Data Journalism Reviewer PDF

DATA JOURNALISM 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 | REVIEWER FOR QUIZ/EXAM ____________________________________________________________________ LESSON 1 NEWS PRODUCTION PROCESS THE NEWS CYCLE...

DATA JOURNALISM 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y. 2024-2025 | REVIEWER FOR QUIZ/EXAM ____________________________________________________________________ LESSON 1 NEWS PRODUCTION PROCESS THE NEWS CYCLE News gathering the journalist gathers information or ★ THE NEWS CYCLE facts through researching and interviewing. Accurately defines as the continuous flow of news stories disseminated by media outlets. Identifying the Determining the best angle for the KEY: journalists are accurately identified as the primary angle story drivers. writing ISSUES: The points on "outcasts," sensationalism, and scoops/exclusives are valid concerns, but lack depth. Further If the story is worth pursuing, the analysis of the impact of these issues on journalistic integrity journalist proceeds to writing the story. and public perception would strengthen this section. For example, how does sensationalism affect public trust? What researching This happens before, during, or after a are the ethical implications of pursuing scoops at any cost? journalist wrote her’his report. No specific placement in this order, this will allow the story to remain factual. ISSUES self-editing Checking own report outcasts Those who do not follow the cycle editing editors/desk checks the report sensationalism If something is vital to the people, it enters the cycle and lasts for a time. fact-checking Editors & reporters work on the report together and fact check it. Scoops & These are badge of honors, truly, but exclusives they have its flaws publishing Once the report meets the standards, the editor will publish the report. ★ EXTERNAL CHALLENGES AGAINST THE NEWS updating The stories will remain updated as CYCLE more information comes in. Unfortunately, agenda-setting theory does not work now how continuity The reporter will not drop the story it used to before. Social media disrupted the media ecology. from the news as long as it remains Some adapted to the change and used the digital space to our relevant. advantage. Social media became a source. Fighting against the pressure. People can now instantly push back against our stories. This NEWSWORTHINESS has its pros and cons. The quality of a story or topic to be newsworthy ★ THE ENTIRE NEWS PROCESS A topic deserves to be reported or highlighted in news/ journalistic reports. The goal of a journalist is not just to report a story. A journalist aims to provoke a change or trigger an improvement Not all stories are newsworthy, so they should be filtered after a story. out. IMPORTANCE 2 STAGES OF NEWS PROCESS To have nose for news - a journalist’s ability to identify news stories and understand their value News evaluation Assessing if the information is factual or newsworthy To practice one’s editorial judgement News Gathering facts, identifying angles, production writing, editing, fact checking, and publishing the report.  how do we know if a story is newsworthy? We rely on FACTORS THAT AFFECT NEWS JUDGMENT criteria called news values or elements: Newsroom policy/inclination ★ NEWS VALUES individuality/personal values standards that guide reporters and editors in deciding whether a story should be written about. These values are beat conventional in that they have been around for some time, having been found useful as guides in determining Working conditions: quota system, breaking news newsworthiness (CMFR, 2007). mindset Persuasive editors NEWS VAUES Persuasive sources/external individuals Timeliness Quality of being fresh/recent Significance impact/relevance of the story Proximity Psychological ‘nearness’ of the event to the audience LESSON 2 Prominence Involvement of famous, notorious, or NEWS SOURCING well known people; politicians, decision-makers, businessmen, church leaders, actors, rock stars, and ★ SOURCING celebrities. Journalists, in most times, are not the direct sources of Human interest The capacity to arouse an emotional information. Reporter finds ways to get information and report response to the audience (pity, fear, it with critical lens. awe, curiosity, conflict, drama, suspense, sex and love, animals, Types of sources; primary & secondary childrens, extremes, etc.) CATEGORIES OF SOURCES To uphold pro-people and pro-truth reporting, we also use and put emphasis on the following criteria : Paper trail Documents, official records, orders, and memoranda ★ PERSONAL VALUES People trail Talking heads, interviews, tips recognizing the potential impact of their reporting on Online trai; Information from online sources, individuals and communities, particularly those who may be announcements made in the internet, marginalized or vulnerable anything you get from the cyberworld ★ CONTEXT LESSON 3 considering the historical, social, cultural, and political factors that