tunisia- rather vaguely hoping to convert the Bey of Tunis to Christianity-only to be taken ill with dysentery and he died soon after. The result of this crusade was the loss of Christian rule in Syria though it achieved a partial success in that Christians were allowed to live peacefully in the region.  Impact of Crusades The end of the Crusades signaled a new era in European civilization. The West had sent armies to capture and hold Jerusalem instead they themselves fell victim to a host of new ideas. 1. Many of the fruits and plants introduced into Europe in crusader times brought with them their original Arabic names. Eg: apricot,basil,sumac etc 2. There was also refinement in dress, cuisine and household furnishing which was unknown in the west and adapted by the crusaders. Eg: sherbet, attar,muslin etc 3. The Crusaders used their muslim subject in rebuilding the capture cities which allowed for architectural forms and techniques to diffuse from the dominant Muslim sphere into the Crusader states. The pointed arch found in most European gothic cathedrals was an invention 4. Local builders employed by Crusaders revealed the solutions to the problems of construction orally or by demonstration 5. Higher learning found its way to the West via the Crusades. The rise of European universities followed that of the Muslim universities and the channels of communication were opened by the crusades 6. The Crusades also introduced into Europe new methods of warfare. The hand grenade and the canon were transferred to the west following the crusades.  Ottoman Empire The Ottoman empire grew out of the remnants of the Seljuk Turks following the collapse of Mongol rule in Asia Minor in the late 13th Century. As the 13th century came to a close, both the Seljuks and Mongols had lost control of their Turkish subjects. Asia Minor was not an important territory for the Mongols so they did not spend much energy and resources on its administration. This gradual collapse of central authority in Asia Minor led to the formation of a number of Turkish  The City of Istanbul Some of the changes brought to the City of Istanbul after being taken over by the Ottoman empire are listed below: ⚫ The cathedral of Saint Sophia was converted into one of the greatest mosques in the Islamic world. New mosques were built throughout the city ⚫ Aqueducts were constructed from the surrounding hills to supply the growing population with water ⚫ Markets were reopened and the city’s defences were repaired ⚫ Mansions, rest houses, religious schools and hospitals were built throughout the city ⚫ Constantinople’s great bazaars were filled with merchants and travellers from throughout the empire and places as distant as England and Malaya. ⚫ Coffeehouses also played a major role in the cultural life of Constantinople as centres where poets and scholars could congregate, read their latest works aloud and debate about politics and the merits of each other’s ideas. ⚫ The Turkish language of Ottoman court had become the preferred mode of expression for poets and historians. ⚫ The authors, artists and craftsmen of the Ottoman empire have left a considerable legacy particularly in poetry, ceramics, carpet manufacturing and above all in architecture. ⚫ The Ottomans made sizeable contributions to medicine, astronomy and geography too.