Data Journalism Reviewer PDF

DATA JOURNALISM REVIEWER I. The News Cycle: Social media became a source. Fighting against the pressure. ​ ​ Definition: Accurately People can now instantly pushback defined a...

DATA JOURNALISM REVIEWER I. The News Cycle: Social media became a source. Fighting against the pressure. ​ ​ Definition: Accurately People can now instantly pushback defined as the continuous flow of news against our stories. This has its pros stories disseminated by media outlets. and cons. ​ ​ Key: Journalists are correctly THE ENTIRE NEWS PROCESS identified as the primary drivers. The goal of a journalist is not just to report a ​ ​ Issues: The points on story. A journalist aims to provoke a change "outcasts," sensationalism, and or trigger an improvement after a story. scoops/exclusives are valid concerns, but ​ News agenda - comes from the lack depth. Further analysis of the impact of desk/ news editor/ editors. The these issues on journalistic integrity and newsroom "bosses" set the overall public perception would strengthen this direction of a newsroom for the section. For example, how does entire day or week. sensationalism affect public trust? What are ​ Pitching/ tip- a journalist then the ethical implications of pursuing scoops pitches a story in relation to the at any cost? news agenda. He/she can also start working based on a tip or ISSUES information from a source. ​ Fact-checking by reporter - the ​ The "outcasts": Those who do not reporter then checks if the follow the cycle. information is reliable or grounded in ​ Sensationalism - if something not facts. vital to the people enters the cycle ​ Identifying the newsworthiness - If and lasts for a time. the information is factual, the ​ Scoops and exclusives - This are journalist then identifies if the story is badge of honors, truly, but they have newsworthy. its flaws. ​ News gathering - the journalist gathers information or facts through EXTERNAL CHALLENGES AGAINST THE researching interviewing. NEWS CYCLE ​ Identifying the angle - the journalist determines the "best angle" for the -​ Unfortunately, agenda-setting story. theory does not work now how it ​ Writing- after determining that a used to before. Social media story is worth pursuing and has disrupted the media ecology. Some enough information, the journalist adapted to the change and used the proceeds to writing to process all the digital space to our advantage. information.  ​ Researching- this happens before, News Values- They are standards that during, or after a journalist wrote guide reporters and editors in deciding his/her report. No specific placement whether a story should be written about in this order. Research it ensure that something that has happened or is stories will remain factual. happening. These values are conventional ​ Self-editing- the journalist checks in that they have been around for some his/ her own report. time, having been found useful as guides in ​ Editing- the editors/ desk then determining newsworthiness. (CMFR, 2007) checks the report. ​ Fact-checking - the editors and ​ Timeliness - the quality of being reporter work on the report together new, fresh or recent. to avoid factual errors. ​ Significance- the event's impact on ​ Publishing- once the report meets and relevance to the lives of large the standards, the editor will publish numbers of people. the report. ​ Proximity - the physical and/or ​ Updating- the stories will be psychological "nearness" of the updated as more information comes event to the audiences the medium in. serves ​ Continuity- the reporter will not drop ​ Prominence- the involvement of the story from the news as long as it famous, notorious, well-known remains relevant. people such as politicians and decision-makers, businessmen and NEWSWORTHINESS Church leaders, as well as such other individuals as actors, rock ​ The quality of a story or topic to be stars and other celebrities. newsworthy. ​ Human interest/- the capacity of the ​ A topic deserves to be reported or event to arouse an emotional highlighted in a news/ journalistic response. Under this category are report. such values capable of provoking an ​ Not all stories are newsworthy, so emotional response (pity, fear, awe, they should be filtered out. curiosity, etc.) as conflict, drama, suspense, sex and love, animals Importance and children, extremes, etc. ​ To have "nose for news" - a To uphold pro-people and pro-truth reporting, we also use and put emphasis journalist's ability to identify on the following criteria : news stories and understand their value ​ personal values - Journalists are expected to report the truth, but the ​ Practice your editorial judgment truth can be complex and nuanced. How do we know if a story is newsworthy? Personal values play a crucial role in We rely on criteria we called news values or shaping how journalists approach elements. their work, influencing their choices about what to report, how to report it,  and what perspectives to include. Factors that affect news judgment - News This involves recognizing the judgment, the process of deciding which potential impact of their reporting on stories are newsworthy and how to present individuals and communities, them, is a complex and multifaceted particularly those who may be process influenced by a variety of factors. marginalized or vulnerable ​ context - Understanding context is ​ newsroom policy/ inclination - essential for accurate and These policies reflect the meaningful reporting. This means organization's values, priorities, and considering the historical, social, target audience. For example, a cultural, and political factors that news outlet known for its shape a story. Without context, facts investigative journalism might can be misinterpreted, leading to prioritize stories that expose biased or misleading narratives. wrongdoing, while a local news ​ political climate - The political station might focus on climate significantly influences the community-oriented issue way news is consumed and ​ individuality / personal values - interpreted. Journalists must be Despite the influence of aware of