Contemporary World Midterm Reviewer (J.V.C.G.) PDF

CONTEMPORARY WORLD Duties of a Globalist MIDTERM REVIEWER (J.V.C.G.) To seal trade deals, raise the profits of private enterprises, improve...

CONTEMPORARY WORLD Duties of a Globalist MIDTERM REVIEWER (J.V.C.G.) To seal trade deals, raise the profits of private enterprises, improve government collections, protect the GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION elites from excessive taxes. Religion Trains to be a shrewd businessperson Comes from a latin word, “Religio” that means respect for the sacred Religion Globalism Religion is globalism is and “Religare” that means bond concerned with concerned with between God and man. sacred material wealth. Unified system of beliefs and Religion follows globalism follows practices related to faith, the sacred, divine human-made the higher moral values. commandments laws “Observable phenomena” that can be Religion judges globalism observed objectively. human action in measures how moral terms human action leads to highest Classification of Religion material Monotheism – Believes in 1 God. satisfaction Polytheism – Believes in multiple Religion is globalism wishes to concerned with spread goods and Gods or Deities. spreading the services Animism – Applies personhood to holy ideas non-human beings or things. Affiliation Motivation – To have a positive Atheism – Rejects the assertion that social interaction with people. there in God or Deity existing. Subjectively, some affiliate religion as: Global Religions o Religious Coping 1. Christianity – They believe in 1 God o Spiritual Experience and that he is made up of 3 parts: the o Self-Control Father, the Son, the Holy Spirit (1) o Moral Behaviors the Bible (2) 2. Judaism – They believe that God is Victor Reodumetof stated that the focus one, has no form, and a transcendent of social sciences in past century was God who revealed himself to secularization. Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew Secularization prophets (1) The Torah (2) Jews (3) 3. Islam – Believer accepts and The hypothesis demise of religion surrender to the will of Allah (1) the and its value in society. Qu’ran (2) The need for secular life beyond 4. Hinduism – Believes in a supreme religious life. God called Brahman who has a Ex. Separation of state and the church multiple manifestation; Creator (Brahma), Sustainer(Vishnu), and Secularization hypothesis – suggest that Destroyer(Shiva). demise of religion will happen alongside the 5. Buddhism – One of the largest rise of modernization. religion originated in India. They believe in reincarnation of the soul 2 Perspectives in Secularization and by the following of the teachings Post-Secularity – return of religious of the buddha or Dharma. consciousness in the sphere. According to Kenneth Pargament, religion Religious Modernity – secularization is an is a process of search for significance in actice process from social action ways related to the sacred and Spirituality is the most critical function of religion. Diaspora – The Jewish experience of exile. Duties of a Religious person Cultural Pluralism – small group of shared identity maintains their cultural practices to live a virtuous, sin-less life such as long as it aligns with larger society that when he/she dies, he/she is norms. assured of a place in the other world. Aspires to become saint Religious Tolerance – Acceptance of Nationalization – emergence of local individuals or groups with different beliefs, religions tied with universal religions. practices, and non-beliefs. Transnationalization - naturalization of Religious Fundamentalism – there is one religion; allegiance to global religious set of religious teachings that clearly community. contains the fundamental, basics, intrinsic, essential, and relevant truth about humanity and deity; their religion is GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY superior than others. Demography – Scientific study of It is manifested in 2 ways: determinants and consequences of human population trends. o Nonviolent Intolerance – extreme identification with religion. Human population grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, not because the birth Ex. Mahatma Gandhi’s peaceful protests rate increased, but because the death rate against British rule in India are an began to fall. A worldwide influenza example, where he opposed British control pandemic in 1918 caused the death of but used nonviolent methods like marches between 20 million and 40 million people. and civil disobedience instead of violence. Component of Population Change o Violent intolerance – direct use of physical violence in pursuing ▪ Mortality – deaths in population subjectiviely defined religious ▪ Fertility – seen as female quality; mission. birth Ex. mobs attacked and killed Jews simply ▪ Migration - movement of people because of their religious identity, showing between places temporarily or violent opposition to them permanently Samuel Huntington hypothesized that in Baby boom - A dramatic increase in fertility the cold war, cultural is the next rates and in the absolute number of births. fundamental source of conflict. Fecundity - The physiological ability to Glocalization of Religion – universal have children that is manifest roughly in religion is thematized alongside local the period between menarche and particularity; a process through which menopause in women something developed globally