shapes the story NEWS GATHERING ★ POLITICAL CLIMATE recognizing potential biases within the political landscape REUTERS’ 6 APPROACHES TO and ensuring that their reporting is balanced and fair, avoiding COMPREHENSIVE NEWS GATHERING the pitfalls of "both-sidesism" that can perpetuate misinformation Personalized & Relevant to the audience’s lives & localized communities. ★ PRO-ACTIVE & ADAPTIVE JOURNALISM Social Media Find stories, connect with sources, and interact with audiences. proactive and adaptive journalism emphasizes a commitment to evolving with the changing media landscape. This involves According to Reuters Institute 2016, embracing new technologies and platforms to reach wider Digital News Report, 31% of the audiences, engaging with audiences in interactive ways, and population in 26 countries surveyed adapting to the rapid pace of information dissemination. used social media to become proactive participants in news. Data journalism Using data analysis and visualization to tell stories, uncover trends, anad offer deeper insights than traditional reporting.  Citizen & Ordinary citizens contributing to news Collaborative gathering and reporting, often through Journal JOURNALISTIC CODE OF ETHICS online platforms. Away from I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking Mainstream care not to suppress essential facts nor to distort the truth by omission or improper emphasis. I recognize the Emphasizes the role of social media in duty to air the other side and the duty to correct Social journalistic practice, including citizen substantive errors promptly. Journalism involvement, community building, and interactive storytelling. BROADER APPROACH to journalism / Advocacy journalism I shall not violate confidential information on material given me in the exercise of my calling. WHY ALL THIS MATTER? Multisourcing ​ To corroborate I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort ​ Avoid misleading to obtain news, photographs and/or documents, and shall information, "ss" or properly identify myself as a representative of the press when obtaining any personal interview intended for sensationalism, propaganda, publication. or worse, disinformation ​ To achieve the ultimate goal of journalism: tell the truth I shall refrain from writing reports which will adversely affect a private reputation unless the public interests stife pille the sa to in mation, its provided for in the constitution. LESSON 4 I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me ETHICS in the performance of my duties; nor shall I accept or offer any present, gift or other consideration of a nature which may cast doubt on my professional integrity. ★ ETHICS Set of principles, norms and standards that can guide the practice not only of an individual journalist or newsroom but I shall not commit any act of plagiarism. "an entire era of journalism" ETHICS VS. LAW I shall not in any manner ridicule, cast aspersions on or degrade any person by reason of sex, creed, religious ETHICS belief, political conviction, cultural and ethnic origin. 47% Editorial freedom 44% Remote work I shall presume persons accused of crime of being 44% Time restrictions innocent until proven otherwise. I shall exercise caution in publishing names of minors, and women involved in LAW criminal cases so that they may not unjustly lose their standing in society. 36% Competition with other media outlets 46% Financial constraints I shall not take unfair advantage of a fellow journalist. 44% Political pressure ★ ONE OF THE BIGGEST ETHICAL PROBLEMS IS I shall accept only such tasks as are compatible with the CORRUPTION IN MEDIA intergrity and dignity of my profession, invoking the "conscience cause" when duties imposed on me conflict ​ 'Envelopmental' journalism with the voice of my conscience. ​ Straight to paychecks ​ Regulation on soft sections  Paying for I shall comport myself in public or while performing my Information Do not offer to pay a source or news duties as journalist in such manner as to maintain the subject for exclusive interviews or dignity of my profession. When in doubt, decency should confidential documents. be my watchword. Crediting Reporting by As much as possible, journalists shall ★ THERE ARE, IN FACT, CRITICISMS ON OUR EXISTING rivals give credit for any information in their CODE OF ETHICS. reporting to the original report, even if it was published or aired by a rival media The code appears to relegate journalists to a passive role in company. preventing the distortion of truth. It falls short of their obligation to combat disinformation in the public sphere. Relationship TNo emphasis on the duty to amplify the voice of the with sources Journalists must observe ethical marginalized. boundaries when a relationship with a source turns into a deeper friendship. They may not ask for nor accept HANDLING ETHICAL DILEMMAS special favors like free tickets to a concert, store discounts and the like; Cash & gifts neither may they offer positive reporting as a special