the prevailing political organizational policies, journalists discourse and how it might affect are individuals with their own beliefs, public perception of their reporting. experiences, and values. These This includes recognizing potential personal factors can subtly shape biases within the political landscape their news judgment, particularly in and ensuring that their reporting is areas where there is room for balanced and fair, avoiding the interpretation. For example, a pitfalls of "both-sidesism" that can journalist with a strong perpetuate misinformation environmental conscience might be ​ proactive and adaptive journalism more likely to cover stories about - Proactive and adaptive journalism climate change, while a journalist emphasizes a commitment to with a passion for social justice evolving with the changing media might prioritize stories about landscape. This involves embracing inequality. Internal, shaping the new technologies and platforms to journalist's overall perspective and reach wider audiences, engaging priorities. with audiences in interactive ways, ​ beat - A journalist's beat, or area of and adapting to the rapid pace of news, can significantly influence information dissemination. It also their news judgment. A reporter necessitates a willingness to covering the business beat will likely challenge traditional journalistic focus on stories related to the norms and embrace new economy, while a political reporter approaches to storytelling that will focus on government and prioritize accuracy, context, and elections. is external, directing their inclusivity focus to a specific area of news coverage.  ​ working conditions : quota of a journalist job, a reporter finds ways to system, breaking news mindset - get information and report it with a critical A quota system, where reporters are lens. expected to produce a certain number of stories, can incentivize Why study? them to prioritize quantity over quality. Similarly, a breaking news ​ Appreciate the sources of news mindset, where the focus is on and the role they play in news reporting the latest developments, gathering can lead to rushed judgments and a ​ Gain knowledge about the lack of in-depth analysis considerations journalists make in ​ persuasive editors - A persuasive dealing with various sources. editor can exert significant influence ​ Develop a critical lens and on the final product, potentially skepticism to all information being shaping the narrative in a way that thrown at us. aligns with their own views Types of sources : ​ persuasive sources or external individuals - Journalists rely on ​ Primary Sources - unpublished sources for information, and these information sources can be persuasive in their ​ Secondary Sources - previously own right. A source with a strong published books, information, etc. agenda might try to influence a journalist's coverage by providing CATEGORIES OF SOURCES selective information or framing their story in a particular light. Similarly, ​ PAPER TRAIL - Documents, official external individuals, such as public records, orders, memoranda relations professionals or lobbyists, ​ PEOPLE TRAIL - Talking heads, might try to influence news judgment interviews, tips by providing information or offering ​ ONLINE TRAIL - Information from incentives to journalists online sources, announcements made in the Internet, anything you Things to remember get from the cyber world ​ Strive for pro-people reporting ACTUAL NEWS SOURCES ​ Minimize harm ​ Ask yourself: Will my report benefit ​ Government someone? ​ NGOS ​ Experts ​ Community ​ "Sources" ​ Legwork NEWS SOURCING NEWS GATHERING Sourcing - Journalists, in most times, are not the direct sources of information. As part Of course, journalists can and should gather ​ Are journalists really 'Marites' of news on their own. They re called society? journalists for a reason - record keepers - because they immerse themselves with the sources of news and verify the info before amplifying it. Social Media Reuters' 6 Approaches to Comprehensive ​ According to the Reuters Institute Newsgathering 2016​ Digital News Report, 31% of the 1.​ Personalized and localized - population in 26 countries surveyed Readers want news that's relevant to used social media to become their lives and communities. 'proactive participants' in news. 2.​ Social media -Journalists use social ​ Gathering news from social media media to find stories, connect with posts or personalities. sources, and interact with audiences. Social media is a TOOL Data Journalism that journalists use for various tasks. ​ Making your own database, making 3.​ Data Journalism - This involves sense of raw data, insights. using data analysis and visualization to tell stories, uncover trends, and Citizen and collaborative Journalism i offer deeper insights than traditional reporting. ​ Building stories from and by 4.​ Citizen and Collaborative Journal - communities. This involves ordinary citizens ​ Citizen vs collaborative contributing to news gathering and reporting, often through online Away from mainstream platforms. It can foster local coverage and diverse perspectives. ​ Think beyond what's 5.​ Social Journalism - This emphasizes happening.Evergreens? the role of social media in journalistic Investigations? Different approach? practice, including citizen Social Journalism involvement, community building, and interactive storytelling. Social ​ Involving the readers in the story by journalism is a broader APPROACH giving them a space to journalism that leverages social ​ Contributions media for more participatory and ​ Side note: Advocacy Journalism engaging reporting. Personalize and localize ​ Most traditional ​ Field work Why all this matter? ​ Requires talking to people MULTISOURCING  ​ To corroborate CONTEXT IN NEWS ​ Avoid misleading information, "ss" or sensationalism, propaganda, or ​ Information related to the news/ worse, disinformation journalistic output you're writing that ​ To achieve the ultimate goal of will give your article more depth. It is journalism: tell the truth an assurance that you will get the bigger picture and the story will discuss what needs to be discussed. CONTEXT IN NEWS ( CONTEXT IMPORTANCE IN NEWS ) 1.