1st Lecture on Human Anatomy & Embryology PDF

Prof. Dr. Noha Issa Professor of Anatomy & Embryology It is the science that deals with understanding the structural organization of human body  When the subject: Standing erect The arms are straight The legs are close together The eyes and palms face forwards  They are...

Prof. Dr. Noha Issa Professor of Anatomy & Embryology It is the science that deals with understanding the structural organization of human body  When the subject: Standing erect The arms are straight The legs are close together The eyes and palms face forwards  They are imaginary planes. Median plane: It is a vertical plane passing through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves. Sagittal (Para median) plane: These are vertical plane, parallel to the median plane, dividing the body into unequal right and left halves. Coronal (frontal) plane: These are vertical plane at right angles to the median plane dividing the body into unequal anterior and posterior parts. Transverse (horizontal) plane: Are horizontal plane which pass through the body at the right angle to the median ,Sagittal or coronal planes. It divides the body into unequal upper and lower parts.  DIRECTIONAL TERMS Medial and lateral:  Denote relative distance of structures from the median plane  Medial : nearer to the median plane. Lateral : away from the median plane.  Ex : Eye and check  Anterior (ventral) and posterior(dorsal) :  Denote relative position of structure to the front and the back respectively.  Anterior (Ventral) :any structure nearer to the front of the body.  Posterior(Dorsal) : any structure nearer to the back. Ex :eye and ear. Superior (Cephalic) and inferior (caudal): Denote relative distance of structures from the head Superior (cephalic, upper, cranial) : nearer to the head. Inferior (caudal, lower): away from the head. Ex :the heart and the liver. Proximal and distal: Denote the relative distance of structures from the root of the limb Proximal :nearer to the root of the limb. Distal :away from the root of the limb. Ex :the arm and the hand in relation to the forearm.  DIRECTIONAL TERMS Ipsilateral and contralateral : Ipsilateral :refers to the same side of the body. Ex :the left hand and the left foot. Contralateral : refers to the opposite sides of the body. Ex: the left hand and the right hand. Superficial and deep: Denote the distance of structures from the surface of the body. Superficial :Towards or on the surface of the body. Deep :Away from the surface of the body. Ex: the sternum and the heart. Superficial Deep Flexion: the bending of a part or themaking of an angle Extension: means straightening the joint, i.e. the opposite of flexion. Abduction: Is the movement away from the midline of the body or the limb.. Adduction: Is the movement towards the midline of the body or the limb. Supination: turning the palm of the hand forwards. Pronation: turning the palm of the hand backwards. Protrusion : Is to move forward. Retrusion : Is to move backward (the opposite of protrusion). Inversion: is turning the sole of the foot inward. Eversion: is turning the sole of the foot outward.  Flexion and Extension Abduction and Adduction Pronation and Supination Inversion and Eversion Movement of thumb Protrusion and Retrusion