favor to the Do not accept cash from a source. Do source. not accept gifts of any kind in exchange for the publication or airing of a story or as a way to establish Conflict of goodwill with a source, except on interest account of culture and when the gift is Journalists must always be mindful of of token value. connections and associations that may appear to compromise or actually compromise their integrity and Christmas & credibility to report about a news birthdays subject or beat assignment, or harm Journalists, as a general rule, may only the reputation of their news accept trifles of insignificant value, organization. never those they cannot afford nor those which they will not purchase with their own Outside work Journalists may not pursue outside Meals and work that may conflict with their coffee professional responsibilities, such as The rule of thumb is pay your own way. consultancy for a political party or When meeting sources over lunch, politician when one is a political dinner or coffee, it is best that reporter, or writing press releases for journalists pay for their share of the an office that a journalist regularly meal or pick up the tab at the expense covers. of their organization. Travel News organizations shall pay for their reporter's expenses for transportation, LESSON 5 food, accommodations and other incidentals on official work trips or UNDERSTANDING DATA JOURN other coverage on travel. ★ COMPUTER-ASSISTED REPORTING Fellowships and Junkets Journalists may not accept an Some argue that data has always been a part of journalism invitation to a media junket or an since there were maps or tables of statistics in newspapers in all-expense-paid trip where there is no the 18th or 19th century. It wasn’t until 1967 that data analysis work involved or the purpose is only to started to catch on. get on their good side with expectation of positive coverage in the future, or to ★ COMPUTER-ASSISTED REPORTING = DATA establish a friendship with the host. JOURNALISM While computer-assisted reporting (CAR) has been much more widely practiced since the 1980s, it is since the beginning of the 21st century that the critical importance of journalists having the ability to analyze and visualize data has been globally recognized. News elements ★ TECH VS JOURN Your interests SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Before the AI vs Journos war, there’s computer vs journos. Time-Bound) ★ NOT A REPLACEMENT The techniques of CAR do not replace proven journalistic practices. It has become a part of them. It also requires TWO TYPES OF SOURCES greater responsibility and vigilance. The old-standard- “verify, verify, verify” that one learns in basic reporting classes Primary Unpublished information; direct from becomes more critical. the source “Healthy skepticism” becomes ever more important. The idea Secondary Previously published books, of interviewing multiple sources and cross-referencing them information, data in news stories, press becomes ever more crucial. releases ★ ELLIOT JASPIN (Pulitzer Prize-winning American WHERE TO GET NECESSARY INFORMATION FOR A DATA journalist; one of the pioneers of data journalism) JOURN STORY? “Computers don’t make a bad reporter into a good reporter. What Real life people/ ​ Libraries they do is make a good reporter better.” ​ Government offices institutions ​ Educational institutions ​ Non-Governmental DATA JOURNALISM organizations ​ Experts, academicians Data Journalism can help a journalist tell a complex story From the GOOGLE through engaging infographics. Internet Data can be the source of data journalism, or it can be the tool with which the sotry is told — or it can be both. Like any source, it should be treated with skepticism; and like any tool, we should be conscious of how it can shape and restrict the stories that are created with it. IMPORTANCE OF DATA JOURNALISM DATA GATHERING USING SEARCH ENGINES Impactful; facts-based ★ CAPITALIZATION They say, numbers don’t lie Google is not case-sensitive. All letters have the same Widens perspective, storytelling (MACRO) meaning regardless of its case. ★ AUTOMATIC “AND” QUERIES IMPORTANT NOTES There is no need to include “and” in searches. The order in which the words and typed somewhat affect the results. Journalists need to know how to search for and analyze digital information because it is the way public and business To restrict a search further, add more terms. For example, to documents are stored, distributed, and kept. It also is a skill find journalism issues, type “journalism issues.” But if you want that is needed to compete with other news organizations or to to focus on the Philippine setting, type “journalism issues get better jobs. Philippines.” Once learned, CAR permits a journalist to quickly gather and analyze comprehensive information. ★ USE QUOTATION MARKS TO GET THE SPECIFIC WORDS YOU'RE LOOKING FOR The best ways to learn the basic software tools are through trial and error, repetition, and intellectually creativity. For