​ Context provides the bigger picture in a news story. CONTEXT 2.​ Catch who's telling the truth and not. ​ the situation within which 3.​ Facts-based interpretation of events, something exists or happens, and speeches, or information in general. that can help explain it (Cambridge) Therefore, context supersedes everything. ​ the interrelated conditions in which something exists or occurs: ENVIRONMENT, SETTING (Merriam-Webster) STRUCTURE OF CONTEXT 1.​ A context can be a sentence, paragraph, or even whole chunk of an article, depending on the need for it in the story. 2.​ Falls under "background information" in news. 3.​ Could be at the top paragraphs or latter, depending on the story. Reminders : ​ Just like any other information we give to the public, context should come from reliable information, too. ​ Mostly, at all times, we provide context in every story. ETHICS ​ Set of principles, norms and standards that can guide the practice not only of an individual journalist or newsroom but "an entire era of journalism" ETHICS VS. LAW 47% - editorial freedom 36% - competition with other media outfits 44% - remote work 46% - financial constraints 44% - time restrictions 44% - political pressure ONE OF THE BIGGEST ETHICAL PROBLEMS IS CORRUPTION IN MEDIA ​ 'Envelopmental' journalism ​ Straight to paychecks ​ Regulation on soft sections JOURNALISTIC CODE OF ETHICS resort only 10. I shall accept to fair and only such tasks as honest are compatible with 1.​ I shall 6. I shall not methods in the intergrity and scrupulously commit any act of my effort to dignity of my report and plagiarism. obtain profession, invoking interpret the news, the "conscience news, taking 7. I shall not in any photographs cause" when duties care not to manner ridicule, and/or imposed on me suppress cast aspersions on documents, conflict with the essential or degrade any and shall voice of my facts nor to person by reason of properly conscience. distort the sex, creed, identify truth by religious belief, myself as a 11. I shall comport omission or political conviction, representati myself in public or improper cultural and ethnic ve of the while performing emphasis. I origin. press when my duties as recognize obtaining journalist in such the duty to 8. I shall presume any manner as to air the other persons accused of personal maintain the dignity side and the crime of being interview of my profession. duty to innocent until intended for When in doubt, correct proven otherwise. I publication. decency should be substantive shall exercise 4.​ I shall my watchword. errors caution in refrain from promptly. publishing names writing 2.​ I shall not of minors, and reports violate women involved in which will confidential criminal cases so adversely information that they may not affect a on material unjustly lose their private given me in standing in society. reputation the exercise unless the of my 9. I shall not take public calling. unfair advantage of interests 3.​ I shall a fellow journalist. stife pille the  ​ CASH AND GIFTS - Do not accept sa to in mation, its cash from a source. Do not accept provided for gifts of any kind in exchange for the in the publication or airing of a story or as constitution. a way to establish goodwill with a 5.​ I shall not source, except on account of culture let personal and when the gift is of token value. motives or interests ​ CHRISTMAS AND BIRTHDAYS- influence Journalists, as a general rule, may me in the only accept trifles of insignificant performanc value, never those they cannot e of my afford nor those which they will not duties; nor purchase with their own money or shall I give them pause. accept or offer any ​ MEALS AND COFFEE- The rule of present, gift thumb is pay your own way. When or other meeting sources over lunch, dinner consideratio or coffee, it is best that journalists n of a pay for their share of the meal or nature pick up the tab at the expense of which may their organization. cast doubt on my ​ TRAVEL- News organizations shall professional pay for their reporter's expenses for integrity. transportation, food, accommodations and other incidentals on official work trips or other coverage on travel. ​ FELLOWSHIPS AND JUNKETS- Journalists may not accept an THERE ARE, IN FACT, CRITICISMS ON invitation to a media junket or an OUR EXISTING CODE OF ETHICS. all-expense-paid trip where there is no work involved or the purpose is ​ The code appears to relegate only to get on their good side with journalists to a passive role in expectation of positive coverage in preventing the distortion of truth. It the future, or to establish a falls short of their obligation to friendship with the host. combat disinformation in the public ​ PAYING FOR INFORMATION - Do sphere. not offer to pay a source or news ​ No emphasis on the duty to amplify subject for exclusive interviews or the voice of the marginalized. confidential documents. ​ CREDITING REPORTING BY RIVALS - As much as possible, HANDLING ETHICAL DILLEMAS journalists shall give credit for any information in their reporting to the  original report, even if it was published or aired by a rival media company. ​ RELATIONSHIP WITH SOURCES- Journalists must observe ethical boundaries when a relationship with a source turns into a deeper friendship. They may not ask for nor accept special favors like free tickets to a concert, store discounts and the like; neither may they offer positive reporting as a special favor to the source. ​ CONFLICT OF INTEREST- Journalists must always be mindful of connections and associations that may appear to compromise or actually compromise their integrity and credibility to report about a news subject or beat assignment, or harm the reputation of their news organization. ​ OUTSIDE WORK- Journalists may not pursue outside work that may conflict with their professional responsibilities, such as consultancy for a political party or politician when one is a political reporter, or writing press releases for an office that a journalist regularly covers.