Augusto Roman Emperor PDF

## Augusto - Image perfect that I send around the Empire - It is able to guarantee peace - It presents itself as a restorer of the *mos maiorum* - Art - Literature - Circle of Mecenate - Ara Pacis Augustae (19) - Coins with him - Treat them well - Bring authors to the palace for a possible celebra...

## Augusto - Image perfect that I send around the Empire - It is able to guarantee peace - It presents itself as a restorer of the *mos maiorum* - Art - Literature - Circle of Mecenate - Ara Pacis Augustae (19) - Coins with him - Treat them well - Bring authors to the palace for a possible celebration -> Aeneid - Restoration of ancient Roman religious cults - Restoration of ancient temples - Laws on the family: Adultery becomes a crime of the state - Incentive for large families - Celibates - Death in 14 A.D. succession of power to Tiberius ## Tiberius (14-37) - Man of culture and skilled general - Excellent administrator - He had to adopt Germanicus, his nephew by Druso - Period of Peace: - Sends Germanicus to the Parthians, dies in 19 -> Tiberio suspected - 26: he retires to Capri and leaves Seiano in Rome - Died in 37 (maybe from a conspiracy?) ## Caligola (37-41) - Son of Germanicus - Not appointed by Tiberio, but chosen - Initial balance then despotic and cruel politics - He wants to be treated like an oriental monarch - Wasting finances - He dies in conspiracy - Damnatio memoriae condemnation ## Claudio (41-54) - Condemned to death in 37 for having killed too many people. - Condemned to death: All his images destroyed, inscriptions on all his statues - Uncle of Caligola, old stammering scholar - Acclaimed by the Praetorians and the senate to manipulate him (not) - Exiled Seneca then recalled by Agrippina the Younger. - Last emperor: Great reorganization of state bureaucracy: He entrusted administrative offices to freedmen: antipathy of the senate - Grants citizenship to many provincials - Great public works: Aqueduct in Rome - Drains Lake Fucino - Claudia Augusta (Bremerus) - Campaign in Great Britain (conquest of the southern part) - Good politics on the borders - Several wives: Third wife sentenced to death due to the revelation of a conspiracy (Messalina) - He marries his niece who causes him to be killed to have an emperor son (Agrippina the Major) ## Nero (54-68) - First five years of peaceful reign - Killed Britannicus to avoid his succession to the throne - As advisors, he had Seneca and Afranio Burrus (prefect of the Praetorium) - Discrete relations with the Senate - He kills his mother Agrippina to repudiate her and he marries Octavia to get rid of her: but to marry Poppaea Sabina - Not a great commander but good generals - From 54 on he kills Agrippina, repudiates Octavia and kills her to marry Poppaea Sabina (he was in love with his wife) - He kills the Prefect of the Praetorium: Offonio Tigellino - He was composing works and acting, but since a Roman citizen should not force senators to do it - In 64 Rome gets devastated by a fire, great suspicion that it was Nero to start it and to compose "opera" - Accuses Christians - He rebuilds the city beautifully, but: - He takes the land for the Domus Aurea - First persecution of Christians - He dies in a conspiracy ## Vespasian (69-79) - While in the East, Titus besieges Jerusalem - Plebeian origins - While in the East, Vitellio is proclaimed emperor in Italy: he defeats him (incapable of governing) - He formally sets u the empire and order - He establishes the *lex de imperio Vespasiani* - Death from natural causes - He persecuted Jews and Christians - Suspicious - Established public baths and a tax on them - He destroys Jerusalem (destruction of the temple) Diaspora of the Jewish people - He initiated the Colosseum ## Titus (79-81) - Called cruel, but his empire was very different (called "amor et deliciae humani generi") - Completion of the Colosseum and inauguration (80) - Reinforcement of the borders - 79 eruption of Vesuvius on Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabiae (destruction) - Death from natural causes ## Domitian (81-96) - Terrible Emperor - He has to balance the finances, he tries to do it, but he is not lucky - Divides Germany into Upper and Lower: less risk - He favored the provincials - He fully conquers Britain - Campaigns on the Danube - He fortifies the borders - In the last part of his reign, he begins to behave like an oriental monarch (Lord and God) - Dies in a conspiracy - The year of the emperors ## Nerva (96-98) - Peaceful politics - He chooses to appoint the best candidate, regardless of kinship (Trajan, who was the commander of Upper Germany) - Chosen by the Senate: he becomes emperor. - After the death of Trajan, he wants to finish the campaign in Germany ## Trajan (98-117) - First provincial emperor (he came from Spain) - Highly appreciated for his military, administrative skills (also justice): - He does not use the title of Domitian - Favorite of the provincials - Foreign policy: maximum extent of the borderlines (Danube and East)- He conquers a port in Arabia (106) (Petra) - Great investments to fund the conquest and economic development for: - Disadvantaged - The poor - Maintaining children - 101-2: 5-7 campaigns against the Dacians (King Decobelo) - 114-6: He conquers territory: Provinces of Mesopotamia, Armenia and Assyria - 107: Dacia becomes a province - He dies in 117 unexpectedly in Cilicia (Cyrenaica? Going to Syria and Greece) - He had indicated Hadrian as his successor ## Hadrian (117-138) - At Trajan's death in Syria - Not very much loved by the Senate - He was a scholar with Greek education - He knows that controlling all that territory is too expensive: He gives up the eastern provinces: Discontent of the army - Control policy: He builds the Hadrian's Wall in Great Britain - Hebrew uprising and Jerusalem (132-5): Hadrian forbids Jews to stay in Jerusalem (Aelia Capitolina) - Good internal policy: A worthy administrator, lover of the Orient (he usually stays in Athens and Egypt) where he lost his bf - He built a villa in Tivoli and he built buildings based on what he saw in the Orient - He dies in 138 from natural causes. - Pantheon - His tomb in Castel Sant'Angelo - Antinoopolis as a backdrop for him