Paramedical Students' Anatomy Book PDF

# Paramedical students ## By Staff members of Human Anatomy & Embryology ## Topics and Learning Objectives 1. Normal anatomical position and anatomical terms and different movements - Recognize the anatomical position, Planes, regions and cavities of the human body. - Know the anatomica...

# Paramedical students ## By Staff members of Human Anatomy & Embryology ## Topics and Learning Objectives 1. Normal anatomical position and anatomical terms and different movements - Recognize the anatomical position, Planes, regions and cavities of the human body. - Know the anatomical terms of position and movement. 2. Skeletal system (Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton) (Bone + cartilage) - Classified the bone of the human skeleton: Axial and appendicular. - Enumerate the axial: Skull, Vertebral column, Ribs and Sternum. - Enumerate the appendicular, upper and lower limbs bones. - Differentiate between types of bone according to structure and shape 3. Locomotor system (Joint+ Muscle) - Differentiate between fibrous, cartilaginous and Synovial joints. - Differentiate between Smooth, Cardiac and Striated (skeletal) - Recognize the Size, Shape, Location, Direction of muscle fibres and Attachment. 4. Anatomy of different body systems - Describe the anatomy of Nervous system - Describe the anatomy of Digestive system - Describe the anatomy of Cardiovascular system - Describe the anatomy of Respiratory system - Describe the anatomy of urinary and genital system - Describe the anatomy of Lymphatic system - Describe the anatomy of Endocrine system ## Table of Contents | NO. | Topics | Page | | :---- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :--- | | 1 | Normal anatomical position, Planes, regions and cavities of the human body. | 2-6 | | 2 | Anatomical terms of position and movement | 7-12 | | 3 | Skeletal system (Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton) (Bone + cartilage) | 13-22 | | 4 | Locomotor system (Joint+ Muscle) | 23-31| | 5 | Anatomy of Nervous system | 32-34| | 6 | Anatomy of Digestive system | 35-39| | 7 | Anatomy of Cardiovascular system | 40-42| | 8 | Anatomy of Respiratory system | 43-44| | 9 | Anatomy of urinary and genital systems | 45-49| | 10 | Anatomy of Lymphatic system | 49-50| | 11 | Anatomy of Endocrine system | 52-53| ## Objective 1: Recognize the anatomical position, Planes, regions and cavities of the human body. Anatomy is a descriptive science that study the gross features of different parts of the body and their relations to each other ### The anatomical position (Fig. 1): A standard position in which the different regions, organs and structures of the human body are described. It is the position where the person: 1. Stands upright 2. Neck is extended 3. Face is directed forwards 4. Arms hang at the sides, and the palms of the hand are directed forwards. 5. Feet spread on the ground. ### Different body positions (Fig.2): 1. Supine position: the person lies on his back with face directed upwards. 2. Prone position: the person lies on his belly with face directed downwards. ## Regions of the human body (Fig. 3): 1) The head: is divided into cranial region (surrounding the brain) and facial region 2) The neck: the constriction following the head. 3) The thorax: it is the upper part of the trunk. Its bones surround the heart and the lungs. 4) The abdomen: contains the abdominal organs; the diaphragm separates it from the thorax. 5) The pelvis: the lower part of the abdomen. 6) The upper limb: hangs at the sides of the thorax. It includes the shoulder region, the arm, the forearm and the hand. 7) The lower limb: includes the gluteal region, the thigh, the leg and the foot. ## Cavities of human body (Fig.4): The major cavities are: 1. Abdominal cavity: the largest cavity in the body divided into upper part called abdominal cavity and lower part called pelvic cavity. 2. Thoracic cavity: separated form the abdominal cavity by diaphragm. 3. Cranial cavity: the cavity of skull containing the brain. 4. Vertebral canal: within the vertebral column containing spinal cord. ### The minor cavities: 1. Oral cavity: contains teeth and tongue. 2. Two nasal cavities body 3. Two orbital cavities: contain eyeballs. 4. Two middle ear cavities: for ear ossicles. ## Planes of human body (Fig. 5&6). 1) **Sagittal/ Median sagittal/ Parasagittal/ Paramedian** : all indicate the plane which passes antero-posteriorly through the body. If this plane divides the body into two equal halves it is called median sagittal plane. 