is adjusted or Growth rate - The number of persons tailored to meet local contexts. added to (or subtracted from) a population Deterritorialization – Flow of religious in a year due to natural increase and net traditions are in areas where traditions are migration; expressed as a percentage of the unfamiliar or unpopular. population at the beginning of the time period. Transnational Religion – Religion going global Life expectancy - The average number of additional years a person of a given age Forms of Glocalization could expect to live if current mortality Vernacularization – sacred practices trends were to continue for the rest of that remain to be tied to a particular sacred person’s life. language. Morbidity rate - rate that a disease or Ex. when Christianity spread to Africa, it illness occurs within a population was translated into local languages, and Net migration - The net effect of African music and rituals were immigration and emigration on an area’s incorporated into worship practices, population in a given time period, creating a blend of local culture and expressed as an increase or decrease Christian traditions. Population pyramid - A bar chart, Indigenization – Religious practices are arranged vertically, that shows the blended with indigenous practices. distribution of a population by age and sex. Ex. Western education was introduced in By convention, the younger ages are at the India, it was indigenized by incorporating bottom, with males on the left and females local languages, philosophies, and cultural on the right. values into the curriculum. The Malthusian theory by Thomas Drivers of Migration Malthus stated that population was held in I. Economic and demographic equilibrium with slowly growing economy. drivers Population explosion – Mortality has not II. Environmental drivers risen to the curb world population. III. Human-made crisis The Demographic Transition – high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates from a pre-industrial to an industrial Integration – The two-way process of economic system. mutual adaptation between migrants and the societies in which they live, whereby Stage 1: Pre-Industrial Society – migrants are incorporated into the life of high\unstable birth and death rate, the receiving community. population growth slow Remittances – Private international Stage 2: Early Industrial Society – high monetary transfers that migrants make, birth rates, falling death rates, high individually or collectively. population growth Push Factors - are characteristics that Stage 3: Late Industrial Society – low make it difficult or impossible to live in death rate, falling birth rate, high countries of origin. population growth Ex. political corruption, poverty, violence, Stage 4: Post Industrial Society – low gender inequality, inaccessibility of birth and death rates, low population healthcare, substandard education, and growth climate change Fertility Transition Theory – fertility is Pull Factors - conditions that make living declining in less developed countries which in destination countries a more attractive exceeds the rate of decline that was place to live experienced in developed countries. Ex. better economic opportunities, GLOBAL MIGRATION supportive institutions, possibility of family Migration - the movement of people across reunification, better healthcare, quality a specified boundary for the purpose of education and gender equity establishing a new or semi-permanent Motivation for Movement residence. Marital status - People who marry o Immigration - inflow of people into a opt to transfer to another place to live country; arrive in a new country with their new lives or to give their new the intention of settling there. family a better life. (immigrant) Life cycle - are motivations that o Emigration - outflow of people from a stem from or are related to a person’s country; who leave their home development. country to live in another country. Household - they participate mainly (emigrant) in the decision making. 2 types of migrants: Networks - social connections that facilitate the experiences of migrants. Labor migrants – for economic and family reunification Social Costs of Migration Forced migrants – those who are Psychological Issues compelled to migrate due to adverse Marital Infidelity circumstances beyond their control. Gender Roles ▪ Asylum seeker – seeks safety for Psychological strain on parents and persecution or serious harmin a children country. Caregiving arrangements ▪ Refugee – owing to a well-founded fear of persecution. Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) – person who has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a state of which he\she is not a citizen on board.  