example, if you’re looking for a phrase or sentence, google it with quotation marks. Quotation marks also helps us to get the direct words or phrases we’re looking for. LESSON 6 ★ THE POWER OF “OR” DATA SOURCING To save time, use or in the search bar. It saves time because if you’re looking for journalism issues in Asia and then alternatively, for the Philippines, you can just IN CHOOSING YOUR TOPIC, REMEMBER: separate the two search terms with “or.” ★ BE SPECIFIC any collection of data, or information, that is specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. Include the domain where you target to get your data and then file type you need Databases are structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval, modification, and deletion of data in conjunction with various site.* (domain you need) + filetype (you want) data-processing operations. If you want, you can add the country domain Ex: Drug war killings gov.ph fil gov.ph filetype: pdfetype:pdf CHECKLIST BEFORE BUILDING YOUR SPREADSHEET You should be sure that the dataset you’re looking for does HOW TO VOUCH FOR DATA’S RELIABILITY not already exist. How many information or data will be entered in the INTERNET IQ CHECKLIST spreadsheet? (FORMULATED BY POYNTER INSTITUTE) A realistic estimate on the personnel and the time needed If the data came from NGOs, government offices, they’re to build the spreadsheet. generally reliable BASIC REQUIREMENTS If the information or data was previously published by reliable sources such as news sites or NGOs, they can be Spreadsheet (Google sheets) used. Ask the actual source or get another person to vouch for Topic the data. Variables or categories you’re looking for CHECKING THE URL.com Commercial organizations.edu Educational LESSON 8.gov Government site DATA INSIGHTS.org Organizational site.net Network resources insights is gained by analyzing data and information to understand what is going on with the particular situation or.mil Military, navy, or air force phenomena. (Benedectine University). data journ = objective dapat ang interpretation IF THE DATA WERE NOT FROM USUAL SOURCES, YOU MAY ASK THESE QUESTIONS WHY INSIGHTS ARE IMPORTANT Who wrote it and why? Who published it and for what Data don’t speak for itself that’s why we need to interview purpose? them Are the author’s credentials provided? Look for the “about We look out for trends/phenomenon us” Accurate analysis Is there contact info provided? Look for the “contact us” or “email us” dapat tignan ang trends at phenomenon doon sa database na meron kayo,, ung mga nakolekta na information ano yung mga bagay na nagsstand out. LESSON 7 BUILDING YOUR DATABASE PWEDE GUMAMIT NG (2) WAYS ★ DATA JOURN PROCESS SO FAR: Tignan trend sa data base mismo (ex: supreme court justices, nakita mo na puro duterte, compare siya kay TOPIC DATA SOURCING BUILDING DATABASE aquino tapos mas onti lang at mas maraming duterte, initial insight ay mas marami siyang naappoint kaysa kay aquino. Database is simply a spreadsheet (excel) Contextual na paghahanap ng insight (ex: ang ★ DATABASE (SPREADSHEET) pinakamaraming appointed justices ay si Marcos, initial insight ay kasi siya ang pinakamahaba ang term at mas  mataas na power graph To see the growth or increase of the values table (text tables/highlight tables & EVOLVING DOOR POLICY heatmaps) - set of figures displayed in Ginagawa ng ibang mga presidente, nag-aappoint ng mga rows & column matatanda na justices: Geospatial (map) visualization that shows data in map Retiring age ng mga justices ay 70, si roselle ay 69, si lau ay from using different shapes and colors 65, mas pipiliin si roselle dahl ‘mas senior’ ginagawa siya to show the relationship between para mas maraming ma-appoint kase pag matanda na, 1 pieces of data and specific locations. year lang term nila tapos mas-appoint uli, kapag bata, mas mahaba ang term. infographics Combination of visuals and words that represent data, usually charts or diagrams HOW DO WE GET INSIGHTS (2 METHODS) Manually Bare eyes, manual counting Automated Pivot table, summary ★ BACKGROUNDER ARTICLE kung walang centralized angle, nag rurundown nalang ng findings sa isang article. LESSON 00 DATA VISUALIZATION ★ DATA VISUALIZATION the graphical representation of information and data. By using visual elements like charts, graphs, and maps to provide an accessible way to see and understand trends, outliers, and patterns in data. Additionally, it provides an excellent way to present data to non-technical audiences without consideration. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES Advantage Eyes are drawn to colors and patterns. We can quickly identify red from blue, and squares from circles. Our culture is visual, including everything from art and advertisements to TV and movies. Secondary Misuse of charts, graphs, and maps may lead to misinterpretations. GENERAL TYPE OF VISUALIZATIONS chart For comparing values of the topics Pie chart To see the differences in population Bar chart To see the differences of values