2) **Coronal/ Frontal**: it is the plane which divides the body into anterior and posterior halves 3) **Horizontal/transverse plane**: a plane passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal planes; it divides the body into upper and lower parts. This plane may pass through the level of any of the vertebrae e.g., level of first lumbar vertebra (L1). ## Objective 2: Know the anatomical terms of position and movement. ### 1- Anatomical terms of position Anatomical terminology applies logical reasons for the names of muscles and other parts. It describes the relations of various body parts, namely the relation of two structures or points to each other. * **Medial / lateral (Fig. 7)**: The structure which lies close to the midline of the body is said to be medial and the structure which lies away is lateral. * **Median**: the structure which lies at the midline of the body is a median structure e.g., vertebral column * **Proximal / distal (Fig. 7)**: These terms are used for the limbs to describe the relation between two points one near the trunk called proximal and one away from the trunk called distal e.g., The shoulder is proximal to the elbow. The elbow is proximal to the wrist. The wrist is distal to the elbow. * **Superior and inferior (Figs. 7)**: describe the relation of two points to each other. The point which lies near to the upper part of the body is superior or upper and that which lies away from upper part is inferior or lower. * **Deep (internal) / superficial (external) (Figs. 7)**: The point away from the body wall is called deep (internal) and the point near to body wall is superficial or external. * **Anterior / posterior (Figs. 7,8)**: The structure which lies near to the front of the body is said to be anterior while that which lies near to the back is posterior. * **Cranial / caudal (Fig. 7,8)**: The structure which lies near to the head is said to be cranial while that which lies near to the feet is caudal. * **Palmar / dorsal (Fig. 8)**: These terms are used for the hand. The anterior surface of the hand is palmar while its posterior surface is dorsal. * **Planter / dorsal (Fig. 8)**: These terms are used for the foot. The surface which lies on the ground is planter while the surface which is directed upwards is dorsal ### 2-Anatomical terms of movements 1. **Flexion and Extension (Fig.9,10)**: * **Flexion**: approximation of the ventral (anterior) surfaces to each other. * **Extension**: is movement of the ventral surfaces away from each other. *There is an exception for this rule; in the lower limb flexion moves the posterior surface near to each other and the reverse occurs in extension. In the trunk there are two types of flexion: forward flexion and lateral flexion. * **Medial rotation and Lateral rotation (Fig. 11)**: rotation involves turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis, * **Medial rotation/ internal rotation**: the anterior surface of the limb comes towards the midline. * **Lateral rotation/ external rotation**: the anterior surface of the limb goes away from the midline. * **Circumduction (Fig. 11)**: It involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension and adduction, so that the distal end of the part moves in a circle. It occurs at the shoulder and hip joints. * **Adduction and abduction (Fig. 11)** * **Adduction**: is the movement of the limb (upper or lower) towards the midline of the body. * **Abduction**: is the movement of the limb away from the midline of the body. * **Elevation and depression (Fig. 12)**: as occur in the shoulder joint or in the movement of the mandible (lower jaw). * **Protraction and Retraction (Fig. 13,14)**: * **Protraction**: forward movement; as the shoulder girdle in pushing or the mandible bringing the lower teeth in front of the upper teeth. * **Retraction**: is the backward movement of the shoulder girdle or of the mandible to bring the lower teeth opposite the upper teeth. * **Inversion and eversion (Fig. 15)**: occur in the foot only: * **Inversion**: the sole of the foot turns to the inner side or medially (inwards). * **Eversion**: the sole of the foot turns to the outer side or laterally (outwards). * **Supination and pronation (Fig. 16)**: in the forearm. * **Pronation**: the palm of the hand turns backwards. * **Supination**: the palm of the hand turns forwards * **Opposition (Fig. 16)**: restricted to the thumb. the palmar surface of the distal phalanx of the thumb with faces those of the other fingers. ## Objective 3: -Classified the bone of the human skeleton: Axial and appendicular -Enumerate the axial: Skull, Vertebral column, Ribs, and Sternum. -Enumerate the appendicular, upper and lower limbs bones. -Differentiate between types of bone according to structure and shape ## Bones The skeleton is the framework that provides structure to the rest of the body and facilitates movement. The skeletal system includes 206 bones, cartilage, and ligaments. The functions of the skeletal system are: 1. Forms a rigid framework of the body.