MEDIA CULTURE a) Deterritorialization – when a culture is not anymore tied to the “Could global trade have evolved without a geographic space it originated. flow of information on markets, prices, b) Cultural Assimilation –Dominant commodities, and more? Could empires societies tend to influence others to have stretched across the world without be more like them. communication throughout their borders? c) Cultural Imperialism – Cultures Could religion, music, poetry, film, fiction, imposes themselves on other cuisine, and fashion develop as they have cultures. without the intermingling of media and culture?” -John Lule, “Globalization and Local Culture – a cultural configuration Media: Creating the Global Village that characterizes the experience of everyday life in specific, diverse, and Culture - humans’ way of life identifiable localities. Material Culture – Tangible objects Global Culture - Way of life that is Non-material Culture - Intangible governed by a set of ideas, beliefs and objects values that are based on the exposure and Culture can be presented as: consumption of cultural products uniformly produced for everyone o Symbols – illustrations or other irrespective of their background. characters that convey meanings. o Language – a system of symbols that Global Culture Local Culture enables members to communicate. uniformity diversity o Values – what people deem good, Large Small desirable, and important. To be everywhere, To retain roots, to o Beliefs – what people deem as true. to consume be sutainable o Practices – how people do things. To be a spectator To be a participant Economic authenticity o Norms - rules, roles, and efficiency expectations that set in a society. Buying, having, Making, being, Cultural Socialization – culture is learned entertainment authentic from homes and communities through experience observation and participation in Media - vehicles or channels that are used community affairs to convey information, entertainment, news, education, or promotional messages Cultural Exchange – culture is learned are disseminated. It has different eras: when people go out and experience different culture through interacting with Oral Communication people from other groups. Script Printing Press Acculturation – the adoption of Electronic Media certain values and practices of the Digital Media new culture. Accommodation – when people tend Why is it named as “media cultures”? to adopt the new culture only when 1. Modern culture is transmitted by the in public. media of mass communication. Assimilation – when people begin to 2. Media theories can only be resemble people in the other group. understood by looking at a larger Cultural Flows – dynamics of culture in cultural context. the age of globalization. 3. Histories of intellectual exchange Global flows can be viewed as: Issues in Media Culture 1) Cultural Differentialism - when it is Access – who has access to media? recognized that cultures are inherently Production and Consumption – and strong unique from one another. what media contents should/not be 2) Cultural Hybridization – views global produced? flows as a creative process that yields Inclusion and Participation – How combinations of global and local are people represented in the media? cultures Cultural Integrity – How does media 3) Cultural Convergence – views cultures shape the inherent culture of the across nation-states a little more similar local sphere? and homogenous.  o a-culturised – Without any IV. Cultural Experience – no. sporting substance associated with any events, museum, performing arts culture venues o deculturised – Removing V. Political engagement – no. of culture-specific elements to be embassies, int’l organization, appealing political conference o re-culturised - Given another Global Power City Index – evaluates and cultural touch ranks the major cities of the world GLOBAL CITY according to their magnetism or their comprehensive power to attract people, Global cities – central cities for advanced capital, and enterprises, from around the services and facilities of telecommunication world. which are necessary for execution and the management of global economic activities. I. Economy – market attractiveness, In those sites, corporate headquarters temd economic vitality, business to center, particularly companies that are environment, etc. operative in more than one country. II. Research and development – research background and Characteristics of Global Cities acceptance and support International, first-name familiarity ( III. Cultural Interaction - trendsetting “Paris, “London”) potential, volume interaction Active participation in international IV. Livability – working environment, events and affairs cost of living, security and safety Large population V. Environment – ecology, pollution, Major International Airports that natural environment serves as an established hub for VI. Accesibility – International several international airlines. transport infrastructure and inner Presence of advance transportation city transportation system that included several Global Power City freeways Presence of international financial 1. London institutions, law firms, and stock 2. New York City exchanges. 3. Tokyo 4. Paris Cosmopolitanism – involves pleasant 5. Singapore images of travel exploration, and worldly 6. Seoul pursuits enjoyed by “citizens of the world”. 7. Amsterdam 3 Levels of world cities 8. Berlin 9. Hong Kong Alpha World Cities ( full service Sydney world cities ) – London, N.Y., Tokyo, Gentrification – driving out the poor in Chicago, Hong Kong, L. A. favor of newer, and wealthier residents. Beta World Cities ( Major world cities) – San Francisco, Sydney, Toroto, Madrid, Seoul Gamma World Cities ( Minor World cities) – Amsterdam, Osaka, Taipei, Bangkok, Rome Global City Index – indicators and parameters used to determine and measure categproes of global cities. I. Business Activity – headquarters, firms, int’l conference, values of goods thru ports. II. Human Capital – Size of foreign born population, quality og university, no. of internatonal schools. III. Information Exchange – accessibility of int’l news GOODLUCK SA EXAM!!!